1TV — Imperiya Yekaterina II
20261104 091500 UTC
2087 transcript segments
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[00:00:18] being a sergeant in the horse guards, participated in a
[00:00:21] conspiracy that brought Catherine II to power.
[00:00:24] Like other guardsmen, he was awarded and promoted in rank,
[00:00:28] and he processed deputies' mandates. He managed the commission and carried out other
[00:00:32] assignments for the Empress, after which he went as a volunteer to the war
[00:00:35] with the Turks. Potemkin distinguished himself in the battle of
[00:00:38] Khotyn, participated in battles at Focșani, Larga
[00:00:42] and the famous battle of Kagul. On
[00:00:45] July 27, 1770, Major General Grigory
[00:00:49] Potemkin was awarded the Order of Saint George Third
[00:00:53] Degree.
[00:01:31] Soon, people would speak of him as the most
[00:01:34] influential person in
[00:01:36] Russia.
[00:01:40] Over time, Grigory Orlov again gained access
[00:01:43] to the Empress, on the rights of a good acquaintance, no
[00:01:47] more. One day, leaving Catherine, he began
[00:01:50] to descend the stairs and saw his happy
[00:01:54] rival
[00:01:54] ascending.
[00:02:01] "What's new at court?" Orlov
[00:02:04] smirked, "Nothing, you are
[00:02:08] going up, and I am going down."
[00:02:12] Such is the last of the legends about the great favorites
[00:02:15] of the great
[00:02:16] empress.
[00:02:20] According to some estimates, during Catherine the Second's
[00:02:24] entire reign, expenses for maintaining her favorites
[00:02:27] amounted to about 92.
[00:02:38] accumulated by the end of Catherine's reign, however, these expenses were compensated
[00:02:42] by the benefit to the
[00:02:45] country that the most worthy of her
[00:02:49] beloveds and associates brought. Grigory
[00:02:52] Potemkin and another Catherine's favorite, Pyotr
[00:02:56] Zavodovsky, faithfully served the state.
[00:03:00] Orlova.
[00:03:03] Alexey Orlov developed and led the famous
[00:03:06] first Archipelago expedition against the Turkish
[00:03:09] fleet in the Mediterranean
[00:03:11] Sea.
[00:03:15] In the Battle of Chesma, the enemy fleet was completely
[00:03:18] destroyed. And Alexey gained the right to be called
[00:03:22] Orlov-Chesmensky.
[00:03:24] In the same expedition, his brother Fyodor distinguished himself heroically,
[00:03:27] commanding a ship. After
[00:03:31] Potemkin's rise, the Orlovs retired.
[00:03:33] They put their estate in order
[00:03:37] and successfully engaged in farming. The most
[00:03:40] famous Russian horse breed in the world, the Orlov
[00:03:43] Trotter, was bred in Voronezh province at
[00:03:47] Alexey Orlov's
[00:03:48] stud farm.
[00:03:54] Catherine was resting after working with papers when
[00:03:58] Grigory suddenly appeared.
[00:04:01] After a short disgrace, he received permission to return to
[00:04:03] the capital, at that very moment the
[00:04:06] bell rang, "Whose little dog is this?" Catherine
[00:04:10] asked in surprise. Orlov,
[00:04:12] as if nothing had happened, replied, "My
[00:04:15] wife's."
[00:04:17] This is how the former favorite informed the empress of
[00:04:20] his
[00:04:21] marriage.
[00:04:33] "It seems that's my fate, to love women
[00:04:37] whom one cannot love," said
[00:04:39] Grigory. Cousin Katya Zinovyeva
[00:04:43] grew up before his eyes, and he always cared for
[00:04:47] her like a brother. Katya turned 15 when her
[00:04:50] parents died. Four years later, forty-year-old Grigory
[00:04:54] found himself hopelessly in love. Katya
[00:04:58] returned his feelings. Church law forbade
[00:05:02] marriages between such close relatives,
[00:05:05] however, Orlov was true to himself. He again
[00:05:09] decided to break through.
[00:05:19] It's not surprising that the news of Grigory's marriage
[00:05:23] to his own cousin turned
[00:05:25] into a scandal. The Senate's decision was
[00:05:28] harsh: to separate the newlyweds, send both
[00:05:32] to monasteries, and declare the marriage
[00:05:35] invalid.
[00:05:41] But unexpectedly for everyone, the empress canceled
[00:05:44] this decision; moreover, she granted
[00:05:47] the newly-minted Princess Orlova the court title of Lady-in-Waiting
[00:05:51] and presented her with her
[00:05:53] portrait. What lay behind this
[00:05:57] generosity? Friendly affection for a former
[00:06:00] favorite, a secret sense of guilt, or
[00:06:04] the understanding that true love in their
[00:06:07] circle was a rare
[00:06:08] thing.
[00:06:12] It happened that the empress's official favorite found a romantic
[00:06:16] entanglement elsewhere. The monarch's reaction was not
[00:06:20] unpredictable. Upon learning that Catherine's young beloved,
[00:06:23] Ivan Rimsky Korsakov, had fallen in love with her
[00:06:27] friend Praskovya Bruce, the sovereign immediately removed
[00:06:30] the favorite and the maid of honor from court.
[00:06:33] However, when another of her favorites, Alexander Dmitriev
[00:06:37] Mamonov, wished to marry Princess Darya Shcherbatova,
[00:06:40] the empress herself.
[00:06:52] The Orlovs rode through Moscow, once
[00:06:55] saved by Grigory from the plague,
[00:06:59] but human memory
[00:07:01] is short.
[00:07:03] Clods of dirt flew at their carriage. The marriage,
[00:07:06] disapproved by the church, was also condemned by
[00:07:09] the people. No one they knew
[00:07:13] came to their wedding.
[00:07:16] The Count and Countess raised champagne glasses surrounded
[00:07:20] by their own serfs.
[00:07:31] Their quiet happiness turned out to be
[00:07:33] short-lived.
[00:07:35] Four years later, Catherine Orlova died of
[00:07:38] consumption. Unable to bear it.
[00:07:58] The Orlovs carried the coffin out of the house to place it on
[00:08:02] the funeral cart,
[00:08:04] but the horse guard officers asked permission to carry
[00:08:08] their commander's body themselves to
[00:08:11] its final
[00:08:13] resting place.
[00:08:20] The empress suffered greatly from the death of her
[00:08:23] beloved, friend, comrade-in-arms,
[00:08:27] the man who helped her ascend the Russian
[00:08:29] throne. In 34 years of her
[00:08:33] reign, Catherine earned the glory of a wise
[00:08:36] and just ruler. She
[00:08:39] radically changed the country and, like Peter the Great,
[00:08:42] received the epithet "the Great." This
[00:08:45] would not have happened if Catherine had not learned from her youth
[00:08:49] to surround herself with loyal and talented
[00:08:52] people, but even relying on male assistance,
[00:08:55] the empress always kept the final decisions to
[00:08:59] herself.
[00:09:04] In honor of her first favorite, Catherine named
[00:09:07] the famous Indian diamond, which he
[00:09:10] gave her for her name day in... in 1773.
[00:09:14] The sovereign ordered it to be crowned on
[00:09:18] her scepter so that she would never
[00:09:21] forget what Catherine the Great
[00:09:23] and the Russian Empire owed
[00:09:27] the Orlov brothers.
[00:09:34] In the last days, the palace was in constant turmoil.
[00:09:37] The sovereign was preparing for a long journey.
[00:09:40] Embarking on a months-long
[00:09:44] voyage, Catherine II challenged a long-standing
[00:09:48] geopolitical adversary, the Ottoman
[00:09:50] Empire.
[00:09:52] The empress understood
[00:09:55] that now was the time to assert Russia's rights to
[00:09:58] the fertile Black Sea lands, in such a way
[00:10:02] that the whole world would hear
[00:10:06] about it.
[00:10:10] She was not the first woman on the Russian throne, but the glory
[00:10:13] of her reign overshadows the achievements of many
[00:10:16] male monarchs. Under her, the already great
[00:10:20] state gained new territories in the west, south,
[00:10:23] and north. During her reign,
[00:10:27] the country's population almost doubled.
[00:10:30] 34 years, 8 months and 8
[00:10:33] days, Catherine ruled poverty. They
[00:10:37] which stretched from the Baltic to the Pacific Ocean.
[00:10:50] Preparing to visit the newly annexed lands,
[00:10:53] Catherine remembered.
[00:11:25] And this feeling, as strong as first
[00:11:27] love, pierced her to the
[00:11:30] heart.
[00:11:37] The territory of the Russian state was formed
[00:11:40] over centuries, its basis was the Moscow
[00:11:43] tsardom, which arose after the liberation of ancient Russian
[00:11:46] principalities from the rule of the Golden Horde
[00:11:49] khans. In the years of Ivan the Terrible's reign,
[00:11:52] the remnants of the Golden Horde became part of Muscovy. The movement to the
[00:11:56] East continued under the Romanov dynasty of tsars, by the
[00:12:00] end of Alexei Mikhailovich's reign, the Moscow
[00:12:03] tsardom included left-bank
[00:12:06] Ukraine. Thanks to Peter I's victory
[00:12:09] in the Northern War with Sweden, Russia gained new lands on
[00:12:13] the Baltic and was proclaimed
[00:12:15] an empire. At the beginning of Catherine II's reign,
[00:12:19] the Russian Empire represented the largest
[00:12:21] state on the Eurasian continent.
[00:12:27] But vast territories mean big problems.
[00:12:31] A multinational population, various climatic
[00:12:35] conditions, gigantic distances. To
[00:12:38] deliver an imperial decree to the Far East, messengers needed
[00:12:42] almost a year. Each region here required its own
[00:12:45] approach. And each nation had every right to
[00:12:49] special treatment.
[00:12:52] They had to learn about each other and learn to live.
[00:12:58] Upon arriving in Russia, Catherine sharply broke with her
[00:13:01] past. She learned Russian so well
[00:13:04] that she spoke it without
[00:13:07] an accent. She stood for long
[00:13:10] services in Orthodox churches, grew fond of folk
[00:13:14] entertainment, led round dances, and organized
[00:13:18] games of "goreлки." Unlike her husband, the heir to
[00:13:21] the Russian throne, Fyodorovich,
[00:13:25] she was interested in her new homeland. Fascinated
[00:13:28] by the books of French philosophers, she dreamed
[00:13:31] of bringing enlightenment and just
[00:13:34] laws to Russia, uniform for nobility and common
[00:13:37] people.
[00:13:44] Meanwhile, Grigory Potemkin, the son of a Smolensk nobleman, dedicated his days and nights
[00:13:48] to his favorite activity, studying. Quickness
[00:13:51] of mind, a phenomenal memory, and knowledge of languages
[00:13:55] brought him a gold medal from Moscow University
[00:13:58] and a trip to St. Petersburg to be presented to Empress
[00:14:02] Elizabeth Petrovna herself. It seemed
[00:14:05] that a brilliant academic career awaited the talented
[00:14:08] young man. However, upon returning to Moscow, Grigory
[00:14:11] began to appear less and less at classes. The university
[00:14:15] library did not have as many books as the
[00:14:18] student would have liked.
[00:14:20] He ran behind the Ikonospassky.
[00:14:23] иконоспасский.
[00:14:57] From everywhere came "Vivat Catherine!" Having overthrown her
[00:15:01] husband Peter II from the throne, the Empress
[00:15:04] took command of the troops loyal
[00:15:07] to her. She rode in the uniform of the Preobrazhensky
[00:15:10] regiment, but then noticed that her sword lacked
[00:15:13] the sword knot prescribed by
[00:15:15] regulations.
[00:15:20] Suddenly, a certain guards sergeant
[00:15:24] rode up. He quickly tied a sword knot to the hilt of her
[00:15:27] sword.
[00:15:32] "Grigory," the
[00:15:34] officer introduced himself.
[00:15:36] And now Potemkin rode next to her, next to the woman
[00:15:40] he would love all his life, next to the empress
[00:15:43] who now ruled a vast
[00:15:46] empire.
[00:15:52] First, the sovereign decided to count the number
[00:15:55] of subjects to determine the country's tax
[00:15:58] potential, but there was another
[00:16:01] reason: Catherine wanted to get to know the
[00:16:04] people better, for whom she now bore
[00:16:08] responsibility before God. At that time, for the purpose of conducting revisions, military
[00:16:12] detachments were sent to villages and cities. They
[00:16:15] detained people for their recalculation. Often the census
[00:16:19] was accompanied by beatings and extortions, and residents
[00:16:22] fled from these events like from
[00:16:25] fire. Upon learning this, Catherine
[00:16:27] declared, "I would run too." She ordered not
[00:16:31] to disturb the people, but to oblige the authorities in villages
[00:16:35] and cities to draw up registers of the number
[00:16:38] of inhabitants. The information received was sent to
[00:16:41] the capital, where the Senate performed a general
[00:16:43] calculation.
[00:16:46] By the beginning of Catherine II's reign, the country's
[00:16:50] population was 19 million
[00:16:53] people. At the end of her reign, 36
[00:16:56] million. The last general census in the Russian
[00:16:59] Empire took place in 1897
[00:17:02] and determined its population to be
[00:23:21] Potemkin lost his head, her
[00:23:24] blue eyes, curls, stature.
