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20260811 212700 UTC
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[00:00:45] In 2021,
[00:00:50] this gold turquoise plaque of the Shang Dynasty was discovered
[00:00:54] among the high-ranking nobles in Shuyuan Street.
[00:00:57] After
[00:01:06] extensive research, a clear image of a beast face emerged
[00:01:10] before our eyes. Its shape is thick and solemn,
[00:01:14] and the combination of gold and turquoise is beautiful and unpretentious.
[00:01:18] In fact, this is not the first time
[00:01:21] that Shang Dynasty gold turquoise beast-faced artifacts
[00:01:25] have been discovered in China. Similar artifacts
[00:01:28] were also unearthed in Wuhan, Hubei.
[00:01:51] The turquoise gold artifacts in the picture were unearthed in 2014 from Tomb No. 17 of Yangjiawan, Panlongcheng, Huangpi District, Wuhan, Hubei, and are now housed in Panlongcheng Museum.
[00:01:55] 目 , 现 藏 与 潘 龙 城 一 致 博 物
[00:01:58] 院 。
[00:02:30] This beast-faced artifact inlaid with gold and turquoise.
[00:02:33] This craftsmanship can be traced back
[00:02:37] to the late Xia Dynasty.
[00:02:40] Turquoise and gold are put together, which is a very high-level
[00:02:44] ritual item. It is believed to have been uniformly
[00:02:48] made
[00:02:48] in Zhongyuan.
[00:02:57] This is a particularly important and high-level symbolic object at this location.
[00:03:01] The beast-face pattern, also known as the taotie pattern,
[00:03:04] is one of the most typical patterns of Shang Dynasty bronzes.
[00:03:08] The beast-face pattern combines the beauty of awe and
[00:03:12] symmetry, symbolizing the spiritual belief of the Shang people.
[00:03:16] It represents the Shang people's awe of the majesty of heaven and earth.
[00:03:20] And such rare gold-inlaid turquoise beast-faced ritual objects
[00:03:24] were most likely high-level works
[00:03:27] from the central kingdom.
[00:03:30] As a reward from the Shang king, it traveled thousands of miles
[00:03:33] to Panlongcheng, hundreds of kilometers away from the capital.
[00:03:37] Naturally, this also indicates the extraordinary
[00:03:41] status of Panlongcheng and
[00:03:42] its inhabitants.
[00:03:49] The perimeter of this city wall is approximately
[00:03:52] 288,29. In the northeast corner of the entire
[00:03:56] city, we found large-scale. 1.39 million square meters, of which 75,400 square meters are waiting to be covered.
[00:04:42] The project member's direction is 20 degrees north.
[00:04:51] It was the earliest and most populous city in the early Shang Dynasty.
[00:04:55] This large halberd is 94 centimeters long, which is currently
[00:05:42] the largest. The bronze wine ritual vessels
[00:05:46] unearthed from the tombs of Panlongcheng nobles are exactly the same in shape
[00:05:50] as the bronze wine ritual vessels unearthed from Zhengzhou Shangcheng.
[00:05:54] Based on factors such as its urban scale,
[00:05:57] layout, tomb style, and unearthed artifacts.
[00:06:01] Experts speculate that Panlongcheng should have been a local provincial-level
[00:06:05] administrative institution
[00:06:09] established by the Shang people when they moved south to the Yangtze River.
[00:06:43] Jade and turquoise artifacts, etc.,
[00:06:47] demonstrate the Shang kings' high regard for
[00:06:51] the administrators of Panlongcheng throughout history.
[00:06:54] Among the more than 500 bronze artifacts unearthed,
[00:06:58] 70% are weapons, which undoubtedly
[00:07:02] indicates Panlongcheng's important position
[00:07:05] as a regional military and political center. Why was Panlongcheng
[00:07:08] so important to the Shang Dynasty?
[00:07:35] In 1988, when we were investigating an ancient Shang Dynasty
[00:07:38] copper mine
[00:07:44] in the southwest of Changchun, we noticed the nearby
[00:07:48] place names while surveying and excavating the ancient mine, and found a place called
[00:07:52] "Jindi". When examining
[00:07:55] the villagers' tombstones, we found a Ming Dynasty
[00:07:59] tombstone. On the inscription, the three characters "Jindi"
[00:08:03] were recorded. Combined with the fact that there was
[00:08:06] an ancient copper mine in the area, the then King
[00:08:10] Qi named this place
[00:08:21] and it remains so to this day. Every November, the mountains locally known as Tie Shan
[00:08:25] are covered with these small purple flowers.
[00:08:29] This plant, named "Tong Cao Hua" (copper grass flower),
[00:08:32] only grows in soil with high copper content, making it a natural
[00:08:36] indicator for finding underground copper mines.
