ALMAGHRIBIA — broadcast
20260920 103000 UTC
399 transcript segments
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[00:00:04] there is something in
[00:00:12] and succulents. This
[00:00:14] the north in the year The construction of this fortress is surrounded, or rather
[00:00:17] , it is surrounded by a lot of unrest. The reason for
[00:00:20] this is that the texts relied upon in writing the history of this
[00:00:23] fortress are Almohad sources, and there is no Almoravid source
[00:00:26] that speaks or describes this
[00:00:30] fortress to us. Therefore, caution must be exercised when reading these
[00:00:34] texts and when using their data, as they
[00:00:37] contain some
[00:00:40] And fourth, be careful of prejudice against the
[00:00:41] Almoravid state.
[00:00:46] Outside these fortresses, we will find that
[00:00:49] the buildings that were built would combine what
[00:00:54] does not say anything about is military and what is civilian. What is military, we will find
[00:00:57] the gates, and what is civilian, it will contain the
[00:01:02] And in the face of this scarcity Makhzen architecture, Qasr al-Hajar and others, and there will also be
[00:01:10] the digital world, unique in this fortified with a network of buildings that provide public service.
[00:01:15] the sources relied upon for In addition to what was previously said, this
[00:01:18] palace
[00:01:20] The garden captivates was known by several names.
[00:01:23] it might face from There are almost six names, among them Dar al-Ummah,
[00:01:26] Qasr al-Hajar, Dar al-Hajar, and other
[00:01:30] names. The information that
[00:01:34] the flood had carried into we have about this landmark is very limited,
[00:01:37] whether what is found in sources or what archaeological research
[00:01:41] that
[00:01:43] while time has erased took place during the last century has revealed. Therefore,
[00:01:48] because at first, the garden was it is noted that the location of the palace today is still not
[00:01:50] precisely defined. It is enough for me to say,
[00:01:53] الحمد لله, for example, that some see that the location of the palace
[00:01:56] is north of
[00:02:00] the current Koutoubia Mosque. Then there is another
[00:02:03] opinion that
[00:02:06] the Koutoubia Mosque was built on the site of
[00:02:10] Qasr al-Hajar.
[00:02:18] history, especially in
[00:02:23] composed of
[00:02:26] The summary of all this is that the information currently
[00:02:30] Rosemary Al-Marisqi. It is available does not allow for the precise location of this
[00:02:34] palace to be determined. It is true that it is near the Koutoubia Mosque,
[00:02:37] but the exact location is not
[00:02:40] precisely defined. Also, we do not know
[00:02:43] about the architectural components of the palace. The architectural
[00:02:46] elements that we have are in the form of references.
[00:02:51] a set of functions, Even the references found in sources about the pictures remain
[00:02:54] vague and general.
[00:02:57] Archaeological research has been able to
[00:03:01] discover a part of the wall, approximately
[00:03:05] 300 meters, with a group of
[00:03:08] towers, almost 12 towers.
[00:03:11] This part of the wall that was
[00:03:14] discovered is located north of
[00:03:17] the
[00:03:19] century old. Koutoubia Mosque. The archaeological research
[00:03:20] be altered. The geometric that was conducted regarding the walls did not
[00:03:24] cover the area that the palace occupied.
[00:03:27] continuous efforts are needed to keep it at However, what the archaeologists
[00:03:30] concluded as a hypothesis
[00:03:33] regarding the design is that the design of this palace
[00:03:37] was mostly a square design, and that each
[00:03:40] of the four sides
[00:03:44] of the wall had a gate. And through these
[00:03:47] gates, the palace
[00:03:51] connected with the
[00:03:55] is given is avocado. The introduction of outside.
[00:03:58] It is noted that the construction work for protection, such as
[00:04:01] walls, gates, and fortresses, did not
[00:04:04] stop during most of the Almoravid rule,
[00:04:09] the bridge that either through construction,
[00:04:14] renovation, or
[00:04:16] expansion,
[00:04:21] and it covered various regions of the Almoravid
[00:04:28] 566. dominion. We also have what
[00:04:31] concerns the gates.