[00:23:28] It was no coincidence that politicians, warriors,
[00:23:31] and courtiers sought the empress's favor.
[00:23:35] He also strove to attract her attention,
[00:23:39] caught her gaze and fell to his knees to kiss
[00:23:42] her hand,
[00:23:45] as if she didn't realize the young
[00:23:47] guardsman,
[00:24:20] deprived him of his last hope
[00:24:22] for rapprochement.
[00:24:30] It all started when Grigory fell ill with
[00:24:32] a fever, the inflammation spread to
[00:24:36] his eye, then worse, after improper
[00:24:39] treatment, the eye completely ceased
[00:24:41] to see.
[00:24:57] Grigory
[00:24:58] Orlov.
[00:25:01] Potemkin stopped appearing at court. He didn't want
[00:25:05] Catherine to see him
[00:25:06] like that.
[00:25:10] The sovereign herself pulled him out of seclusion,
[00:25:13] ordering him to appear at
[00:25:16] court.
[00:25:18] Of course. he could
[00:25:20] not refuse,
[00:25:26] overcoming his embarrassment, he put on a black
[00:25:29] blindfold and returned to the capital. Even if
[00:25:32] his romantic dreams were not destined to come true,
[00:25:36] Potemkin had no right to refuse service to
[00:25:38] the Fatherland.
[00:25:40] The Empress appreciated his courage, not every
[00:25:44] courtier with a reputation for being handsome would risk publicly
[00:25:48] demonstrating such courage. Moreover,
[00:25:51] Potemkin was witty, well-read,
[00:25:54] and ambitious. Catherine confidently entrusted him with the affairs
[00:25:58] of the Legislative Commission. The Empress placed
[00:26:00] great hopes on this
[00:26:32] 208 from townspeople, 54 from
[00:26:35] Cossacks, 79 from peasants. In addition,
[00:26:39] it included 34 representatives
[00:26:42] of small peoples, they practically did not speak
[00:26:45] Russian and had guardians who knew
[00:26:48] the language.
[00:26:52] In the Legislative Commission, Potemkin became the guardian
[00:26:55] of foreign delegates, Muslims, and
[00:26:58] Buddhists. He taught them European manners, helping
[00:27:02] them to appear honorably in the assembly, and also
[00:27:05] to correctly record their mandates in Russian,
[00:27:07] but not everything went smoothly,
[00:27:11] sometimes it was necessary to stop hand-to-hand fights among
[00:27:14] deputies, simply breaking up
[00:27:17] fights, and it cannot be said that this
[00:27:21] pugnacious Potemkin was annoyed by this
[00:27:23] duty.
[00:27:29] The Russian Empire already in the years of the reign.
[00:28:32] of stated expectations, its participants could not come to a common
[00:28:36] opinion on any issue, and after the beginning of the
[00:28:39] Russo-Turkish War, the meetings were
[00:28:41] interrupted. By this time, the Empress was convinced that the ideas
[00:28:44] of popular representation in Russia were not yet
[00:28:47] taking root. Nevertheless, the results of the commission's work were
[00:28:51] used 7 years later during the provincial
[00:28:54] reform. Meanwhile, Catherine II switched
[00:28:58] to foreign policy issues that
[00:29:00] required an urgent
[00:29:02] solution.
[00:29:07] By order of the sovereign, Grigory Potemkin went to
[00:29:11] Sweden to deliver important papers for the Russian envoy in
[00:29:15] Stockholm. In the hall of the royal palace, representatives
[00:29:19] of the Swedish
[00:29:20] court gathered.
[00:29:24] On the walls, among old standards, Grigory
[00:29:27] also saw Russian ones. A Swedish dignitary proudly
[00:29:30] announced: "These are the banners
[00:29:32] that our ancestors took from yours at Narva."
[00:29:36] Potemkin remembered his father, who fought against
[00:29:39] the Swedes. Blood rushed to his face.
[00:29:42] "Ours took lands and cities from yours, which we still
[00:29:46] possess."
[00:29:47] владеем.
[00:29:57] Upon learning of this, Catherine merely
[00:29:59] smiled, being brilliant.
[00:30:14] A century and a half before Catherine II's enthronement, the western
[00:30:17] border of the state ran only 230 km from
[00:30:21] Moscow. By the mid- 16th century, the lands of Eastern
[00:30:24] Ukraine and Belarus were already part of the empire.
[00:30:28] However, a large number of Orthodox Christians lived on the territory of the neighboring
[00:30:31] Commonwealth of Poland, who were subjected to discrimination by
[00:30:35] the Catholic majority. Concerned
[00:30:39] about the situation of co-religionists, Catherine the Great secured the election
[00:30:43] of her protégé, Stanislav Poniatowski, to the Polish throne, and then, together with
[00:30:46] Austria and Prussia, participated in three partitions of the Commonwealth
[00:30:49] of Poland. The result of these partitions was the annexation of Western Ukrainian,
[00:30:52] Western Belarusian, and part of Polish lands, as well as Lithuania and
[00:30:55] Courland, to Russia. Thanks to Catherine's decision, the borders
[00:30:59] .
[00:31:15] of Central Russia. Here, travelers were met by
[00:31:19] stone cities of European type, paved
[00:31:22] streets, taverns, and hotels. Instead of
[00:31:26] Orthodox churches, there were Catholic churches or
[00:31:29] Protestant kirches. But those who lived in the
[00:31:32] West were often poorer, due to wars, eternal disputes over
[00:31:35] land among the nobility, and the rebellious
[00:31:39] spirit that prevailed here. It persisted even
[00:31:43] after the Polish lands became part of...
[00:32:24] sought a big, real undertaking, in which
[00:32:28] he could show all his energy and
[00:32:32] love. In 1768, the troops of the Crimean Khan
[00:32:34] made another raid on Russian
[00:32:38] lands. A new Russo-Turkish
[00:32:40] war began. And Potemkin went to
[00:32:44] it as a
[00:32:45] volunteer.
[00:32:51] The Crimean Khanate remained one of the last fragments of the Golden
[00:32:55] Horde. Year after year, the southern borders
[00:32:58] of Russia, Ukrainian, and Polish lands were subjected
[00:33:02] to raids by the Khan's cavalry. The Khans
[00:33:05] plundered, burned, and killed. They took
[00:33:08] men, women, and children captive, and sold them in
[00:33:11] the slave market in Kafa, today's
[00:33:14] Feodosia. Any attempts by Russia to establish itself on
[00:33:17] the northern shores of the Black Sea led to wars with
[00:33:21] the Ottoman Empire, because the Crimean Khanate... about frightened
[00:33:24] Christians, who sought protection with the army
[00:33:27] convoys, about the pursuit of the fleeing
[00:33:31] enemy. For the first
[00:33:34] time, openly, about what awaited her, impatient for a new
[00:33:38] meeting.
[00:33:42] After reading, Catherine threw these messages
[00:33:46] into the fire, but remembered
[00:33:48] them by heart. In her reply letters,
[00:33:52] Potemkin felt much more attention than he received
[00:33:55] while at court.
[00:33:58] In the war, Grigory Alexandrovich gained not only combat
[00:34:01] experience, he learned the customs of the Crimean Tatars and local
[00:34:05] peasants. He saw the luxury of the vizier and
[00:34:08] the villages devastated by the Ottomans. He saw
[00:34:12] real life, real people.
[00:34:16] and not from palace windows or
[00:34:18] carriages.
[00:34:22] Fleeing the Russian army, the Khan's dignitaries abandoned their
[00:34:25] numerous wives from harems. Potemkin
[00:34:28] sent these women to the Russian borders so they wouldn't starve,
[00:34:32] and allowed single kerosene men to
[00:34:35] choose their future wives from among them. In
[00:34:38] the territory of the Crimean Khanate there were also many
[00:34:41] Christians, Greeks, and Armenians. The people
[00:34:45] there lived joyfully, shrewdly, and sometimes
[00:34:48] cunningly, but invariably active.
[00:34:52] How grateful this land could become if
[00:34:56] order were established and peace reigned
[00:34:58] here?
[00:35:01] Fertile soil, warm climate of the Black Sea region
[00:35:04] created excellent conditions for agriculture,
[00:35:08] and access to the sea would provide
[00:35:11] conditions for maritime trade and protection of the southern borders.
[00:35:29] "The Empress loves him and awaits
[00:35:32] him in St. Petersburg." By that time, the war with the Ottoman Empire,
[00:35:36] extremely successful for Russia, was coming to an
[00:35:39] end. Crowned with the glory of a talented
[00:35:43] commander. to return to the capital with a heavy heart.
[00:36:12] Dreams came true overnight.
[00:36:15] His dreams of an unattainable beloved
[00:36:18] woman, her dreams of
[00:36:21] a determined and intelligent
[00:36:23] man.
[00:37:03] The Empress found in Grigory not only a faithful executor of her
[00:37:06] plans, but also a wise advisor.
[00:37:09] She confessed to Potemkin.
[00:37:13] In everything I see fervent diligence and your vast
[00:37:16] sense. And this diligence had something to
[00:37:19] apply itself to. Six months after the victory over the Turks,
[00:37:23] the Empress suppressed the largest mass in Russian history.
[00:37:31] Now it was necessary to correct mistakes in the state
[00:37:34] structure in order to protect the country from new
[00:37:37] rebellions.
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[00:42:16] "Catherine paid special attention to carrying out the provincial
[00:42:20] reform. For the first time, Russia was divided into provinces by
[00:42:23] Peter II. Their number increased over
[00:42:26] the years. Nevertheless, each of the provinces occupied
[00:42:30] too large a territory. The vast state remained
[00:42:33] fragmented into giant regions, without taking into account the nationalities
[00:42:37] and linguistic features living there."
[00:43:10] Near the border, governor-generalships
[00:43:13] or, in Russian style, vice-royalties arose.
[00:43:16] Catherine, unlike Peter the Great, did not like foreign words,
[00:43:20] in state usage she implanted
[00:43:23] Russian ones.
[00:43:28] Pugachev's rebellion left a significant part of the
[00:43:32] empire in ruins.
[00:43:34] It was necessary to rebuild the destroyed cities,
[00:43:38] factories, fortresses. The questions
[00:46:10] were resolved,
[00:46:15] she melted in his
[00:46:18] embrace,
[00:46:24] but even surrendering to her passion, she did not allow feelings to
[00:46:28] prevail
[00:46:29] over reason.
[00:46:33] When it came to state matters,
[00:46:36] Catherine always had the final say:
[00:46:42] The number of these questions increased over
[00:46:45] the years, including the fight against abuses by
[00:46:48] officials, the administration of national outskirts,
[00:46:52] and the construction of new
[00:46:54] roads.
[00:47:00] As early as 1730, the government began
[00:47:04] to develop the Siberian tract, a road from Moscow
[00:47:08] to Baikal, and further to China in the Far
[00:47:11] East. The tract also gave a new impetus to trade with
[00:47:14] China, from where tea was supplied to Russia. The southern
[00:47:18] branch of the Siberian tract would later be called: The Great Tea.
[00:48:22] before the choice Potemkin or their loyalty?
[00:49:08] Then Catherine made an extraordinary
[00:49:11] maneuver.
[00:49:13] She distanced Grigory Alexandrovich,
[00:49:17] but before parting, she secretly married
[00:49:19] him.
[00:49:23] Over time, Catherine's heart would be occupied by other,
[00:49:26] younger, though less talented
[00:49:29] protégés. Potemkin would demonstratively
[00:49:33] keep his distance from them, showing no sign of his
[00:49:36] jealousy, and for now, having retained his
[00:49:39] peace in the Winter Palace, he left St. Petersburg with mixed
[00:49:43] feelings. His path lay south, to
[00:49:47] Novorossiya.
[00:49:50] Novorossiya, formerly a wild field - a vast region of
[00:49:54] the Northern Black Sea coast, which passed to the Russian Empire as a
[00:49:58] result of the Russo-Turkish wars. Serbian,
[00:50:01] Hungarian and Bulgarian colonists began to settle
[00:50:04] it in the mid-16th century. However, the mass
[00:50:07] development of the region unfolded already in the era of
[00:50:10] Catherine II, who also gave it the name
[00:50:14] Novorossiya, by analogy with Great Russia and
[00:50:17] Little Russia.
[00:50:20] With Potemkin's arrival here, new cities began to
[00:50:24] grow. He laid the foundation for the administrative center of
[00:50:27] Novorossiya, Ekaterinoslav, the future
[00:50:30] Dnepropetrovsk, now Dnipro, for
[00:50:33] the construction of which he approved an estimate of
[00:50:35] 137,140 rubles and
[00:50:39] 32.5 kopecks. These
[00:50:42] kopecks amused Catherine, but Potemkin
[00:50:45] insisted: that is the exact estimate.
[00:50:48] To the south, the construction of Kherson with a shipyard began.