[00:08:39] Tonglushan mining site is
[00:08:43] one of the oldest and largest ancient copper
[00:08:46] mining and smelting sites discovered so far. It can be traced back
[00:08:50] to the mid-Shang Dynasty, approximately 3300 years ago.
[00:08:54] This largely coincides with the existence of Panlongcheng.
[00:08:57] Here, archaeologists discovered a large-scale copper mine production
[00:09:01] base integrating mining areas,
[00:09:05] beneficiation areas, smelting areas, and living areas. The site covers
[00:09:09] an area of 3.5 square kilometers.
[00:10:34] China's bronze civilization spanned the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties. Copper was the most important strategic
[00:10:38] resource for the country. It is conceivable that the Shang people moved south
[00:10:42] and established Panlongcheng as a regional military and political center.
[00:10:46] Controlling the Yangtze River copper mine was one of the key
[00:10:50] reasons. He needed to ensure the safety
[00:10:54] of his daily production. He also
[00:10:57] needed to ensure that the copper flowed smoothly to the Central Plains bronze culture,
[00:11:01] so he had to establish
[00:11:05] several states in the copper mining areas. Then, a relatively large state
[00:11:09] is in our Jiangxi Province, on both banks of the Ganjiang River,
[00:11:12] the main tributary of the Yangtze River, there are Wucheng and what
[00:11:16] we call Niutoucheng, which is where our Xingan Dami
[00:11:20] is located.
[00:11:23] After the mid-Shang Dynasty,
[00:13:28] this exquisite carved gui was unearthed from the high-level site of Xiyulin Qing
[00:13:32] Jianzhai.
[00:13:33] 。
[00:13:36] It is dominated by a majestic beast-face pattern, with turquoise
[00:13:40] ornaments embedded in between. This gui
[00:13:43] unearthed from Anyang Yinxu is exactly the same
[00:13:47] in terms of craftsmanship. In 202
[00:13:50] 2, when archaeologists discovered this
[00:13:54] carved gui at the Zhaigou site.
[00:14:12] Qingjian County is located in the southern part of Yulin City, Shaanxi
[00:14:15] Province. The Mother River of Shaanxi, the Wuding River,
[00:14:19] bends through here.
[00:14:23] Between the Wu River and the Yellow River,
[00:14:57] in 2022, Shaanxi archaeologists discovered
[00:15:01] the Zhaigou site in Zhaiguo Village, Qingjian County, which also belongs to the Li Jiaya culture.
[00:15:05] And the exquisite carved gui
[00:15:08] with a style similar to Yinxu was unearthed
[00:15:12] here.
[00:15:25] The entire architectural structure is a rammed earth platform with rammed earth embankments. On top of it, there
[00:15:29] is a group of architecture in the shape of a return character. The current measurement suggests it may be 6,000
[00:15:33] square meters. On this mountain named Zhaiyuan Gai,
[00:15:36] 的 山 ,
[00:17:38] scholar Wang Guowei once pointed out in "Gui Fang Kun Yi Xian Yun Kao"
[00:17:42] that in ancient China, there was a powerful foreign
[00:17:46] tribe, whose people lived in the north of the Yellow
[00:17:49] River and east of the Taihang Mountains. Those
[00:17:53] who were contemporary with the Shang and Zhou dynasties were
[00:17:56] the Guifang.
[00:17:58] As recorded in "Yi Ji", Gaozong fought against the Guifang
[00:18:02] for three years. Gaozong was King Wuding of the Shang
[00:18:06] Dynasty. Since the oracle bone inscriptions, the complex
[00:18:09] relations between the Shang Dynasty and the surrounding states have been
[00:18:13] recorded. These states either submitted to the Shang
[00:18:17] Dynasty or rebelled. The Tufang and Guifang
[00:18:21] in the north were all objects of Wuding's special attention.
[00:18:25] In the artifacts of Yinxu, we can indeed
[00:18:28] distinguish some artifacts
[00:18:32] that are highly consistent with the artifacts of Li Ya Ya.
[00:18:35] 致 , 可 能 有 。
[00:18:48] It does represent the interaction and communication of human groups. As for how these people came,
[00:18:52] we can indeed see from the oracle bones
[00:18:56] that the means and methods of frequent interaction with the north
[00:18:59] are mainly war. The area of
[00:19:03] Guifang is basically in the three northern provinces.
[00:19:43] On October 17, 2024, in Qingjian
[00:19:46] County, Yulin City, the Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology organized
[00:19:50] an academic seminar on the new discoveries at the Zhaigou site, inviting archaeologists
[00:19:54] from all over the country to discuss the excavations at the Zhaigou site
[00:19:57] and the study of Shang Dynasty states.
[00:20:01] At this conference, one research topic attracted
[00:20:05] much attention.