[00:04:34] Sources mentioned the name of one
[00:04:37] gate, Bab al-Saraji. Archaeologists say
[00:04:40] that since
[00:04:44] the wall was square and each
[00:04:47] side had a gate, it means there were four
[00:04:51] gates. It is possible
[00:04:54] to say that the gate
[00:04:58] that is now called Bab
[00:05:01] al-Makhzen, it is possible that before its construction,
[00:05:04] because it was built with the construction
[00:05:06] of the city wall, it is possible that
[00:05:10] its location had a gate for the walls of al-Hajar. Why?
[00:05:14] Because
[00:05:17] the archaeological research relied upon so far that
[00:05:20] indicates that Qasr
[00:05:23] al-Hajar extended to the location where
[00:05:26] Bab al-Makhzen is located.
[00:05:29] So it is very likely that
[00:05:32] the location where Bab al-Makhzen is located today
[00:05:36] might have had one of the gates of Qasr al-Hajar, leading to
[00:05:39] the gate that sources mentioned, which is Bab
[00:05:45] It is believed that it is
[00:05:48] the gate that was discovered A part of it was discovered
[00:05:52] by archaeologists and it is located
[00:05:55] north of the destroyed part of the Koutoubia Mosque.
[00:05:58] Perhaps it is Bab al-Saraji. Why?
[00:06:02] Because the reference that mentioned
[00:06:05] it places its location
[00:06:08] adjacent to the Koutoubia Mosque.
[00:06:13] A wall estimated to be around nine kilometers long,
[00:06:19] towers. It had its guards responsible for its security
[00:06:23] and monitoring, and they were known
[00:06:27] as guards and watchmen.
[00:06:30] Its purpose was to protect the city from threats
[00:06:35] outside. It includes 13 gates
[00:06:39] connecting the inside of the city with its outside.
[00:06:44] Six of them are still standing, including Bab
[00:06:47] Dbaghine and three other gates,
[00:06:51] including Bab al-Makhzen,
[00:06:56] the rest, including Bab al-Saliha.
[00:06:58] So,
[00:07:01] if the wall represented a border point between the city
[00:07:04] and its outside, then the gates formed
[00:07:08] points of meeting and communication
[00:07:11] between them. They had a special system
[00:07:14] that secured the city day and night
[00:07:17] and facilitated movement and transportation
[00:07:21] to and from it, and provided
[00:07:23] the treasury with revenue
[00:07:26] and taxes.
[00:07:30] The management of the wall and gates was supervised
[00:07:33] by a first body gatekeepers
[00:07:37] the movement of people to
[00:07:40] and from the city day and night, and guarding
[00:07:44] at night, in addition to setting opening
[00:07:47] and closing times. Then, a second body known
[00:07:51] as the gate witnesses, whose mission was to monitor
[00:07:54] the passage of goods and collect the taxes or levies due
[00:07:58] on them. The gates performed
[00:08:03] some of which were general and included
[00:08:06] various services that formed a common
[00:08:10] denominator among all the gates, such as transportation,
[00:08:13] taxes, and protecting the city.
[00:08:17] And some were specific,
[00:08:20] meaning what was exclusive to a specific gate or gates,
[00:08:24] including religious,
[00:08:27] economic, treasury, and judicial functions,
[00:08:30] and the spatial function. The locations of the
[00:08:34] gates determined the network
[00:08:36] of directions, such as Fez in
[00:08:40] the north and Andalusia, and Bab
[00:08:43] Doukkala in the north and the Atlantic
[00:08:45] Ocean.
[00:08:51] The contribution of the Almoravids in terms of urban development, which is the
[00:08:55] Tisiffit bridge.
[00:09:05] The bridges of Tansift, which are at the exit of Marrakech, on the road to Casablanca.
[00:09:08] These bridges were built during the reign of Ali ibn Yusuf,
[00:09:11] but they are not the ones that are there now. There is a big
[00:09:15] mistake in a number of writings that say that
[00:09:18] they refer to
[00:09:21] Ali built in a book by al-Sharif al-Idrisi, who says
[00:09:25] that it was destroyed due to a flood
[00:09:29] during the time of al-Idrisi. The one that is there
[00:09:32] now was built by al-Muwahhid, the second caliph of
[00:09:35] the Almohads, Abu Yaqub
[00:09:38] Yusuf, in the year This
[00:10:06] described it as wonderfully built and exquisitely
[00:10:09] crafted.