[00:50:52] The fortress city was built from local stone, wood and
[00:50:56] iron were delivered along the Dnieper. Residents
[00:50:59] were obliged to maintain gardens and vegetable gardens to feed
[00:51:03] themselves and the military.
[00:51:17] And again, messengers rushed to St. Petersburg, and
[00:51:20] then back south.
[00:51:36] As to her beloved husband, the Empress sent
[00:51:39] Grigory either a fur coat or
[00:51:41] felt boots.
[00:51:43] He, in turn, pampered her with trophy
[00:51:46] presents, Turkish coffee or elegant
[00:51:50] oriental trinkets.
[00:52:06] A rare day passed without a letter from
[00:52:08] Novorossiya.
[00:52:12] Potemkin informed Catherine about the construction of cities and
[00:52:15] ships, about his new home in
[00:52:18] Kremenchuk, about the southern
[00:52:20] lands.
[00:52:27] And she, reading the estimates and reports, heard
[00:52:31] her Grisha, who again wrote to her about love.
[00:52:37] He had so many plans and ideas that his subordinates often
[00:52:41] complained to the prince: "We don't
[00:52:43] have enough people."
[00:52:46] Potemkin had to send 2,000 people from his
[00:52:50] estates.
[00:52:57] Runaway peasants flocked here to the south,
[00:53:00] because the principle "from
[00:53:02] Novorossiya" applied as before.
[00:53:37] In Kherson, eucalyptus trees were specially planted to purify
[00:53:41] the air from swampy rot. The trees
[00:53:43] survived until the 1930s.
[00:53:47] Potemkin named cities after his beloved woman, and
[00:53:51] gave the first ship of the Black Sea Fleet the name
[00:53:54] "Glory to Catherine." And he was already
[00:53:56] preparing to present the Empress with the main gift of his
[00:54:00] life. The endless azure sea, fertile
[00:54:03] lands.
[00:54:08] Under the terms of the Kuchuk-Kainarji
[00:54:12] peace treaty concluded in 1774, the Ottoman
[00:54:16] Empire renounced its Crimean possessions.
[00:54:19] The Crimean Khanate became an independent state.
[00:54:23] However, this state of affairs did not suit anyone, neither
[00:54:27] Empress Catherine, nor the Turkish Sultan, nor
[00:54:30] the Crimean nobility. A hotbed of instability persisted in
[00:54:34] Crimea, peacefully
[00:54:41] joining the peninsula to
[00:54:42] Russia.
[00:54:46] And Grigory Alexandrovich found a solution. With Catherine's
[00:54:49] consent, he organized the resettlement of Christians
[00:54:53] inhabiting the Crimean Khanate. Wagons with settlers,
[00:54:56] with those who until now
[00:55:00] filled the Khan's treasury, blacksmiths,
[00:55:03] stretched towards Russian territory.
[00:55:15] In November 1782, Sahin Giray
[00:55:27] signed an abdication, left Crimea, and his
[00:55:30] khanate ceased
[00:55:32] to exist.
[00:55:35] In the manifesto on the annexation of Crimea, Catherine II
[00:55:38] promised the local residents "to sacredly and unshakably, for
[00:55:41] herself and the successors of our throne, maintain them as
[00:55:45] equals with our natural subjects, protect
[00:55:48] and defend their persons, property, temples and
[00:55:52] their natural faith." However, this
[00:55:55] manifesto remained secret for several months.
[00:55:58] The Empress feared a new war with the Ottoman Empire and
[00:56:02] the interference of European powers. By her
[00:56:06] order, the document was kept under lock and key, in an iron-bound
[00:56:09] wooden box. Only after
[00:56:13] Grigory Alexandrovich Potemkin received the oath of
[00:56:16] Tatar elders' loyalty to the Russian Empress,
[00:56:20] it was time to promulgate the manifesto. From now on,
[00:56:23] the territory of the Crimean Khanate was declared part of the Russian
[00:56:27] Empire and received the name of Taurida
[00:56:31] Governorate. At the same time, the king. Catherine
[00:56:42] with a request to accept his kingdom under Russian patronage. In
[00:56:46] 1783, the Treaty of Georgievsk was concluded,
[00:56:50] according to which Eastern Georgia
[00:56:53] recognized the protectorate of Russia, and Catherine
[00:56:56] acted as a guarantor of its independence and integrity.
[00:57:00] The treaty equalized the rights of Georgian and Russian
[00:57:03] nobles, allowing trade ties. The further
[00:57:07] expansion of Russia into the Caucasus would be handled by Catherine's
[00:57:10] successors, Emperors Alexander I and Nicholas
[00:57:14] I.
[00:57:17] In the meantime, Potemkin, who received the title of Prince of Taurida,
[00:57:21] began active settlement of Crimea. The main part of
[00:57:25] the settlers consisted of residents of Russian lands, as
[00:57:28] well as Kalmyks, nomadic Nogais, Bulgarians,
[00:57:31] Moldovans, Greeks, Armenians. In addition to former
[00:57:35] подданных османской империи, здесь появились выходцы из
[00:57:38] Европы. Карсиканцы, польские
[00:57:41] евреи, албанцы, поляки,
[00:57:43] Шведы.
[00:57:47] During the time that the newly acquired southern
[00:57:51] territories were being developed, Catherine had several
[00:57:54] favorites. In his letters, Grigory Alexandrovich
[00:57:57] invariably sent greetings to her next chosen one.
[00:58:01] The Empress, however, jealously followed the new romances of her
[00:58:05] Grisha. Upon learning that he had started
[00:58:08] a relationship with Ekaterina Sinyavina, the Empress immediately
[00:58:11] married her off to the ambassador to England, Count
[00:58:14] Vorontsov. And sent her abroad.
[00:58:18] Later, the Prince had a romance with the Greek woman Sophia
[00:58:21] Glyavone, the future Countess Pototskaya, to whom Catherine was
[00:58:25] favorably disposed. And although Potemkin was never without
[00:58:29] female attention, their spiritual closeness with Catherine
[00:58:33] was difficult to replace, and, no less
[00:58:36] importantly, their views on state
[00:58:38] structure
[00:58:40] remained united.
[00:58:47] throughout the Russian Empire, religious tolerance and respect for
[00:58:50] national characteristics
[00:58:53] prevailed. In local schools, teaching was not only
[00:58:57] in Russian, but also in Greek, Tatar, and Italian
[00:59:00] languages. Here, not only Christian
[00:59:04] churches, but also new mosques were built. At Potemkin's
[00:59:07] request, the Quran was printed for Tatar mullahs,
[00:59:10] which had not been reissued by the last Khan. And
[00:59:14] the Tatar aristocracy received the privileges of the Russian.
[00:59:47] Not cheap, Potemkin's opponents gossiped that large
[00:59:51] funds allocated for the development of the Black Sea region
[00:59:54] were wasted, but Catherine rejected all these
[00:59:58] accusations, she did not for a minute doubt the
[01:00:01] honesty of her friend. Already
[01:00:04] after the death of Potemkin and Catherine, Emperor Paul
[01:00:08] I appointed two Senate revisions of Grigory Alexandrovich's
[01:00:11] financial activities. Their result was the full
[01:00:15] exoneration of the Serene Prince.
[01:00:17] Moreover, the treasury remained indebted to his heirs,
[01:00:21] since Potemkin often spent his own money, without
[01:00:25] waiting for the promised
[01:00:26] appropriations.
[01:00:30] The decision to personally visit the new southern possession
[01:00:34] had been maturing in Catherine's mind for several years. Now
[01:00:37] the time had finally come, everyone, both allies and
[01:00:41] enemies, must see that Russia
[01:00:44] had firmly established itself on the Black Sea.
[01:00:50] From St. Petersburg, the route lay towards
[01:00:53] Kyiv.
[01:00:55] Here, accompanied by high-ranking dignitaries and
[01:00:59] foreign ambassadors, Catherine boarded
[01:01:02] the Dnieper galley, followed by an entire
[01:01:06] flotilla. Amid shouts and cannon fire,
[01:01:09] golden brocade sails unfurled.
[01:01:13] The Empress anticipated becoming acquainted with the pearl
[01:01:16] of Russia.
[01:01:47] that soon these lands would begin to bring Russia the greatest
[01:01:50] profit. But what was seen was so much like
[01:01:54] a miracle that many did not believe in its success
[01:01:58] and later began to talk about the so-called Potemkin
[01:02:01] villages. The expression "Potemkin villages"
[01:02:05] means a false appearance of well-being. It was first
[01:02:09] introduced by the Saxon envoy to the Russian court,
[01:02:12] Georg von Gelbig. He himself did not
[01:02:15] participate in the journey, but believed that the settlement on the banks of the Dnieper
[01:02:19] consisted of painted cardboard shields, and that peasants were supposedly
[01:02:23] brought from other provinces along with herds and
[01:02:26] driven along the river from place to place.
[01:02:30] Although this absurd tale has been repeatedly refuted,
[01:02:33] it has long been entrenched in the mass consciousness.
[01:02:48] Kherson stunned Catherine. On
[01:02:51] the site of a recent desert, a city grew, with a
[01:02:54] fortress, barracks, shipyards, a port,
[01:02:57] an admiralty and an arsenal. Many
[01:03:01] inhabitants, a bustling
[01:03:02] bazaar.
[01:03:06] Even Austrian Emperor Joseph I, who
[01:03:09] joined the voyage in Kremenchuk and endlessly
[01:03:12] criticized Potemkin's projects, exclaimed in surprise,
[01:03:15] "Now this
[01:03:19] is something."
[01:03:33] Before the Empress's eyes, three ships of the Black Sea
[01:03:37] military fleet were launched. Catherine
[01:03:40] looked enthusiastically at Potemkin, to whom
[01:03:44] this glance was dearer than all his victories.
[01:04:00] In the Inkerman Palace in Sevastopol, a rich
[01:04:03] table was set, but due to tightly drawn curtains, the hall
[01:04:07] was in semi-darkness. Potemkin was preparing the main
[01:04:10] surprise for his beloved woman. The Empress
[01:04:13] entered with her retinue. At the prince's signal, the curtains
[01:04:16] were drawn back. Everyone froze. The eyes
[01:04:20] of those present beheld Sevastopol
[01:04:23] harbor.
[01:05:12] The Black Sea Fleet was created jointly by all
[01:05:15] of Russia. Ships were built at the Voronezh and
[01:05:18] Kherson shipyards. Belarusian peasants supplied them with
[01:05:22] canvas and ropes. Tula and
[01:05:25] Ural workers cast cannons and
[01:05:27] manufactured weapons. Hundreds of workers from near
[01:05:31] and far provinces worked in Sevastopol.
[01:05:35] Catherine II understood that the southern
[01:05:38] borders of the country would soon have to be defended again.
[01:05:52] Meanwhile, the Empress set off on her return
[01:05:55] journey, gazing at the colorful southern
[01:05:59] landscapes. Catherine immersed herself in her
[01:06:02] thoughts. Once, when she first came to this
[01:06:06] country, she was struck by its might
[01:06:09] and power. Now she had become a true
[01:06:12] autocrat, mistress of a vast empire, which she
[01:06:16] expanded more than anyone else among Russian rulers.
[01:06:40] Years passed, decades,
[01:06:44] Catherine the Great's views changed, but
[01:06:47] one thing remained
[01:06:49] unchanged:
[01:06:53] her love for this immense land, whose
[01:06:57] name is Russia.
[01:08:00] Stalin, you know,
[01:08:03] too well even. Why doesn't mom buy
[01:08:06] candy, she doesn't have money, what did I tell you, don't
[01:08:10] come out for 2 years, I asked."
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[01:13:18] victorious wars and annexed new
[01:13:22] lands to the empire, wrote laws and conducted reforms. The Senate
[01:13:25] bestowed upon her the title Mother
[01:13:29] of the Fatherland, but in the eyes of some
[01:13:32] subjects, she still remained a German woman,
[01:13:35] who illegally seized
[01:13:37] the throne.
[01:13:42] And the moment will come when
[01:13:45] Empress Catherine the Great will face
[01:13:48] the greatest
[01:13:50] rebellion
[01:13:52] in Russian history.
[01:14:02] Catherine II came to power as a result of a palace
[01:14:06] coup, overthrowing her husband, Emperor Peter
[01:14:09] III, from the throne.
[01:14:11] II.
[01:14:18] Many believed that the coup was being carried out in favor of her
[01:14:21] son, Paul Petrovich, and that the mother would be
[01:14:25] regent until his majority.
[01:14:28] However, Catherine preferred to crown herself as
[01:14:31] Empress.
[01:14:40] As a result, a party of Paul's supporters formed at court,
[01:14:43] led by the heir's tutor, Vice-Chancellor Nikita
[01:14:47] Panin.
[01:14:49] Панин.
[01:14:56] They were waiting for an opportunity to change power again.
[01:15:13] Catherine Alexeevna understood that her position was very
[01:15:17] precarious.
[01:15:30] Everything was complicated by the fact that for 20 years now, a man had been secretly
[01:15:33] held in Schliesselburg prison,
[01:15:37] who in documents was listed as a notorious
[01:15:41] prisoner.
