CSPAN3 — Michelle McDonald Coffee Nation
20260828 133500 UTC
1033 transcript segments
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[00:00:00] WHEN THE SHOTS RANG OUT. AND WHEN HE WAS GESTURING, I WAS, YOU KNOW, NOT AS CLOSE AS
[00:00:04] WE ARE, BUT MAYBE 4 OR 5FT BACK. AND I HAD MY LENS ON HIM.
[00:00:08] I WAS TRYING TO GET SOMETHING OF HE AND THE FLAG.
[00:00:11] AND THEN WHEN HE GESTURE TO THE RIGHT AND THE SHOTS RANG OUT, I
[00:00:14] WAS ACTUALLY TAKING PICTURES. AND THEN I JUST KEPT MY FINGER ON THE SHUTTER.
[00:00:17] AS SOON AS I HEARD THE BULLETS, THREE TIME PULITZER PRIZE
[00:00:19] WINNING PHOTOGRAPHER DOUG MILLS
[00:00:22] SUNDAY NIGHT AT 8 P.M. EASTERN ON C-SPAN Q&A.
[00:00:26] YOU CAN LISTEN TO Q&A AND ALL OF
[00:00:28] OUR PODCASTS ON OUR FREE C-SPAN
[00:00:30] NOW APP OR WHEREVER YOU GET YOUR PODCASTS.
[00:00:34] WELL, WELCOME, EVERYBODY, TO THE
[00:00:37] AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY.
[00:00:39] MY NAME IS PATRICK SPIRO AND I'M THE EXECUTIVE OFFICER OF THE
[00:00:42] AMERICAN PHILOSOPHIC SOCIETY HERE TONIGHT. AND WE ARE IN FOR A VERY SPECIAL
[00:00:48] TREAT TONIGHT. IT IS A VERY SPECIAL EVENT FOR THE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY
[00:00:50] BECAUSE PEOPLE OFTEN ASK ME, WELL, WHAT IS THE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY?
[00:00:54] DO YOU DO PHILOSOPHY? AND I OFTEN HAVE TO EXPLAIN WHAT
[00:00:57] THE APS DOES AND WHAT WE STAND FOR. AND WHEN YOU THINK ABOUT IT,
[00:01:01] WHAT THE APS COMES DOWN TO IS ONE WORD. IT'S SCHOLARSHIP.
[00:01:05] EVERYTHING WE DO AIMS TO REFLECT THE BEST SCHOLARSHIP.
[00:01:08] WE REFLECT EXCELLENCE IN SCHOLARSHIP, AND WE LOOK AT ALL
[00:01:11] THE VARIOUS PROGRAMS THAT WE SUPPORT. THAT'S WHAT WE AIM TO SUPPORT
[00:01:15] AND ALSO WHAT WE AIM TO REPRESENT, WHETHER IT'S ELECTING
[00:01:19] MEMBERS. WE HAVE OVER 850 ELECTED MEMBERS, OVER 100 NOBEL LAUREATES.
[00:01:23] OUR MEMBERS OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, WHETHER
[00:01:26] IT'S THROUGH OUR BOOKS IN PUBLICATIONS, WE HAVE THE
[00:01:29] LONGEST CONTINUOUSLY OPERATING SCHOLARLY PRESS IN NORTH
[00:01:32] AMERICA, OR WHETHER IT'S THROUGH ALL THE RESEARCH AND GRANTS THAT
[00:01:36] WE PROVIDE OVER 300 RESEARCH GRANTS EVERY YEAR TO SUPPORT
[00:01:39] EARLY CAREER SCHOLARS IN ALL DIFFERENT FIELDS.
[00:01:43] WE AIM TO SUPPORT AND REFLECT EXCELLENCE IN SCHOLARSHIP.
[00:01:45] AND WHAT MAKES TONIGHT SO SPECIAL IS THE WE GET TO CELEBRATE EXCELLENCE IN
[00:01:51] SCHOLARSHIP PRODUCED BY ONE OF OUR OWN, MICHELLE MCDONALD.