[00:10:16] It did not last long, as a flood came
[00:10:19] and swept away most of it, destroying
[00:10:22] it.
[00:10:28] And if the issue of demolition has reasons
[00:10:31] supported by al-Baydhaq's reference
[00:10:34] regarding the arrival of Abdelmoumen's army in al-Haouz, coming from
[00:10:39] 541 AH, corresponding to
[00:10:42] 1447 CE,
[00:10:45] where he sufficed with the phrase
[00:10:48] "and we passed Tansift to Taqiyit,"
[00:10:52] without mentioning the bridge, then we do not have
[00:10:56] any indication that confirms or denies or modifies what was stated
[00:10:59] by al-Idrisi. And archaeologists have not
[00:11:03] yet carried out even an initial survey
[00:11:07] for exploration.
[00:11:10] And the site, before all this, is unknown,
[00:11:13] and the toponymy of the area surrounding the valley
[00:11:16] and close to the city
[00:11:19] the matter.
[00:11:27] of information, al-Idrisi's reference remains
[00:11:32] regard, and the issue of its content has what
[00:11:35] justifies it, at least due to the author not mentioning
[00:11:40] its news. For although he visited
[00:11:44] Marrakech at the beginning of the Almohad rule,
[00:11:47] it must have been a considerable time since the bridge was
[00:11:51] demolished, perhaps not allowing for the examination
[00:11:55] of its remains that
[00:11:59] the overflowing sea.
[00:14:55] Please, I want to understand why there is all this fuss about personal data protection and how I can protect it.
[00:14:58] The protection of personal data is not to be trifled with. Our
[00:15:02] country has taken the matter seriously and has enacted
[00:15:06] laws and regulations to protect your name, your phone number,
[00:15:09] your address, your photos, your school information, and even your medical
[00:15:12] and banking information. In short, any information
[00:15:16] that can identify you. But I still don't understand
[00:15:19] why all these precautions. I will simplify things for you.
[00:15:23] Your data is worth gold.
[00:15:27] Companies might exploit it for advertisements. Hackers,
[00:15:30] meaning malicious people, can steal your money or harass you. And there are bad
[00:15:34] people who can use it against you or even forge it for
[00:15:38] other purposes. So, in the end, data protection is equivalent to protecting
[00:15:41] your freedom, your private life, and your family's life.
[00:15:44] Oh, to that extent? How so?
[00:15:48] Yes, for example, they can hack your accounts, steal
[00:15:51] your identity and buy things with it, expose your photos and personal
[00:15:54] information. Even if it seems simple to you, the consequences
[00:15:58] can be severe. Oh God, what should I do to protect
[00:16:02] myself? It's easy. First, create
[00:16:05] long, different passwords for each account. Second, use two-factor authentication
[00:16:08] whenever possible. That is, authentication.
[00:16:12] Third, don't give too much personal information on websites.
[00:16:17] suspicious links and websites. Oh, now I
[00:16:21] understand. And what does the CNDP do? This is the National Commission for the Control of Personal
[00:16:24] Data Protection. The CNDP's role is to educate and explain
[00:16:28] to citizens and institutions how to apply the law, protect your rights
[00:16:32] as a citizen, and monitor so that neither companies nor administrations violate
[00:16:35] your privacy.
[00:16:39] And if you are a victim of illegal and unauthorized exploitation of data, you can submit a complaint to the committee that ensures
[00:16:43] compliance with the personal data protection law. In order to live in
[00:16:47] we must ensure the protection of our data.
[00:17:49] In the year 2014, His Majesty King
[00:17:53] Mohammed VI, may God grant him victory, launched the "Rabat, City of Lights,
[00:17:56] Moroccan Cultural Capital" project, an ambitious program
[00:18:00] for urban development aimed at enhancing the economic,
[00:18:03] cultural, social, and environmental influence of the
[00:18:07] Kingdom's capital.
[00:18:09] Rabat is a modern city that is environmentally responsible
[00:18:13] and attaches special importance to green spaces. It is rich
[00:18:16] in diverse natural assets, gardens, parks,
[00:18:19] and vast green spaces. All of this
[00:18:23] has made it one of the largest green cities in the world,
[00:18:26] with 20 square meters of green space
[00:18:29] per individual, which is double the percentage recommended
[00:18:32] by the World Health
[00:18:34] Organization.