[01:15:45] This was Ivan Antonovich, the legitimate
[01:15:48] Russian emperor, overthrown from the throne in
[01:15:52] infancy.
[01:15:59] Ivan Antonovich, or Ivan IV, who was called the "Iron
[01:16:03] Mask" of Russian history, was the great-grandson of Tsar Ivan I,
[01:16:07] the elder brother of Peter I. He received the right to
[01:16:10] the throne long before his birth,
[01:16:13] when Empress Anna Ioannovna officially
[01:16:17] appointed her as yet unborn son of her
[01:16:20] niece Anna Leopoldovna as her heir. In
[01:16:23] October 1741.
[01:17:14] She decided that he could be placed in a distant monastery, especially since the prisoner expressed a propensity for monasticism. Ivan Antonovich himself posed no danger to her,
[01:17:16] but he could easily become
[01:17:19] a dangerous weapon in the hands of ill-wishers.
[01:17:23] Therefore, Catherine ordered
[01:17:27] the guard to be strengthened and repeated Elizabeth Petrovna's
[01:17:30] secret instruction: in case of an attempt
[01:17:34] to free the prisoner, do not surrender him alive.
[01:17:38] On the night of July
[01:17:41] 4th to 5th, 1764,
[01:17:44] in Shlisselburg,
[01:17:47] Second Lieutenant Mirovich incited the soldiers of the guard
[01:17:51] detachment and attempted to free
[01:17:53] the prisoner. Unable to stop Mirovich, the
[01:17:57] guards officers carried out the secret instruction. When
[01:18:00] Mirovich broke into the casemate, Ivan Antonovich was already
[01:18:04] dead.
[01:18:08] Vasily Mirovich, second lieutenant of the Smolensk Infantry Regiment,
[01:18:12] came from Little Russian, of an ancient but impoverished family
[01:18:16] and was distinguished by his sickly ambition. In
[01:18:19] 1763, he requested a transfer to serve in
[01:18:23] Shlisselburg, intending to stage a coup.
[01:18:26] Mirovich planned to free Ioann Antonovich,
[01:18:29] present him to the guards as sovereign, then enthrone him,
[01:18:33] deposing
[01:18:34] Catherine.
[01:19:37] to the highest dignitaries, including himself.
[01:19:40] But Catherine refused
[01:19:44] to establish a state council. She was not going
[01:19:47] to limit her autocratic power. Now
[01:19:51] this power was no longer threatened, at least
[01:19:54] in the coming years until the heir
[01:19:57] came of age.
[01:20:14] 9 years after Mirovich's rebellion, a thousand versts
[01:20:17] from the capital in Kazan, a prisoner, the Don Cossack
[01:20:20] Yemelyan Pugachev, escaped from prison.
[01:20:34] returning from the Turkish war to his native stanitsa.
[01:20:44] He had already tried many times to go in search of a better life, now to the Terek, now to the Kuban, until he ended up in
[01:20:46] prison.
[01:20:49] There was no way he could return home. There was
[01:20:53] only one thing left: to gather a gang, about thirty
[01:20:56] brave men, and rampage through the Orenburg province.
[01:20:59] Glorious loot could
[01:21:01] be taken,
[01:21:04] and then go far away, even to Turkey. With
[01:21:08] a lot of money, life is good everywhere.
[01:21:26] In the summer of 1773,
[01:21:29] after 2 months of wandering, Yemelyan
[01:21:32] Pugachev appeared near the Yaik
[01:21:35] town.
[01:21:39] He settled at the inn of Cossack Abalyaev.
[01:21:58] Having taken a closer look at the owner, he asked him to bring
[01:22:01] reliable people for an important
[01:22:04] matter.
[01:22:08] and declared to the Cossacks that he, the sovereign Peter
[01:22:12] Fyodorovich, miraculously saved from death, was the Emperor
[01:22:15] of All Russia.
[01:22:20] Emperor Peter III, at birth Karl Peter
[01:22:24] Ulrich Holstein, grandson of Peter I, son of his
[01:22:27] eldest daughter Anna. Born in Germany,
[01:22:31] as a teenager, he was brought to Russia and proclaimed heir
[01:22:34] to the throne. After the death of Empress Elizabeth.
[01:22:38] He ruled for exactly half a year, after which, as a result of a state
[01:22:41] coup, he was deposed and soon died under unclear
[01:22:45] circumstances. Officially, the cause of death was declared
[01:22:49] hemorrhagic colic. Empress Catherine
[01:22:52] ordered a public funeral for Peter
[01:22:55] Fyodorovich. The body was displayed for 3 days in
[01:22:58] St. Petersburg for farewell. Nevertheless,
[01:23:00] persistent rumors circulated among the people that Peter III
[01:23:04] was alive.
[01:23:07] Impostors often appeared when the circumstances of a monarch's death
[01:23:11] raised doubts. Russian history knows three False
[01:23:15] Dmitrys, who successively pretended to be Tsarevich
[01:23:18] Dmitry the Younger.
[01:24:58] The Russian government gradually reduced the number
[01:25:01] of Cossack freedoms. Even Atamans were now appointed
[01:25:05] from above, from St. Petersburg. In
[01:25:07] 1772, the Yaik Cossacks
[01:25:10] made a desperate attempt to regain their former
[01:25:13] rights, but their rebellion failed.
[01:25:17] The authorities executed the instigators of the rebellion, and then finally
[01:25:21] abolished the Cossack circles. The Cossacks lost
[01:25:24] the last remnants of their independence and harbored
[01:25:27] a deep resentment against the government. It was at this
[01:25:31] moment that the self-proclaimed sovereign Peter
[01:25:34] Fyodorovich
[01:25:36] arrived among them.
[01:25:44] Pugachev graciously extended his hand, and the Cossacks,
[01:25:47] kneeling, kissed it.
[01:25:51] but they looked suspiciously.
[01:25:53] To confirm his majesty, he even had to
[01:25:56] show a supposedly royal mark, a birthmark.
[01:26:00] пятно.
[01:26:04] After that, they started talking about the needs of the Cossacks. Pugachev
[01:26:08] thought quickly. He promised the Yaik Cossacks to restore their
[01:26:11] former rights and freedoms, after they helped
[01:26:15] the sovereign ascend to
[01:26:17] the throne.
[01:26:20] Most of the Cossacks understood that they had an impostor
[01:26:23] before them, but to regain their rights they needed
[01:26:27] a leader. To stand under the banners of the Tsar himself - that's not
[01:26:31] a rebellion, and people would flock to him
[01:26:33] in droves. Besides, an impostor is easy to control,
[01:26:37] threatening him with exposure. And
[01:26:39] Yemelyan understood something else: to attract supporters,
[01:26:43] it's enough to find a pain point and promise to
[01:26:47] fix everything.
[01:27:22] At this time, in the great Tsarskoye Selo Palace, they were celebrating
[01:27:26] the marriage of Tsarevich Pavel Petrovich
[01:27:29] and Princess Wilhelmina of Hesse-Darmstadt.
[01:27:32] Вельгельмины.
[01:27:35] In Orthodoxy, Natalia Alekseevna.
[01:27:50] Many at court, first of all, Pavel's tutor, Count
[01:27:53] Nikita Ivanovich Panin, expected that
[01:27:56] the Empress would finally cede the throne to her son.
[01:28:17] Right on the day of Pavel's wedding, Catherine
[01:28:20] announced that the heir had now become fully
[01:28:23] grown,
[01:28:29] and therefore no longer needed a tutor.
[01:28:38] Outwardly, everything looked very respectable. Nikita
[01:28:41] Ivanovich retained the post of Vice-Chancellor, was showered
[01:28:45] with favors,
[01:28:49] but lost the ability to influence Pavel. The Tsarevich's
[01:28:52] party this time lost.
[01:28:56] Catherine made it clear that she was not going to cede the throne
[01:29:00] to her son.
[01:29:08] People were already flocking to Pugachev.
[01:29:11] Upon learning this, the local authorities became alarmed,
[01:29:15] understanding that there was no time to lose. Pugachev set off on
[01:29:18] a campaign.
[01:29:21] He occupied fortresses, seized supplies, weapons,
[01:29:24] artillery, and gathered new
[01:29:27] supporters. If at the beginning of the campaign, his
[01:29:30] army consisted of only...
[01:30:03] Pugachev staged a public execution. From the commandant
[01:30:06] of the Kotishchev fortress, Colonel Ilagin, they
[01:30:10] skinned him alive. His
[01:30:12] wife was hanged. The children, Tatyana and Nikolai Elagin,
[01:30:16] would be shot by Pugachev's Cossacks a month later.
[01:30:31] Pushkin wrote, from the words of contemporaries, that they
[01:30:34] crawled to each other and embraced. Their bodies,
[01:30:38] thrown into the bushes, remained in the same position for a long time.
[01:30:52] The executions carried out by the impostor became the impetus
[01:30:55] for mass killings in the areas gripped by
[01:30:58] the rebellion. The total number of victims during the entire
[01:31:01] uprising... it is still impossible
[01:31:04] to determine.
[01:31:07] The rebellion gradually took on a scale that even Pugachev
[01:31:11] did not expect. The rebels moved towards Orenburg,
[01:31:14] the center of the entire province, to which the Yaik
[01:31:18] Cossacks were subordinate.
[01:31:22] The Orenburg governor, Lieutenant General
[01:31:25] Reinsdorp, preparing for defense, tried to sow
[01:31:28] discord in the camp of the rebels. He called
[01:31:52] what's
[01:31:58] It's scary, and the matter, to kill the tsar himself.
[01:32:10] Khlopusha began by recounting the cannons and almost ended up on the gallows for excessive
[01:32:14] curiosity.
[01:32:17] He was saved by a friend who, upon hearing about Reinsdorp's assignment,
[01:32:21] took him to Peter Fyodorovich himself.
[01:32:25] "Are they saying you were sent to destroy me?" asked
[01:32:27] the sovereign. But the peasant pleased the impostor.
[01:32:31] Just like that.
[01:32:34] "So, will you return to Orenburg or stay with me?"
[01:32:37] It was as if someone pushed Khlopusha
[01:32:40] in the back. "There's no way back for me. I wish to
[01:32:44] serve Your Majesty." The Tsar ordered to give him 7 rubles,
[01:32:48] bread, and two lamb legs. And so, the end
[01:32:51] of hunger and
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[01:38:21] Pugachev started an information war immediately after the start of hostilities.
[01:38:25] His manifestos were sent far beyond the regions
[01:38:28] engulfed in the rebellion. To write them,
[01:38:32] people from the social strata and nationalities to whom they
[01:38:35] were addressed were involved, in order to adapt the text to local
[01:38:39] problems. Pugachev's people collected real royal
[01:38:43] documents, from which they made
[01:38:45] copies to imitate the state language of Catherine's decrees.
[01:38:49] Pugachev's manifestos spread with astonishing
[01:38:53] speed. In villages, they were publicly read
[01:38:56] by heralds. Then the news quickly spread from village
[01:38:59] to village. On the day when the uprising was reported
[01:39:03] to the Empress, Pugachev's decree to the Orenburg
[01:39:06] Bashkirs was issued, and just 10 days later it
[01:39:09] was being copied 700 km from Orenburg
[01:39:12] by residents of Tatar settlements in the Kazan
[01:39:15] province.
[01:39:18] Pugachev led his army to storm Orenburg. He promised
[01:39:21] the people, in addition to what they could get by looting,
[01:39:24] 10 rubles per person in cash ...
[01:40:02] At the meeting of the military collegium, Catherine could not believe her
[01:40:05] ears. She thought that the rebellion was already
[01:40:08] suppressed,
[01:40:13] but it turned out that the dispatched detachment was defeated, the Cossacks and
[01:40:16] Bashkir cavalry had gone over to the side
[01:40:18] of the rebels, and her general Carr had voluntarily left
[01:40:22] the army and gone to Moscow.
[01:40:25] The scoundrel should have been driven out of the army.
[01:40:57] local treasury.
[01:41:00] Traditionally, entire villages were assigned to factories, so-called
[01:41:04] factory peasants were used for auxiliary
[01:41:07] work: felling timber, preparing charcoal, digging
[01:41:11] ore. They were paid pennies for their work;
[01:41:14] torn from their own fields, they fell into real
[01:41:17] hated the factories fiercely.
[01:41:21] Pugachev, by royal decree, abolished this повинность, and the peasants
[01:41:25] went to smash the hated factory, along with
[01:41:28] it. At the same time, professional factory workers,
[01:41:32] who received good wages and were satisfied with their
[01:41:35] situation, now tried to defend their
[01:41:38] enterprises. The storming of each factory turned into a real
[01:41:41] siege battle, where hundreds of ordinary people died
[01:41:45] on both sides. Pugachev was already leaving the Urals, and behind his
[01:41:49] back a real civil war was beginning, and
[01:41:52] two oppressed classes fought among themselves - peasants and
[01:41:56] factory workers.