[00:20:09] During the late Shang Dynasty, a species that influenced
[00:20:13] the course of Chinese civilization for 3,000 years suddenly appeared
[00:20:16] in the Central Plains. This species
[00:20:19] has an inextricable link with the wars or exchanges
[00:20:23] between the Shang Dynasty and the northern tribes.
[00:20:27] The image of this animal once appeared in
[00:20:31] the stone carvings of human-horse and horse-riding figures at the Shimao site
[00:20:35] in Yulin, Shaanxi. This indicates
[00:20:38] that during the late Longshan culture, from about 4,300
[00:20:41] to 3,800 years ago, the ancient people had already
[00:20:45] established some kind of relationship with horses. However,
[00:20:49] during the Longshan culture,
[00:21:20] the earliest domesticated horses discovered in China appeared
[00:21:24] at the Shimao site during the late Shang Dynasty, approximately
[00:21:27] 3340 years ago. Domesticated horses
[00:21:31] appeared in large numbers in the Yinxu site, but
[00:21:34] they appeared suddenly. The earliest horses in China should be at the Shimao site.
[00:21:38] After appearing at the Shimao site, they spread from the southern Yellow River
[00:21:42] basin all the way to the Central Plains. Because this channel
[00:21:45] is still relatively clear. It may have been a channel
[00:21:49] between them.
[00:23:42] Among them, in Tomb No. 3, the earliest
[00:23:46] double-axle carriage from the Shang and Zhou dynasties was also discovered.
[00:23:50] The discovery of this double-axle carriage was also unexpected by us,
[00:23:54] including the large number of carriages found at Yinxu
[00:23:57] were all single-axle carriages. The discovery of this double-axle carriage
[00:24:01] advanced the history of double-axle carriages by more than 1,000 years. The widespread use of truly
[00:24:05] double-axle carriages was after the Former Han Dynasty.
[00:24:09] 。
[00:24:14] We are currently at Tomb No. 1 of the cemetery. This
[00:24:18] Tomb No. 1 has a total of
[00:25:24] bronze chariots and horse artifacts unearthed from the large tomb.
[00:25:27] Jade artifacts,
[00:25:31] bone artifacts, and turquoise artifacts, etc.
[00:25:35] all have typical Shang Dynasty styles.
[00:25:38] And at the Zhaigou site, the Shang Dynasty bronzes
[00:25:42] discovered with Taliangzhu fully proved
[00:25:46] that the Jinshan Plateau region more than 3,000
[00:25:50] years ago had already mastered the technology of manufacturing high-grade bronze ritual
[00:25:54] vessels. And artifacts with typical
[00:25:57] local cultural styles and grassland cultural styles
[00:26:01] such as gold ear rings and snake-headed pens.
[00:26:32] The core is like the appearance of the tomb. Only then
[00:26:36] can you be equivalent to a military and divine beast,
[00:26:39] and only then can you control this whole place. This is the core
[00:26:43] of his learning.
[00:26:47] In the late Shang Dynasty, the relationship between Guifang and the central government
[00:26:51] of the Shang Dynasty seemed to be closer.
[00:26:55] This is recorded in both the oracle bone inscriptions
[00:26:57] and historical records. Specifically,
[00:27:00] in "Yin Ben Ji" it states:
[00:27:10] The Marquis of Jiu and the Marquis of E
[00:27:13] and the Marquis of Gui were three dukes. And he married
[00:27:17] his daughter to King Zhou. From enemy to subordinate,
[00:27:20] this change in relationship is prominently reflected in the large number
[00:27:24] of high-grade Shang artifacts and chariots
[00:27:28] unearthed at the Zhaigou site. So the whole thing is like this.
[00:27:43] It can also be said
[00:27:46] to be one of the core driving forces of the entire Chinese civilization.
[00:27:48] 。
[00:27:50] The Great Wall is like a winding giant dragon winding
[00:27:54] on the agricultural and pastoral interaction zone of China, bearing witness to the northern grassland
[00:27:58] nomadic culture and the Central Plains agricultural culture.
[00:28:31] And in the south, sites like Panlongcheng and Dayangzhou also demonstrate the penetration
[00:28:34] and influence of Shang Dynasty bronze civilization
[00:28:38] on the Yangtze River basin. It
[00:28:41] flowed upstream and deeply entered the Shu region,
[00:28:45] incorporating ancient Shu culture represented by Sanxingdui and Jinsha
[00:28:49] into the sphere of influence of bronze civilization.
[00:28:53] It also moved eastward to establish a stronghold in the east
[00:28:56] to control salt production.
[00:28:59] From the northern grasslands to the Yangtze River.
[00:32:17] The higher you stand, the farther you can see.
[00:32:21] China Central Television.
[00:33:38] Welcome to a new day. Good morning, everyone.
[00:33:41] Good morning, everyone. This is CCTV Channel 4 and Xin.