[00:18:37] Green spaces beautify various parts of the city of Rabat, and among
[00:18:41] these spaces is the Botanical Garden located in the Agdal neighborhood,
[00:18:45] which was reopened in 2015
[00:18:48] after undergoing restoration and redevelopment
[00:18:52] aimed at renewing a natural and historical heritage that is almost a
[00:18:57] time.
[00:19:02] the garden started in
[00:19:04] 1914.
[00:19:07] It is composed of 17 hectares, 10 hectares in the
[00:19:11] upstream part where we are, and a downstream part on the other side
[00:19:15] of Hassan II avenue, which is composed of seven hectares.
[00:19:18] The origin of this garden is a trial garden. The
[00:19:22] objective was to introduce exotic species to
[00:19:25] see if they could be acclimatized and used in Morocco. The classic
[00:19:29] example that exists here that
[00:19:33] avocado for the first time in Morocco was in this garden, and it was found that it was adapted,
[00:19:36] and thus... avocado cultivation began. Otherwise, it is a
[00:19:40] garden that is composed of 650 species,
[00:19:43] so it constitutes a collection of different
[00:19:46] plant species that are important for preserving
[00:19:50] biodiversity. So this gives an idea of what we
[00:19:53] have that are adapted in this region of Morocco,
[00:19:57] and we also use the garden for pedagogical
[00:20:00] reasons. There are students who come here and it is very important
[00:20:03] to raise their awareness about biodiversity so that they know
[00:20:07] the species that exist that are introduced here that have
[00:20:11] either an agricultural importance, so we use them in
[00:20:14] agriculture, or that have an ecological importance
[00:20:18] to raise their awareness about the importance of ecology.
[00:20:21] better health than that one, a yellower one, it has some that are
[00:20:25] more, in any case, you will see because there are three,
[00:20:29] there will be at least one that is female, but you will
[00:20:33] see it, I think it starts to bloom from 5 to
[00:20:37] 7. INRA's
[00:20:40] main mission is the conservation of genetic resources. It has several
[00:20:44] collections, for example, a collection of citrus trees in Kenitra, a collection
[00:20:48] of date palms in Zagora, a collection of cacti in Agadir,
[00:20:52] but the collection here represents a collection of exotic
[00:20:55] species plus Moroccan introduced species
[00:20:58] and and and and it is about preserving it, it is important
[00:21:02] therefore to preserve this biodiversity, in addition to the
[00:21:05] collection and conservation of genetic resources, it is also an experimental
[00:21:08] station. There are trials that are conducted here to
[00:21:12] study certain aspects of adaptation, either to
[00:21:15] water stress or to disease stress.
[00:21:18] We also have a part that is
[00:21:22] dedicated to composting. We started this program two years ago to
[00:21:26] try not to throw away all the plant
[00:21:29] remains but to recycle them and put them back into the soil, and compost
[00:21:33] is an important element to nourish the soil and
[00:21:36] maintain its richness. We also have a
[00:21:40] cultural space. This garden is
[00:21:42] sometimes used for cultural events of art,
[00:21:46] painting, or exhibitions.
[00:21:50] And finally, one of our other spaces is, I would say,
[00:21:53] a tourist visiting space, and it is one of the important
[00:21:57] gardens for the city of Rabat. Many foreign
[00:22:00] people visit this garden.
[00:22:20] The plant collections
[00:22:23] were in thematic squares. We currently have
[00:22:26] almost 27 thematic squares.
[00:22:30] The one we are still preserving, even though
[00:22:34] it's not in the same form as when it was created,
[00:22:38] a land, meaning it had no trees. So, it was initially for experiments.
[00:22:43] the success of these species
[00:22:46] led to the garden becoming
[00:22:50] what it is today, named the Botanical Garden of Experiments.
[00:22:53] This new name has been in place
[00:22:56] since 2013,
[00:23:00] as the garden has undergone
[00:23:03] a period of decline in certain stages of its
[00:23:08] the 80s and 90s. There were
[00:23:11] problems, either climatic or, more precisely, human
[00:23:15] problems, as it was not preserved.
[00:23:18] to give it a special character
[00:23:21] that matches the originality of Rabat, the capital of the Kingdom.