[01:41:59] During the uprising, 89 factories
[01:42:02] were attacked, of which 25 were destroyed
[01:42:06] to the ground. Piers, ferry
[01:42:09] crossings, bridges were destroyed. The total amount of losses from
[01:42:12] the destruction and downtime of Ural factories amounted to more than
[01:42:16] 5.5 million rubles. For
[01:42:19] comparison, the total amount of gold coins issued by the mint
[01:42:22] during Catherine's 34-year reign
[01:42:26] was...
[01:42:58] He was infinitely devoted to her, his love gave her strength
[01:43:02] to live,
[01:43:05] but the premonition of trouble would not let go.
[01:43:23] At this time, a conspiracy began to form around her.
[01:43:57] He, nevertheless, supported the conspiracy against his own
[01:44:01] mother. He agreed to the coup and gave a written
[01:44:04] promise that, upon ascending the throne, he would adopt Panin's project to create
[01:44:08] a State Council.
[01:44:15] In the Yaik town, Pugachev saw seventeen-year-old
[01:44:19] Cossack Ustinya Kuznetsova and wanted to marry
[01:44:23] her. The girl tried to hide from the matchmakers, but her
[01:44:27] fate was sealed. The very
[01:44:29] next day, the wedding took place. Ustinya
[01:44:32] received the title of Empress of All Russia
[01:44:35] and two Cossack women as
[01:44:38] ladies-in-waiting. But the Cossacks were perplexed,
[01:44:42] do Tsars really marry maidens of common
[01:44:44] birth?
[01:44:49] Ustinya also did not understand the vagaries of her
[01:44:52] fate,
[01:44:54] because Tsar Peter Fyodorovich already had a wife, Tsarina
[01:44:57] Catherine. Then he is a
[01:45:01] bigamist, or what?
[01:45:04] Yemelyan Ivanovich just waved away her
[01:45:06] questions, "It's not for your woman's mind to understand."
[01:45:15] But Pugachev had a secret that not even his
[01:45:18] closest entourage knew: at home, his
[01:45:21] lawful wife Sofia was waiting with their eleven-year-old
[01:45:25] son and two daughters.
[01:45:42] What the Cossacks did not know, the Empress quickly
[01:45:44] learned: "So, Yemelyan
[01:45:48] Pugachev!"
[01:45:50] An order immediately followed: arrest the impostor's wife and children,
[01:45:53] publicly burn the house, and scatter the ashes to
[01:45:57] the wind. However, the authorities who arrived in the stanitsa
[01:46:01] Zimoveyskaya found neither Pugachev's family
[01:46:04] nor his house. Impoverished Sofia, along with
[01:46:07] her children, moved to her mother in the stanitsa of Isaulovskaya, where
[01:46:11] she went begging, and sold the house to a new neighbor.
[01:46:15] He dismantled the building and moved it to
[01:46:18] his own property. By order of the Empress, Pugachev's
[01:46:21] family was sent to prison in Kazan. His former
[01:46:25] house was dismantled again and returned to its old
[01:46:28] place. Only then was it burned as a warning
[01:46:31] to restless minds.
[01:46:34] And at the end of December 1773,
[01:46:37] the government's offensive began.
[01:46:49] Feeling that victory was slipping away from him, Pugachev fled to
[01:46:52] Bashkiria.
[01:46:56] Near Orenburg, the authorities captured Khlopusha. He was beheaded.
[01:47:00] But Pugachev had no time for
[01:47:04] his comrades. Now, behind every bush, he
[01:47:07] saw his death.
[01:47:12] Cossacks were whispering nearby, surely they
[01:47:15] wanted to betray him to the Tsar's generals.
[01:47:19] Is that really it,
[01:47:20] the end?
[01:47:24] But as he came out of the barn, he saw before him a Bashkir
[01:47:27] detachment. His decrees and promises
[01:47:30] to the peoples of the Urals brought him help he no longer
[01:47:34] expected. Nothing was lost,
[01:47:38] everything was just beginning.
[01:47:40] The small peoples living in the lands of the Urals and Siberia did not know
[01:47:44] serfdom and were considered free. Lands were
[01:47:47] allotted to them for pastures, hunting, and fishing.
[01:47:50] They paid taxes, the so-called
[01:47:53] yasak, in furs, fish, and horses. But
[01:47:57] the promised rights did not free them from the arbitrariness of the authorities
[01:48:00] and tax collectors, who often demanded more yasak
[01:48:04] than was due. Factory owners fraudulently seized lands
[01:48:08] from nomadic peoples.
[01:48:40] The impostor quickly realized how to replenish his army.
[01:48:43] On July 31, 1774,
[01:48:47] his personal decree was issued, according to which peasants
[01:48:50] were freed from working for the landowner, from all
[01:48:54] taxes, and from military conscription. Everyone
[01:48:57] was granted personal freedom, which, in Pugachev's
[01:49:01] view, meant enrolling all peasants as
[01:49:04] Cossacks. The impostor,
[01:49:06] without further ado, abolished serfdom.
[01:49:10] Pugachev was met as a savior. Pushkin later
[01:49:13] called his march along the Volga a triumphant procession with
[01:49:16] church bells, the blessing of the priest, and
[01:49:19] bread and salt in every new village, hamlet,
[01:49:23] and town.
[01:49:26] The abolition of serfdom became Pugachev's most resonant and tempting
[01:49:30] promise. Although the impostor had no
[01:49:34] resources to fulfill it in reality. The decree
[01:49:37] said nothing about who and how would
[01:49:40] distribute land, where taxes would come from for
[01:49:44] the maintenance of the state system, and how the army
[01:49:47] would be formed without recruits. No one
[01:49:51] thought about this. Peasants began to seize land
[01:49:54] from landowners and kill bailiffs. In cities,
[01:49:57] officials were hanged, stores and shops
[01:50:00] were looted. According to approximate estimates, only in the summer
[01:50:03] of 1774, more than
[01:50:07] 3,000 nobles were killed. At the same time,
[01:50:10] many peasants hid noble children, risking
[01:50:13] their own lives and the lives
[01:50:15] of their relatives.
[01:50:21] Catherine gathered.
[01:50:57] Catherine took 24 hours to
[01:50:58] reflect.
[01:51:04] The Panin brothers led the party of Tsarevich
[01:51:07] Paul. The Empress understood how dangerous it was to give
[01:51:10] power to her political opponent, who would receive
[01:51:14] a powerful tool for carrying out
[01:51:16] a coup. Grigory Potemkin came
[01:51:19] to her aid. He convinced the Empress to sign
[01:51:23] Panin's appointment, but with some
[01:51:25] amendments.
[01:51:31] He got almost everything he wanted, except for two key
[01:51:34] points. He was not given the Moscow province, since
[01:51:38] the rebellions there had already ceased, and Catherine
[01:51:41] retained the right to control the investigative commissions.
[01:51:44] Thus, Panin received
[01:51:47] the broadest opportunities for suppressing the rebellion, but under
[01:51:51] control.
[01:51:55] On the lands cleared of rebels, General-in-Chief
[01:51:58] Panin unleashed a real terror. To intimidate
[01:52:02] the population, he ordered rafts with executed and hanged Pugachevites
[01:52:05] to be sent down the rivers. The number of
[01:52:09] those subjected to various punishments by Panin's
[01:52:13] verdicts amounted to about 20 thousand
[01:52:16] people.
[01:52:22] needed
[01:52:53] to stop
[01:52:54] the rebellion.
[01:53:02] Meanwhile, popular rumor was weaving legends about Pugachev,
[01:53:05] each more fantastic than the last:
[01:53:08] that Tsar Peter Fyodorovich had already sent 100 regiments to conquer Moscow,
[01:53:12] that his son Pavel had come to him in
[01:53:16] Orenburg with his wife. The rebels received news of the death
[01:53:19] of General Bibikov, who had died.
[01:53:54] Kazan, located deep in the country, had not
[01:53:57] been attacked for many years. The walls of the fortress were dilapidated, the city
[01:54:01] suburbs consisted of wooden houses, and there was almost
[01:54:04] no artillery. The garrison fought in detachments
[01:54:08] of government troops beyond the Kama. The city's
[01:54:11] governor began forming combat detachments and patching
[01:54:15] fortress walls, sending out calls for help.
[01:54:18] Soon news arrived that one of the government troops'
[01:54:22] detachments, under the command of
[01:54:25] Lieutenant Colonel
[01:54:26] Mikhelson, was hastily heading towards Kazan.
[01:54:34] Pugachev hoped that Kazan would meet him with bread and salt, but
[01:54:38] unexpectedly encountered resistance not only from royal
[01:54:41] troops, but also from the city's population. The Empress's
[01:54:45] decree played its role.
[01:54:48] On July 12, the storming of the city began,
[01:54:51] the rebels poured into the streets, looting and killing
[01:54:54] everyone who had not hidden in the city fortress. Soon,
[01:54:57] Kazan
[01:54:58] was ablaze.
[01:55:01] The rebels spared neither old people, women, nor children.
[01:55:05] The defenders of the fortress, dismantling wooden roofs and removing
[01:55:08] doors, did everything to prevent
[01:55:11] the fire.
[01:55:15] From the burning building of the Kazan prison, Pugachev's arrested wife,
[01:55:19] Sofia, barely managed to run out with her
[01:55:22] children. Not believing her eyes, she rushed to
[01:55:26] her husband. At first, Pugachev
[01:55:29] was taken aback. The Cossacks surrounding him
[01:55:32] became wary. The impostor quickly
[01:55:36] oriented himself and ordered Sofia and the children
[01:55:39] to be taken by cart to
[01:55:41] the camp.
[01:55:44] And he explained to the Cossacks:
[01:55:47] "This is the wife of my friend, Yemelyan Pugachev,
[01:55:51] who was tortured for me in
[01:55:52] prison."
[01:55:58] At this time, Mikhelson's detachment was already approaching Kazan. After
[01:56:01] a forced march, the men and horses could barely stand, but
[01:56:05] Mikhelson decided to immediately attack Pugachev's forces to catch them
[01:56:09] by surprise. The battle lasted 3 days
[01:56:12] and ended in the defeat of the rebels, who lost
[01:56:15] all their cannons. Having retreated from Kazan, Pugachev
[01:56:19] headed for the Don. Mikhelson moved on a parallel
[01:56:22] path, preventing him from turning towards
[01:56:25] Moscow.
[01:56:28] Potemkin brought the Empress the long-awaited
[01:56:31] news. The war with the Ottoman Empire was over.
[01:56:46] The peace terms were extraordinarily favorable for Russia. Crimea gained independence from the Sultan, significant territories
[01:56:49] of the Black Sea coast went to the Russian
[01:56:52] Empire, as if a heavy
[01:56:56] stone had fallen from her shoulders. External affairs were in relative
[01:56:59] order, now she could fully attend to internal affairs.
[01:57:02] and send them against the impostor. Troops of experienced generals.
[01:57:16] Ugachev moved down the Volga, heading towards
[01:57:20] Astrakhan.
[01:57:26] On the way to his army, detachments of Don
[01:57:30] Cossacks joined.
[01:57:35] Having learned from government decrees that the rebels
[01:57:38] were commanded by their acquaintance Amelka Pugachev, the Don Cossacks
[01:57:41] tried their best to see the leader.
[01:57:45] Ugachev, passing by them, only
[01:57:48] turned away, and near Ostrokhan, all his entourage
[01:57:52] heard how from the wall of the besieged city, one of the
[01:57:55] Cossacks, loyal to the Empress, shouted at the top of his
[01:57:58] lungs. Hello, Amelyan
[01:58:01] Ivanovich, this was the end.
[01:58:10] Catherine had long suspected that the Panin brothers had evil
[01:58:14] intentions against her,
[01:58:17] now she received proof of this,
[01:58:21] one of Nikita Panin's secretaries, Pyotr
[01:58:24] Bakunin, denounced his superior.
[01:58:26] начальника.
[01:58:35] all the circumstances of the conspiracy and its
[01:58:37] participants, including
[01:58:40] the Tsarevich, were known.
[01:58:43] This was especially
[01:58:45] painful.
[01:58:48] Her relationship with her son worsened every day
[01:58:51] and in that, undoubtedly, there was a large part of her
[01:58:54] fault. But going against her own
[01:58:57] mother.
[01:59:01] September 5, 1774. year.
[01:59:35] want to buy themselves forgiveness, but hoped that he could
[01:59:38] persuade or
[01:59:40] escape,
[01:59:44] it didn't work.
[02:00:03] On September 9, Cossacks from Pugachev's inner circle
[02:00:06] seized him and handed him over to a detachment of government troops
[02:00:10] under the command of Lieutenant General Alexander Vasilyevich
[02:00:14] Suvorov. Suvorov himself conducted the first interrogations.
[02:00:18] The Cossacks who gave up the impostor were released on bail to the chieftain,
[02:00:21] Pugachev was shackled, put in a
[02:00:25] cage and sent under heavy escort to Simbirsk, where the
[02:00:28] investigation was conducted, but no one tried to free
[02:00:32] the impostor.
[02:00:39] The Empress summoned her son and declared that she knew about
[02:00:43] the conspiracy and about Paul's participation in it.