[00:01:54] NOW, I KNOW MICHELLE MAY BE FAMILIAR TO MANY OF YOU, BUT TO
[00:01:58] THOSE THAT AREN'T. SHE'S BEEN A LONG TIME FRIEND OF MINE. LET ME TELL YOU A LITTLE BIT
[00:02:02] ABOUT MICHELLE'S BACKGROUND BEFORE WE GET TO HER BOOK, THE BOOK ITSELF.
[00:02:06] SO MICHELLE IS THE LIBRARIAN AND DIRECTOR OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, A
[00:02:10] POSITION THAT GOES ALL THE WAY BACK TO 18TH CENTURY WHEN I BELIEVE THE FIRST HOLDER OF THE
[00:02:14] POSITION WAS DAVID RITTENHOUSE HIMSELF.
[00:02:16] SHE JOINED THE SOCIETY IN 2024, WHERE SHE HAD A REAL BIG MESS TO
[00:02:20] CLEAN UP.
[00:02:22] NO ONE'S LAUGHING.
[00:02:25] I WAS THE LIBRARIAN BEFORE
[00:02:29] CHURCH, SO AND SHE COMES WITH
[00:02:34] GREAT SKILLS TO CLEAN UP THAT MESS SHE HAS OVER THREE DECADES OF EXPERIENCE, BOTH AS A
[00:02:38] SCHOLAR, AS AN ADMINISTRATOR, AND AS A TEACHER.
[00:02:40] SHE JOINED US FROM STOCKTON UNIVERSITY, WHERE SHE WAS A PROFESSOR OF HISTORY BUT HAD
[00:02:45] ALSO SPENT SEVEN YEARS AS ADMINISTRATOR IN THE PROVOST OFFICE.
[00:02:49] SHE HAS A PH.D. FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. SHE HAS TWO EMMYS, ONE IN
[00:02:53] LIBERAL STUDIES, AND ANOTHER ONE IN MUSEUM STUDIES AND A B.A.
[00:02:56] FROM UCLA BEFORE SHE JOINED THE
[00:03:00] FACULTY AT STOCKTON UNIVERSITY, SHE WAS A FELLOW AT THE HARVARD
[00:03:03] BUSINESS SCHOOL. AND THAT'S BECAUSE HER RESEARCH IS REALLY FOCUSED ON ECONOMIC
[00:03:07] HISTORY. AND THAT'S HER BOOK IS A STUDY
[00:03:11] OF COFFEE AS A COMMODITY. NOW, SHE'S PUBLISHED A NUMBER OF
[00:03:13] DIFFERENT ARTICLES AND ESSAYS.
[00:03:16] SHE'S THE COAUTHOR OF A BOOK ON PUBLIC DRINKING AND EARLY MODERN
[00:03:20] WORLD. SHE'S PUBLISHED IN THE WILLIAM MARY QUARTERLY, SEVERAL
[00:03:23] ANTHOLOGIES, THE JOURNAL THE EARLY REPUBLIC, COMMONPLACE.
[00:03:25] I COULD GO ON AND ON. HER SCHOLARSHIP IS HAVE BEEN SUPPORTED BY SOME OF THE MOST
[00:03:29] DISTINGUISHED INSTITUTIONS IN THE UNITED STATES, SUCH AS THE
[00:03:32] FULBRIGHT FOUNDATION, THE NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE
[00:03:34] HUMANITIES, THE MCNEAL CENTER FOR EARLY AMERICAN STUDIES, THE LIBRARY COMPANY OF PHILADELPHIA
[00:03:38] ITSELF, AND A HOST OF OTHER ONES AND ALL THAT SUPPORT AND ALL
[00:03:42] THAT EXPERIENCE IS INCREDIBLE. BUT WE'RE NOT HERE BECAUSE OF
[00:03:45] ALL THAT MICHELLE HAS DONE. WE'RE HERE TONIGHT TO CELEBRATE HER NEW BOOK, HER NEW WORK OF
[00:03:51] SCHOLARSHIP, A COFFEE NATION, HOW ONE COMMODITY TRANSFORMED
[00:03:54] THE EARLY UNITED STATES. NOW, I HAVE TO ADMIT, YOU'RE PROBABLY THINKING I'M BIASED.