[00:23:25] The landscape architect Jean Claudet excelled in
[00:23:28] creating a unique design for the Botanical Garden, where
[00:23:32] it took the form of a stepped space starting from the east of the garden
[00:23:35] towards its west. This design also
[00:23:39] contributes to facilitating the irrigation of plants that
[00:23:42] call the garden home.
[00:23:44] Now, we have some types of plants that
[00:23:47] are even 100 years old.
[00:23:50] This addition
[00:23:54] has made the Botanical
[00:23:57] Garden a national
[00:24:00] and international heritage. This means
[00:24:03] that all plants must be preserved as they are, even if there is
[00:24:07] a natural change, it cannot
[00:24:10] shape must be preserved, but restoration
[00:24:13] and
[00:24:17] its proper level and at the level of international botanical
[00:24:20] gardens.
[00:24:25] The rehabilitation of the Botanical Garden included the
[00:24:28] redevelopment of more than 27 thematic
[00:24:31] squares that house precious biological
[00:24:35] resources. It contains a total of 650 plant
[00:24:38] species of various origins: local, tropical,
[00:24:42] subtropical, and desert. The garden also includes a nursery that contains
[00:24:45] a large genetic diversity, consisting of
[00:24:49] 27 varieties distributed among 44
[00:24:52] species.
[00:24:56] As thematic squares, among
[00:24:58] the squares, there is the arboretum or the tree nursery. There
[00:25:02] is a square for Mediterranean
[00:25:05] plants. There are dry plants, meaning
[00:25:09] like cacti. The location where we
[00:25:12] are currently located is behind us, the arboretum. What
[00:25:15] is an arboretum? It is a nursery, like an exhibition
[00:25:19] of some species that are found in the garden, either
[00:25:22] in thematic squares or for decoration.
[00:25:25] This square of the arboretum
[00:25:28] or trees contains at least 44
[00:25:32] varieties. 44
[00:25:35] varieties, 27 varieties, which include 24
[00:25:39] species. So not all of them, because the location, I mean the area, is not
[00:25:42] large, but this was the beginning. Now, within the framework of partnerships
[00:25:46] with other countries, we are still doing, meaning
[00:25:56] the existing plant
[00:25:57] collection.
[00:26:09] Now we are in the square of
[00:26:11] cacti
[00:26:15] square is one of the last
[00:26:18] squares whose geometric shape can
[00:26:21] be seen in pictures dating back to 1993.
[00:26:25] So, the geometric shape remained
[00:26:28] the same. The plant species were mostly
[00:26:31] old, but there are,
[00:26:35] meaning we added new
[00:26:38] species or changed the species that
[00:26:41] had become extinct, or because these
[00:26:44] plants need a special climate, sometimes
[00:26:47] here in Rabat's climate, there is
[00:26:51] a lot of humidity that makes them unable to tolerate
[00:26:54] humidity.
[00:26:56] The Andalusian Garden of
[00:26:58] the Botanical Garden is home to it.
[00:27:03] It is one of the most famous gardens characterized by the Andalusian
[00:27:06] architectural art that the people of Andalusia immortalized
[00:27:09] during their stay in Morocco, with its elegant fountains
[00:27:13] and water basins bearing authentic Andalusian inscriptions
[00:27:16] and irrigation channels connected to irrigation networks and medicinal
[00:27:20] and aromatic plants.
[00:27:23] this charming space, as it is considered one of the most
[00:27:26] enchanting places in the city
[00:27:27] of Rabat.
[00:27:31] This garden, as we mentioned, contains some plants that
[00:27:34] resulted from scientific research,
[00:27:37] whether research specific to the National Institute for Agricultural Research,
[00:27:41] and it concerns Moroccan plants, such as olives,
[00:27:45] dates, and citrus fruits. The second
[00:27:48] feature is that it contains a group of tropical
[00:27:51] plant species, including
[00:27:54] avocados, as we said, one of the first works and research that was done in this
[00:27:58] garden was for avocados, but other species were extended,
[00:28:02] for example, annonas and various species that we know
[00:28:06] today in the Moroccan market.
[00:28:33] from the old heritage of the garden. Its establishment
[00:28:37] was in 1924, and its characteristic is that it
[00:28:40] contains