[02:00:48] The Tsarevich was shocked, he immediately confessed
[02:00:52] everything and as a sign of repentance gave his mother a list of
[02:00:55] conspirators. "I don't even want to know who these
[02:00:59] unfortunates are," said Catherine, and without unfolding
[02:01:03] the list, she threw it into the fireplace. This
[02:01:06] gesture made a strong
[02:01:08] impression on Paul.
[02:01:11] He did not suspect that all the names were already known
[02:01:14] to Catherine from Danos.
[02:01:18] The Empress did not pursue the conspirators,
[02:01:21] but
[02:01:25] she could no longer trust any of them.
[02:01:39] In November 1774,
[02:01:42] the main participants of the uprising, 85
[02:01:45] people, were transported to Moscow for a general
[02:01:48] investigation, led by Moscow Governor-General,
[02:01:52] Prince Mikhail Volkonsky and Chief Secretary of the Secret
[02:01:55] Expedition of the Senate, Stepan Shashkovsky. Catherine
[02:01:59] herself officially removed herself from
[02:02:02] the process, but carefully followed its
[02:02:04] progress. She categorically forbade torture,
[02:02:08] so that people would not slander themselves.
[02:02:12] Panin's supporters sought the death penalty by
[02:02:15] quartering for fifty people. The party
[02:02:18] of the heir sought to link Catherine's name with a bloody massacre
[02:02:22] of the rebels, so that in society the question
[02:02:25] would arise: is the sovereign worthy of reigning,
[02:02:29] who allowed such turmoil in Russia?
[02:02:32] But Catherine achieved that the death sentence was
[02:02:36] handed down to only six. For Kugachev -
[02:02:39] quartering, for five of his closest associates -
[02:02:43] hanging.
[02:02:48] It was a sunny frosty day, but Pugachev did not
[02:02:52] feel the cold.
[02:02:55] At the scaffold he uttered only one phrase:
[02:02:58] "Forgive me, Orthodox people."
[02:03:02] Yemelyan, condemned to quartering, prepared for long
[02:03:06] pain, but he did not know that the empress ordered to soften
[02:03:09] the execution and cut off his head immediately.
[02:03:13] Darkness fell
[02:03:15] instantly.
[02:03:19] Through the interrogations of all secret commissions, 12,438
[02:03:21] 12.438
[02:03:24] people passed, many rebels were executed on the spot by military
[02:03:27] leaders, as the remnants of Pugachev's gangs continued
[02:03:31] to operate until 1775.
[02:03:34] Both of Pugachev's wives, Ustinya and
[02:03:37] Sofia, with their children, were held in a fortress in
[02:03:40] Karelia, where they ended their
[02:03:42] days.
[02:03:48] giving a ball on the occasion of the end of the war with Turkey,
[02:03:51] Catherine was extremely gracious. Everyone
[02:03:55] understood that not only the defeat of the Turks was being celebrated, but
[02:03:59] also the victory over the rebel.
[02:04:02] When the tired Empress went into her office accompanied by Grigory
[02:04:05] Potemkin, he handed her the request of the Cossacks
[02:04:09] to move the village of Zimoveyskaya, where Pugachev was born, to another
[02:04:13] place, and to rename it to Potemkinskaya,
[02:04:16] so that... No memory of the rebel would remain,
[02:04:20] the Empress agreed and
[02:04:22] also ordered to change the name of the river reliably protect from cold.
[02:04:26] Sportmaster - guarantee of authenticity of Norsland brand
[02:04:29] technologies. cough chooses the most
[02:04:32] inappropriate moment, always.
[02:04:35] Take Ringalin. Ringalin is a drug for treating any type of cough in adults and children. It relieves cough from the first day
[02:04:39] of use and shortens its duration. Both dry and wet
[02:09:07] a manifesto was issued, in which the Empress,
[02:09:10] condemning the most brutal barbarity of the rebels, nevertheless
[02:09:14] declared that the crime concerning insults to
[02:09:18] her Majesty, was consigned to eternal
[02:09:20] oblivion. Catherine made it clear that
[02:09:24] she no longer held any ill will towards those participants of the uprising
[02:09:26] who escaped punishment.
[02:09:30] She ordered the places of execution to be
[02:09:32] destroyed, and also granted forgiveness to runaway
[02:09:36] peasants on the condition of returning to their villages within
[02:09:40] 2 years, the prohibition of the death penalty,
[02:09:43] abolished during
[02:09:45] the uprising, was reinstated.
[02:09:49] Soon a series of new decrees and
[02:09:52] reforms followed, the number of provinces in the Empire increased from 20
[02:09:56] to 50, this allowed to take into account the peculiarities of
[02:10:00] individual nationalities, their relations with the state,
[02:10:04] the police were reformed,
[02:10:07] special charters were introduced for nobles and
[02:10:09] cities.
[02:10:12] The manifesto restricted factory owners from using
[02:10:15] attached peasants to factories, it determined
[02:10:18] the length of the working day and increased
[02:10:21] wages. Bashkirs and Kalmyks were essentially
[02:10:25] equated to the Cossack class. Tatar
[02:10:28] Bashkir princes and Murzas were equalized
[02:10:32] in rights with the Russian
[02:10:33] nobility.
[02:10:38] Pugachev's uprising became the last mass uprising in
[02:10:41] Russia, right up to the revolution of the 20th century.
[02:10:45] Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, the first serious investigator
[02:10:49] of Pugachev's revolt, will write about him. God forbid
[02:10:52] to see a Russian revolt, senseless and
[02:10:55] merciless. Those who plot impossible
[02:10:58] coups here, are either young and do not know our
[02:11:01] people, or are hard-hearted people,
[02:11:05] for whom someone else's head is a half-penny, and their own neck is
[02:11:09] a kopeck.
[02:11:21] When in 1775,
[02:11:23] Empress Catherine arrived in Moscow, she was
[02:11:27] distraught.
[02:11:32] After brilliant victories over the Ottoman Empire, over
[02:11:36] the rebel, she expected popular
[02:11:39] jubilation, but...
[02:12:01] justice, but it was under her that the disenfranchisement
[02:12:04] of the peasants reached its peak, the gap between
[02:12:08] aristocrats and commoners, between
[02:12:10] them, became deeper.
[02:12:29] but the transformations that she would be able to carry out during more than three decades of her reign would change
[02:12:32] Russia, and would give the Empress
[02:12:36] the right to be called
[02:12:38] great.
[02:12:52] Many years ago, the German princess Sophia Frederica
[02:12:56] Augusta, baptized Catherine Alexeievna, came to
[02:12:59] Russia to become the wife of the heir to the throne.
[02:13:03] With all her might, she strove to understand and love this
[02:13:07] country and its people, she observed
[02:13:09] ancient customs, knew proverbs, sayings,
[02:13:13] learned to steam in a bathhouse, wore Russian
[02:13:16] dress,
[02:13:24] more often than others visited the church, while managing
[02:13:28] to observe those around her. In
[02:13:30] the church, she noticed how clearly the hierarchy of
[02:13:34] Russian society was built, representatives of different estates
[02:13:38] were located each in their assigned
[02:13:41] place, in accordance with. "God,
[02:13:43] tsar, nobleman, peasant."
[02:14:00] In the middle of the 16th century, the nobility constituted only
[02:14:03] 4% of the population of the Russian Empire, it was undoubtedly
[02:14:07] subordinate to the monarch, however, it represented
[02:14:10] a force that the emperor had to reckon with, the combined
[02:14:14] wealth of only large aristocratic families sometimes
[02:14:17] exceeded that of the tsar, and state coups organized by
[02:14:21] noble clans became by no means rare in the country.
[02:14:24] 8% of the population
[02:14:27] of the empire consisted of Cossacks, merchants,
[02:14:30] clergy representatives, artisans, and
[02:14:33] ethnic minorities. The most numerous part of the population, more than
[02:14:36] 80%, remained peasants.
[02:14:40] Most peasants were serfs.
[02:14:43] State or treasury peasants, who
[02:14:46] lived on lands belonging to the state, were called
[02:14:49] free rural inhabitants. By the middle of the
[02:14:53] 16th century, 44%
[02:14:56] of the peasant population of the empire were considered
[02:14:59] free.
[02:15:04] In the first years of her reign, Catherine was inspired by the ideas of
[02:15:08] European enlighteners that all people are
[02:15:11] equal. And freedom is a natural human
[02:15:15] right. The empress was determined to
[02:15:18] implement these ideals into
[02:15:20] life.
[02:15:29] To compile a new code of laws, she convened a commission, which
[02:15:32] included representatives of all nationalities, all estates of
[02:15:36] the Russian Empire, with the exception of the clergy and
[02:15:39] serfs. serfs.
[02:15:42] The Code was intended to become
[02:15:46] a kind of social contract between
[02:15:50] the estates.
[02:15:51] But after a year of work, the commission
[02:15:56] did not develop any new laws. The question of abolishing
[02:15:59] serfdom caused fierce disputes among the deputies.
[02:16:03] The absolute majority of nobles were against the liberation of
[02:16:07] peasants. As a result, the empress dissolved
[02:16:10] the legislative commission. During Pugachev's revolt, the peasants
[02:16:13] clearly showed how they understood freedom,
[02:16:16] when they plundered estates and killed landowners along with
[02:16:20] their families.
[02:16:22] needed reforms,
[02:16:25] since the legislative commission failed to fulfill its
[02:16:28] role, the empress took the matter
[02:16:32] into her own hands.
[02:16:36] On November 7, 1775,
[02:16:38] Catherine II adopted the institution for
[02:16:41] the administration of the provinces of the Russian Empire, a document
[02:16:45] that defined the principles of local governance, which, with a small
[02:16:48] interruption, existed until 1917.
[02:16:52] The central element of the transformation was a new
[02:16:56] administrative-territorial division of the country, the number of
[02:16:59] provinces increased by more than one and a half times, and the number of
[02:17:03] uyezds almost three times. Catherine
[02:17:06] II renamed many large rural settlements into
[02:17:10] cities. The map of Russia saw 216
[02:17:13] new cities, not counting those that were founded in New Russia
[02:17:17] and Crimea. This allowed to overcome the weakness
[02:17:20] of local government. Far from the capital, many
[02:17:24] new governing bodies and population control bodies appeared, and
[02:17:27] officials arriving in the provinces set new standards
[02:17:31] of behavior culture. In addition, Catherine II
[02:17:35] redistributed power between the center
[02:17:38] and the periphery in favor of local elected bodies.
[02:17:42] Residents of remote areas received the opportunity to solve many issues
[02:17:45] independently. As a result, there were significantly
[02:17:49] fewer reasons for protests and unrest. In addition to the provincial
[02:17:52] reform, the system of transformations.
[02:18:25] It was a difficult time for the empress. She
[02:18:28] felt that, despite all the victories and
[02:18:30] benefactions, her subjects gave
[02:18:34] preference to the heir Paul, who had done
[02:18:37] nothing for the country yet. However, she
[02:18:41] herself deprived him of this opportunity. Paul
[02:18:44] remained for her an eternal reminder that she
[02:18:47] came to power as a result of
[02:18:50] a coup. And that at any moment, as a result of
[02:18:53] another coup. the throne could pass to
[02:18:57] her son.
[02:19:04] Their relationship became increasingly strained.
[02:19:25] Paul's place in the administration of the empire was taken by
[02:19:29] Catherine's favorite, Prince Grigory
[02:19:32] Potemkin. He, and not Paul, became a member of
[02:19:35] the council at the Imperial Court, as well as
[02:19:38] practically the head of the military college, the first
[02:19:41] person after the sovereign. With him,
[02:19:44] and not with the heir, the empress discussed all
[02:19:47] the most important matters, including the preparation of estate
[02:19:51] reforms.
[02:19:56] Many, even Catherine, often called serfs
[02:20:00] slaves, however, this did not correspond to
[02:20:03] reality. Unlike a slave, a serf had
[02:20:07] property, arranged his personal life himself, could appeal to
[02:20:10] court and even buy freedom for himself and his
[02:20:13] family. The landowner was not a slave owner, but merely
[02:20:17] a person responsible for collecting taxes and recruiting soldiers from
[02:20:21] his lands. By law, he vouched for the well-being
[02:20:25] of the peasants, was obliged to allocate them land
[02:20:28] to help in case of crop failure or natural
[02:20:31] disasters, to give loans of grain or
[02:20:33] money, to ensure that there were no beggars on his estate,
[02:20:37] to help fire victims, if it
[02:20:39] turned out that a runaway peasant had lost land through the fault of the
[02:20:43] owner, the landowner faced legal proceedings, up to
[02:20:47] deprivation of the right to the estate. The landowner
[02:20:49] maintained order on the land allocated to him, he could
[02:20:53] judge and punish offenders, but not
[02:20:56] kill. Peasants had the right to complain about
[02:20:59] the landowner's abuse to the Senate, to
[02:21:02] the Justice College, but fearing bureaucratic
[02:21:05] red tape, peasants tried.
[02:21:13] On June 28, 1762,
[02:21:16] the Empress received a complaint about
[02:21:19] the atrocities of the landowner Saltykova. Darya
[02:21:23] Saltykova belonged to a well-known noble family,
[02:21:26] was related to the royal family, all attempts
[02:21:29] by peasants to denounce the villain ended the same way.