[00:03:58] IT'S PROBABLY IN MY JOB DESCRIPTION TO TELL IT HOW GREAT THIS BOOK IS.
[00:04:01] SO DON'T TAKE MY WORD FOR IT. THE FIRST REVIEWS ARE OUT.
[00:04:04] THIS IS THE FIRST REVIEW. SIX PAGES, SINGLE SPACED.
[00:04:08] AND HERE ARE SOME OF THE THINGS THAT OTHER SCHOLARS ARE SAYING ABOUT THE BOOK.
[00:04:11] IS A MAJOR CULTURE BOON TO THE HISTORY OF COMMODITIES AND TO
[00:04:15] THE ECONOMIC HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. IS WRITTEN IN AN ACCESSIBLE AND
[00:04:18] OFTEN WITTY PROSE. IT IS AN EXAMPLE OF CULTURAL
[00:04:21] HISTORY AT ITS VERY BEST. AND MICHELLE IS GOING TO COME ON
[00:04:25] STAGE AND GIVE US A LITTLE TASTE OF THIS WORK, AND I HOPE YOU ALL WILL DRINK IT IN.
[00:04:29] I JUST THOUGHT OF THAT PUN BY
[00:04:31] BUYING THAT BOOK AFTERWARDS, AND
[00:04:34] MICHELLE WILL BE HERE TO SIGN IT AS WELL.
[00:04:38] MICHELLE.
[00:04:50] I HAVE I HAVE MANY THINGS I'M GOING TO MOVE OUT OF MY WAY. GOOD EVENING.
[00:04:53] FIRST OF ALL, THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR COMING OUT TONIGHT.
[00:04:56] IT IS A BEAUTIFUL EVENING AFTER
[00:04:58] A FAIRLY WARM DAY AND IT'S VERY NICE TO SEE SO MANY FRIENDLY
[00:05:02] FACES AND SOME NEW FACES IN THE AUDIENCE AND TO BE ABLE TO SHARE
[00:05:05] THIS WORK WITH YOU.
[00:05:07] AND MY THANKS ALSO TO THE APS
[00:05:09] FOR ORGANIZING TONIGHT'S EVENT. I REALIZE MANY PEOPLE
[00:05:13] PARTICIPATED IN CREATING THIS OPPORTUNITY FOR ME, AND I
[00:05:17] APPRECIATE THEIR DOING SO. SO LET'S GET STARTED.
[00:05:23] WOMEN BEGAN GATHERING IN FRONT
[00:05:25] OF A WAREHOUSE IN BOSTON EARLY
[00:05:27] IN THE MORNING OF JULY 24TH, 1777.
[00:05:32] IT WAS ABOUT A YEAR AFTER NORTH AMERICA'S 13 COLONIES HAD
[00:05:36] DECLARED THEIR INDEPENDENCE.
[00:05:39] AT FIRST, THERE WERE ONLY A FEW MEN IN MOURNING.
[00:05:42] THERE WERE DOZENS. AND BY THE TIME THE BUILDING'S
[00:05:45] OWNER, A LOCAL MERCHANT NAMED THOMAS BOYLSTON, ARRIVED, MORE
[00:05:50] THAN 100 WOMEN WERE WAITING FOR HIM.
[00:05:52] FOR YEARS, THE CITY'S RESIDENTS
[00:05:54] HAD COMPLAINED ABOUT THE COST OF THEIR GROCERIES AND FOR VERY
[00:05:58] GOOD REASONS, SAYS BOSTON HAD
[00:06:02] PASSED A NON IMPORTATION AGREEMENT IN 1768 TO PROTEST
[00:06:05] PARLIAMENTARY TAXES. THE PRICE OF ALMOST EVERYTHING
[00:06:09] HAD SKYROCKETED.