[02:21:33] The case was not pursued 21 times.
[02:21:36] Saltychikha bribed officials, threatened,
[02:21:39] and no one wanted to get involved with her, but after
[02:21:43] a complaint to the highest authority, everything changed,
[02:21:46] Catherine immediately ordered an inquiry, investigator
[02:21:50] Stepan Volkov received permission to search the landowner's
[02:21:54] estate.
[02:22:00] Next to the estate, right in the churchyard, according to the serfs,
[02:22:04] those tormented by Saltychikha were buried. But
[02:22:07] more often the bodies of the unfortunate were loaded onto carts and taken to
[02:22:11] the Trinity estate in Tyoply Stan. There their
[02:22:14] remains were found. The case
[02:22:17] spoke of 139 murdered, this is a quarter
[02:22:21] of all the landowner's serfs. The investigation
[02:22:24] officially confirmed 38
[02:22:27] victims.
[02:22:30] The court stripped Saltykova of her noble title
[02:22:33] and name, sentenced her to death, replaced by
[02:22:36] life imprisonment, before which the landowner was subjected to
[02:22:40] civil execution, she was displayed in chains on Red Square
[02:22:44] at the pillory with a sign around her neck
[02:22:47] reading "tormentor and murderer."
[02:22:51] After this, she was put in chains into the underground prison of the Ivanovsky
[02:22:54] Convent with the sentence to deprive
[02:22:57] her evil soul of all life and all human
[02:23:01] society, and her stinking body
[02:23:04] to be committed to the providence of the Creator.
[02:23:15] Saltykova's case would never have been brought to court
[02:23:19] without the intervention of
[02:23:20] the Empress.
[02:23:23] Experienced officials warned Catherine, as soon as
[02:23:27] you punish Saltychikha, a flood of
[02:23:30] complaints will follow.
[02:23:35] And so it happened.
[02:23:49] By law, the estates of impoverished or cruelly condemned
[02:23:53] landowners came under state guardianship.
[02:23:56] The management of the estate passed into the hands of an appointed
[02:23:59] official, although the lord retained
[02:24:02] ownership and received his income.
[02:24:06] However, to dispose.
[02:24:17] Soon Catherine forbade receiving complaints from peasants
[02:24:21] directly into her own royal hands and
[02:24:24] ordered them to be sent to state
[02:24:27] institutions from the Senate to local courts, which were
[02:24:30] ordered to investigate every case.
[02:24:34] The Empress demonstrated to
[02:24:36] society. The government will not indifferently observe
[02:24:40] crimes of this kind. A serf
[02:24:43] is a human being, just as much a subject as any
[02:24:46] other.
[02:24:50] The case of the sadist Saltykova was more of
[02:24:53] an exception. Most landowners,
[02:24:55] who were characterized by cruel treatment of serfs,
[02:24:59] ended their lives in complete
[02:25:01] ruin. For the prosperity of the estate,
[02:25:05] the landowner had to take care.
[02:25:50] will manage all the household affairs after him.
[02:25:54] The estates were considerable, 810,000
[02:25:58] hectares of land, more than three modern
[02:26:01] Moscows. The count owned 210,000
[02:26:05] serf souls, the population of St. Petersburg at that time.
[02:26:09] Санкт-Петербурга.
[02:26:17] Sheremetev's Moscow estate, Kuskovo, was
[02:26:20] often called the Russian Versailles. In front of the house
[02:26:23] and palace lay a lake, on which there was a whole
[02:26:27] flotilla. From the lake, an alley led to a menagerie with
[02:26:30] a hunting ground. On the other side stretched
[02:26:34] a large garden with pleasure activities.
[02:26:38] In the depths of the huge park, a Dutch house with
[02:26:41] paintings by Rembrandt and Van Dyck was hidden. Next
[02:26:45] to it was a Chinese house with expensive porcelain. In a huge
[02:26:48] orangery, they grew.
[02:27:35] century, the quitrent was 2 rubles per soul, then by the end of the century it reached 5
[02:27:39] rubles. The total amount of quitrent from Sheremetev's name
[02:27:42] amounted to 630 thousand rubles per
[02:27:46] year. For small landowners, more often.
[02:27:51] The more money the lord wanted, the more days the peasant worked
[02:27:55] in his field. Catherine planned to determine
[02:27:58] the size of this obligation, but she never
[02:28:01] implemented it in practice. In Malorussia,
[02:28:04] where the soils were of high quality, corvée
[02:28:08] reached 7 days a week. Landowners took
[02:28:11] peasant lands for themselves and used serfs, as
[02:28:15] plantation workers. In the north of the country in
[02:28:18] the non-black soil region, against the owners, they did not
[02:28:22] strive for corvée, but to let the Christians go on quitrent meant
[02:28:25] to receive a sure income. Thus appeared
[02:28:28] the artels of Olonets carpenters, Vladimir
[02:28:32] masons, who, according to Pushkin's expression,
[02:28:35] went a hundred versts to earn
[02:28:37] money.
[02:28:40] Nikolay Sheremetev began to receive an education, like
[02:28:44] most noble children, from the age of 7. To the compulsory
[02:28:48] education program, his father.
[02:29:20] wrapped Nikolay by weight and sent his son to continue
[02:29:24] his education in Holland, away from
[02:29:26] the heir Pavel, friendship with whom could
[02:29:30] spoil Nikolay's
[02:29:31] career.
[02:29:34] Those who were close to Tsarevich Pavel, the Empress did not
[02:29:38] trust, her relationship with her son became more
[02:29:41] and more difficult and
[02:29:44] tangled every year, and after learning about Pavel's participation in a conspiracy
[02:29:47] directed against her, Catherine completely
[02:29:51] removed the heir from political
[02:29:54] life.
[02:29:58] Now she saw his main and only purpose in
[02:30:01] continuing
[02:30:03] the dynasty.
[02:30:10] Pavel's first wife, Natalia Alekseevna, died in
[02:30:13] childbirth with the child.
[02:30:17] Catherine, not caring much about her son's feelings, immediately began
[02:30:20] to look for a new
[02:30:22] wife for him.
[02:30:26] Just six months later, Pavel's wedding to
[02:30:29] Princess Sophia Dorothea
[02:30:31] of Württemberg
[02:30:34] took place, who in Orthodoxy became Maria
[02:30:36] Fyodorovna. In the second year
[02:30:40] of her marriage, she gave birth
[02:30:42] to a son.
[02:37:15] took the newborn
[02:37:17] Pavel from her.
[02:37:22] Back then, in her youth, Catherine was unable
[02:37:25] to enjoy maternal happiness,
[02:37:29] and now she was making up for lost time with her little grandson.
[02:37:53] When young Sheremetev returned to Russia,
[02:37:56] his father suggested he create his own theater on the estate, and Nikolay
[02:38:00] gladly
[02:38:03] agreed. He decided to recruit a troupe from
[02:38:07] household serfs and teach them singing and
[02:38:10] dancing, no worse than actors on the Parisian
[02:38:13] stage.
[02:38:29] A person who entered the service of the master became a household serf,
[02:38:32] that is, a servant without land. Not all serfs considered
[02:38:35] such a change in life a stroke of luck, although the work
[02:38:39] of household serfs was easier, and living conditions were better. They completely
[02:38:42] depended on the whims of the master. It was precisely household serfs who could receive
[02:38:46] professional training, train as a cook,
[02:38:49] seamstress, carriage maker, coachman. In a large household, many
[02:38:53] professions were required. The most capable
[02:38:56] were taught literacy and languages, and particularly talented ones the landowner could even
[02:39:00] send to study abroad at his own expense. Many
[02:39:03] outstanding figures emerged from serfs, more
[02:39:07] famous than their masters. For example,
[02:39:10] architect Andrey Voronikh, creator of the Kazan Cathedral in
[02:39:14] St. Petersburg.
[02:40:15] to behave on stage, to speak correctly,
[02:40:18] to sing, soon she got a small role, just a couple of
[02:40:22] phrases on stage, but the young count
[02:40:25] understood that the girl would
[02:40:28] amount to something.
[02:40:32] Not much time passed, and Nikolay Sheremetev gave young
[02:40:36] Praskovya Kuznetsova the main role, the part of
[02:40:39] Belinda in the Italian opera. From then on,
[02:40:42] the actress performed under a new surname,
[02:40:45] Zhemchugova. On stage, her heroine,
[02:40:48] the noble Belinda, was ready to sacrifice
[02:40:52] everything for love. The audience
[02:40:55] applauded long and rapturously. The young
[02:40:58] actress froze in amazement, she, a serf,
[02:41:02] was being applauded by nobles. Purses flew to Parasha's feet, which in those
[02:41:05] times often replaced
[02:41:09] the bouquets we are used to. And only the young count
[02:41:12] did not throw a purse.
[02:41:29] At first, it seemed like ordinary
[02:41:31] passion.
[02:41:33] Another household serf girl found herself in the count's
[02:41:36] chambers.
[02:41:39] But Nikolay spent more and more time with Praskovya.
[02:41:43] He rehearsed parts with her, supervised her training in playing the
[02:41:47] clavichord. She was given access to
[02:41:50] the count's library. Praskovya freely read books
[02:41:54] in French and Italian languages, including
[02:41:58] Diderot and Rousseau. It was
[02:42:01] interesting to talk to her, just imagine, with a serf
[02:42:05] girl.
[02:42:14] Once, Catherine's romance with Grigory
[02:42:16] Potemkin began just as brightly. They
[02:42:20] felt and thought alike, although
[02:42:23] the passion eventually faded, Grigory Alexandrovich
[02:42:26] forever remained the closest friend and associate of
[02:42:30] the Empress. They corresponded, and
[02:42:34] even far from St. Petersburg, Potemkin always knew
[02:42:37] what was happening in Catherine's
[02:42:38] life.
[02:42:46] Catherine tried to instill in her young favorites
[02:42:49] a taste for literature and art, history and
[02:42:52] philosophy, proudly writing to Potemkin about
[02:42:56] the successes of her...
[02:42:59] new infatuation, but none of these young men could replace Grigory
[02:43:03] Alexandrovich for the Empress,
[02:43:05] and she still only discussed important state
[02:43:09] affairs with him, including foreign policy problems and
[02:43:12] the peasant
[02:43:13] question.
[02:43:18] The era of Catherine saw the peak of serfdom
[02:43:21] for peasants. Due to the population of the lands
[02:43:24] of Novorossiya annexed to the Russian Empire, the number
[02:43:27] of serfs increased by approximately
[02:43:29] a million. But at the same time, Catherine carried out
[02:43:33] the secularization of church lands and transferred about 2 million
[02:43:36] monastery peasants to the category of
[02:43:39] state peasants. As a result, the empress freed twice
[02:43:43] as many peasants as she enserfed. She
[02:43:46] bought peasants from ruined landowners as
[02:43:50] free citizens, settled them in cities, developing
[02:43:54] small crafts and production there. She forbade
[02:43:57] buying serfs for work in factories. By her decree,
[02:44:01] peasants who received freedom were forbidden to be re-registered as
[02:44:04] serfs. This was the first law in Russia on the protection of
[02:44:08] the individual.
[02:44:13] In honor of the twenty-fifth anniversary of Catherine II's reign,
[02:44:17] the Sheremetevs organized a grand celebration. They rebuilt
[02:44:20] the theater with the latest engineering technology,
[02:44:24] chose a play, sewed costumes, rehearsed.
[02:44:28] In the new theater for 150 spectators, they staged the opera
[02:44:32] The Samnite Marriages.
[02:44:35] According to the plot, in the warlike tribe of the Samnites, lovers
[02:44:38] are forbidden to show their feelings, but proud Iliana
[02:44:42] decides to win the right to choose her own groom.
[02:44:45] Disguised as a man, she bravely fights the
[02:44:49] Romans, and after the victory, she chooses a
[02:44:52] husband for herself. The role of Iliana was given to
[02:44:55] Praskovya Zhemchugova.
[02:44:59] In Kuskovo, crowds of guests gathered for the
[02:45:02] celebration. The road was decorated with arches and triumphal
[02:45:06] gates. The approach of the Empress was announced by
[02:45:09] trumpeters. On the lake in front of the house stood a whole
[02:45:13] flotilla, on the largest ship six cannons were installed
[02:45:16] for a welcoming
[02:45:18] salute. In the banquet hall, a festive
[02:45:22] table was set. The abundance of porcelain, silver, gold could
[02:45:26] amaze even the empress. Vases held
[02:45:30] exotic fruits and flowers from the orangery, in the kitchen
[02:45:33] fish from their own ponds and game from the count's
[02:45:37] forest were prepared.
[02:45:40] In the theater, the orchestra was tuning
[02:45:43] instruments.
[02:45:49] In the new dressing room, Praskovya Zhemchugova was putting on
[02:45:52] her dress. She knew it was her
[02:45:56] day.
[02:46:04] Catherine did not like music, her right ear
[02:46:07] heard instruments in one timbre, her left in
[02:46:10] another, resulting in cacophony and a headache
[02:46:13] starting. Nikolay Sheremetev tried to explain
[02:46:16] something about the soprano heroine, but the empress was not
[02:46:20] listening. She was captivated by something
[02:46:23] entirely different. The actress in a man's dress was not
[02:46:26] just beautiful.
[02:46:30] She fought for her right, rebelling against an entire
[02:46:33] society. This reminded the empress of her
[02:46:36] own fate, when disguised.
[02:47:10] the performance, Parasha was forced to watch through the crack of
[02:47:29] But at the festive feast after the door,
[02:47:33] while
[02:47:36] the noble guests, including her beloved Nikolay, sat
[02:47:40] with the empress at the same
[02:47:42] table.
[02:47:46] The privileges of the nobility were enshrined in the Manifesto on the Freedom of
[02:47:49] the Nobility, issued by Catherine's husband, Emperor Peter
[02:47:52] III. The Manifesto freed the noble
[02:47:56] estate from compulsory military and civil
[02:47:58] service. At the same time, the lands received from the state
[02:48:02] remained with the nobles. As a result, a dangerous
[02:48:06] situation of a shortage of service personnel began to develop. When
[02:48:10] Catherine came to power, she did not dare to abolish the manifesto, as this
[02:48:14] would have turned the entire noble
[02:48:16] society against her. She found another way out: those who
[02:48:20] were willing to serve were promised the widest
[02:48:23] benefits: resignation at will, the possibility
[02:48:26] of transitioning from military service to civil service, free
[02:48:30] travel abroad, a gradation of
[02:48:33] rights was established, corresponding to different
[02:48:36] ranks. According to it, coachmen were given horses.
[02:48:40] It was allowed to eat on silver dishes, for women
[02:48:44] the height of the hairstyle and the length of the train were approved. For service,
[02:48:48] Catherine generously granted villages, money, positions,
[02:48:52] orders.
[02:48:57] Old Count Pyotr Borisovich Sheremetev was one of
[02:49:01] the first to take advantage of the benefits that the manifesto
[02:49:04] provided. He left service and went to his
[02:49:07] estate.
[02:49:10] Now, after the count's death, his son Nikolay became the owner of
[02:49:13] a huge fortune. He
[02:49:16] could have given freedom to Zhemchugova, but
[02:49:19] that did not happen, and Praskovya and her friend,
[02:49:23] the dancer Shlykova-Granatova, refused this
[02:49:27] mercy.
[02:49:29] Few peasants realized the value of freedom,
[02:49:33] where would they go, how would they earn
[02:49:35] a living?
[02:49:39] felt
[02:50:10] safe. Peasants of a kind, ruined
[02:50:14] master often collected money to pay his debt.
[02:50:18] Risking their lives, they hid the master's children during
[02:50:21] Pugachev's rebellion. Even after the abolition of serfdom,
[02:50:24] many peasants would not want to abandon their
[02:50:27] masters and would remain living with them. In turn,
[02:50:31] landowners did not always know how to manage their farms, deal with
[02:50:35] agrarian, financial, and trade issues.
[02:50:38] The abolition of serfdom.
[02:51:11] Republicans were inspired by ideas of freedom,
[02:51:15] equality, fraternity, but the romantic ideals of the revolution
[02:51:19] turned into the bloody nightmare of the Jacobin
[02:51:22] terror. In Paris, the king and
[02:51:25] queen were executed, France plunged into the chaos of civil
[02:51:28] war. In her youth, Catherine herself
[02:51:32] was fascinated by liberal ideas. Back then, it would
[02:51:36] not have occurred to her that the thoughts of her beloved
[02:51:38] philosophers would be championed by
[02:51:41] revolutionaries.
[02:51:44] The administrative reform carried out by Catherine II in
[02:51:48] 1775-1778
[02:51:51] years, saved Russia from such a development
[02:51:55] of events. Nevertheless, the empress ordered
[02:51:58] the expulsion from Russia of all who were suspected of sympathizing with
[02:52:02] the revolution, within the empire censorship was tightened
[02:52:05] following the example of Prussia and Austria. In particular, a case was
[02:52:08] initiated against the prominent Moscow publisher Nikolay
[02:52:12] Novikov, in whose magazines acute social
[02:52:15] issues were raised. And Alexander Radishchev's book,
[02:52:19] Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow, which.
[02:52:36] These measures were designed to protect Russian society from the spread of subversive ideas. The Empress felt like almost the only
[02:52:39] guardian of order in her country, while
[02:52:43] the world was rapidly
[02:52:44] changing.
[02:52:52] Metiev began openly living with his serf actress
[02:52:56] Praskovya Zhemchugova, as
[02:52:58] his wife.
[02:53:01] Noble society was shocked, how could
[02:53:05] one consider a serf their equal?
[02:53:20] distinguished guests of the count. When
[02:53:44] Sheremetev moved to St. Petersburg to enter
[02:53:47] service in the Senate, Praskovya was met with
[02:53:50] the contempt of the capital.
[02:53:53] She was not received in noble houses, and even in the theater, her
[02:53:56] appearance caused a demonstrative walkout of spectators from
[02:54:00] the hall. She found herself in complete isolation.
[02:54:14] Due to financial problems, Sheremetev had to close
[02:54:17] the theater in Ostankino, which he built for
[02:54:20] Praskovya. He was torn from his family,
[02:54:24] cleaned up, taught literacy, forced to perform on stage,
[02:54:27] now returned to the estate as scribes, laundresses,
[02:54:30] janitors. Sheremetev did not assign anyone to the plow or to
[02:54:34] livestock, but the talents, recently shining
[02:54:38] on stage, now performed roles given
[02:54:41] by birth.
[02:54:49] Perhaps if the Empress had shown sympathy for them...
[03:00:35] the land will not meet most outsiders, only the Decembrist
[03:00:39] Ivan Yakushkin will offer his serfs personal
[03:00:42] freedom on the condition that the land remains his
[03:00:45] property, the peasants will be able to
[03:00:48] rent it, but the peasants will tell the master,
[03:00:51] let everything remain as it was, we are yours, and the land is
[03:00:55] ours. At the same time, many tsarist dignitaries and
[03:00:58] statesmen will release serfs to
[03:01:01] freedom, including the head of the Third Department and the commander
[03:01:05] of the Corps of Gendarmes, Alexander Khristoforovich
[03:01:08] Benckendorff.
[03:01:15] Society demanded Nikolay Sheremetev
[03:01:18] marry an aristocrat.
[03:01:22] Even Catherine got involved in finding a wife for the count,
[03:01:25] and to avoid marriage
[03:01:28] at the empress's will, Sheremetev resigned.
[03:01:30] His age was approaching
[03:01:34] old age. Once he fell ill, he asked
[03:01:38] himself what would happen to Praskovya if he
[03:01:41] died.
[03:01:44] Illness, inability to sing, hostile attitudes of
[03:01:47] those around him, all this suggested a terrifying
[03:01:50] answer. The count finally
[03:01:54] did what he should have done
[03:01:56] long ago. He gave Praskovya
[03:01:59] her freedom to marry
[03:02:02] her.
[03:02:09] The count's wife had to be of noble
[03:02:12] origin. Nikolay's attorney
[03:02:15] went to Malorossiya, where many Polish
[03:02:19] nobles lived, and heraldic books were not kept. For
[03:02:23] the corresponding money, they found a noble ancestor for
[03:02:26] Praskovya with the surname
[03:02:28] Kovalevsky.
[03:02:33] On Arbat, there is still a small church of Simeon
[03:02:37] the Stylite, where Nikolay Sheremetev secretly
[03:02:41] married Praskovya
[03:02:43] Kovalevskaya.
[03:02:54] She was 33, he was 50
[03:02:57] years old.
[03:03:03] Officially, this marriage would be recognized only in the
[03:03:06] 19th century, during the reign of Alexander
[03:03:10] I. Soon after the wedding, Praskovya
[03:03:14] Zhemchugova, who became Countess Sheremeteva,
[03:03:17] gave birth to a son, Dmitry,
[03:03:20] but her weak health did not allowed her to recover after
[03:03:24] a difficult birth, 3 weeks later she
[03:03:27] died.
[03:03:31] Count Nikolay Petrovich outlived his wife by not long.
[03:03:35] Their son Dmitry Sheremetyev at just under 6 years old remained
[03:03:39] a complete orphan, was raised by Praskovya's
[03:03:42] friend, received
[03:03:45] служил в Кавалергардском полку.
[03:03:48] стал крупнейшим благотворителем российской
[03:03:50] империи. На его средства существовали
[03:03:54] многие столичные храмы, больницы,
[03:03:57] приюты и частично Петербургский
[03:04:00] университет.
[03:04:03] Но в первую очередь Дмитрий Шереметьев содержал
[03:04:06] странноприимный дом, построенный его отцом в
[03:04:09] исполнении последней воли жены. Известное
[03:04:13] здание с колоннами, ныне не и скорой помощи
[03:04:17] имени. лифосовского стала памятником
[03:04:20] просковье-жемчуговой,
[03:04:22] крепостной актрисе, которая благодаря великой
[03:04:25] силе любви доказало, что все люди
[03:04:29] равны, а значит, должны
[03:04:32] быть одинаково
[03:04:33] свободны.
[03:04:39] Императрица Екатерина II разменяла седьмой
[03:04:42] десяток. Пора было подводить
[03:04:45] In
[03:04:48] году не стало её единственного друга Григория
[03:04:52] Потёмкина. Он умер внезапно в дороге между Ясами и
[03:04:56] Николаевым, прямо под открытым небом.
[03:05:24] Узнав об этом, Екатерина упала в обморок, и её с
[03:05:27] трудом вернули в сознание, она очень
[03:05:30] тяжело переживала эту потерю и долго не могла вернуться к
[03:05:34] обычной жизни, она чувствовала, что
[03:05:36] осталась совсем
[03:05:38] одна.
[03:06:22] 16 лет, Екатерина спешно женила
[03:06:25] его.
[03:06:33] Ходили слухи, что императрица уже составила завещение в
[03:06:37] пользу внука.
[03:06:39] Однако её планам не суждено было
[03:06:42] сбыться.
[03:06:55] В среду 5 ноября 1796
[03:06:58] года Екатерина проснулась в необыкновенно хорошем
[03:07:02] настроении, как обычно, выпила
[03:07:05] кофе, немного поработала в своём кабинете пошла в
[03:07:09] гардеробное, переодеться для
[03:07:12] прогулки.
[03:07:17] полчаса слуги заволновались, императрицы всё не
[03:07:21] было.
[03:07:36] Камер Локей Зотов нашёл Екатерину без
[03:07:38] сознания.
[03:07:46] Слуги перенесли императрицу в спальню. Спешно
[03:07:49] вызванный личный врач констатировал тяжёлый
[03:07:52] удар современном языке
[03:07:54] инсульт.
[03:07:58] Сохранилась легенда, что. Незадолго до смерти императрица
[03:08:01] увидела своего двойника,
[03:08:04] белую женщину. Екатерина не испугалась, а
[03:08:08] поблагодарила призрак за предупреждение,
[03:08:11] позволявшее ей закончить свои
[03:08:13] дела.
[03:08:17] Не приходя в сознание императрица прожила ещё
[03:08:19] сутки.
[03:08:49] Она умерла 6 ноября в 9:00
[03:08:52] вечера, вместе с её жизнью окончилась целая
[03:08:56] эпоха русской истории.
[03:09:04] Новый Император Павел I считал, что реформа Екатерины
[03:09:08] привели дела Империи в беспорядок. Главной
[03:09:11] причиной он полагал излишние вольности дарованные
[03:09:14] дворянству, потому отменил многие права и
[03:09:17] свободы этого сословия. Однако
[03:09:20] развитие общества, заложенное Екатериной, остановить
[03:09:24] было уже невозможно. Смягчились нравы,
[03:09:27] помещчики, которой дурно обращались к...
[03:09:30] крестьянами подвергались всеобщему осуждению. Новое
[03:09:34] поколение дворян, воспитанное в духе идей просвещения,
[03:09:38] становилось настоящей элитой
[03:09:40] общества. Однако общество
[03:09:44] по-прежнему оставалось разделённым на господ
[03:09:47] слуг, которые обладали разными
[03:09:50] правами.
[03:09:53] Отмена крепостного права без предварительной финансовой и
[03:09:57] экономической подготовки, повлекла бы за собой ряд.
[03:10:00] экономических и социальных последствий, которые
[03:10:03] неминуемо привели бы к уменьшению производства сельскохозяйственной
[03:10:07] продукции, падению доходов государства, массовому
[03:10:10] обнищанию и голоду. Поэтому
[03:10:13] крестьянский вопрос решался очень долго. Сын Екатерины,
[03:10:17] Павел II издал указ, ограничивающий барщину тремя
[03:10:21] днями в неделю. Старший внук Александр I
[03:10:25] выпустил рекомендательный указ о вольных хлебопажцах.
[03:10:28] При младшем внуке.
[03:10:41] будут освобождены помещичьи крестьяне.
[03:11:05] Екатерина была уверена, чтобы
[03:11:08] избавиться от психологии слуг и господ.