[00:06:11] THE SITUATION ONLY GOT WORSE
[00:06:13] AFTER THE OUTBREAK OF WAR.
[00:06:20] ABIGAIL ADAMS WAS IN BOSTON AT THIS TIME WHILE HER HUSBAND WAS
[00:06:25] HERE IN PHILADELPHIA, AND SHE FREQUENTLY WROTE TO HIM ABOUT
[00:06:28] THE TRIALS AND TRIBULATIONS OF LIVING IN A CITY AT SIEGE, AS
[00:06:31] WELL AS BOSTONIAN, IS GROWING
[00:06:34] IRRITATION WITH MERCHANTS AND WITH SHOPKEEPERS.
[00:06:38] THERE IS A GENERAL CRY AGAINST THE MERCHANTS SHE'D WRITTEN TO
[00:06:42] HIM EARLIER THAT YEAR WHO JUST SAID HAVE CREATED A PARTIAL
[00:06:46] SCARCITY OF EVERY ARTICLE.
[00:06:49] NOT ONLY OF LUXURY, BUT EVEN THE
[00:06:52] NECESSARIES OF LIFE.
[00:06:55] THE WOMEN WHO CONFRONTED
[00:06:58] BOYLSTON IN THE SUMMER OF 1777
[00:07:01] CAME WITH ONE VERY SPECIFIC
[00:07:03] NECESSARY OF LIFE IN MIND. COFFEE.
[00:07:09] TODAY, COFFEE IS TRADED AND CONSUMED WORLDWIDE.
[00:07:12] IT IS SO COMMON THAT HIS
[00:07:15] POPULARITY IS OFTEN TAKEN FOR GRANTED.
[00:07:17] BUT EVEN EVERYDAY HABITS HAVE A HISTORY.
[00:07:21] WHEN AND WHY?
[00:07:24] COFFEE BECAME PART OF NORTH AMERICA'S DAILY LIFE IS AT THE
[00:07:28] CENTER OF COFFEE NATION. HOW ONE COMMODITY TRANSFORMED
[00:07:31] THE EARLY UNITED STATES. NOW, I'M OFTEN ASKED WHY I CHOSE
[00:07:35] TO WRITE A BOOK ABOUT COFFEE. AND THE ANSWER HONESTLY IS BY
[00:07:40] ACCIDENT. MY FIRST SEMESTER IN GRADUATE SCHOOL, I TOOK A COURSE IN EARLY
[00:07:44] BRITISH HISTORY, AND I BECAME
[00:07:46] INTERESTED IN THE IDEA OF WHAT I WAS CALLING PUBLIC LITERACY.
[00:07:50] HOW PEOPLE WHO CAN'T READ OR WRITE GET THEIR NEWS.
[00:07:56] TAVERNS, INNS AND COFFEE HOUSES WERE SOME OF THE PLACES THAT I
[00:08:00] EXPLORED, PLACES WHERE CURRENT EVENTS WERE READ ALOUD, WHERE
[00:08:02] IDEAS WERE ARGUED AND DEBATED.
[00:08:06] THE FOLLOWING SEMESTER, I TOOK A
[00:08:08] COURSE IN ATLANTIC HISTORY WHICH EXPLORED HOW EUROPE AND AFRICA
[00:08:12] AND THE AMERICAS BECAME
[00:08:14] INTERWOVEN FROM THE 15TH CENTURY ON.
[00:08:18] SINCE I'D ALREADY BEEN READING ABOUT COFFEEHOUSES AND BIG CUTS,
[00:08:22] SO MANY SCHOLARS HAVE ALREADY STUDIED THE EARLY HISTORY OF SUGAR.
[00:08:25] I THOUGHT I WOULD LOOK AT COFFEE
[00:08:27] CULTIVATION AND WHAT I FOUND WAS
[00:08:33] THIS. WHILE CONSUMER HISTORIANS HAD STUDIED HOW AND WHERE COFFEE
[00:08:37] BECAME POPULAR IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE WORLD, MOST OF THEIR WORK WAS WRITTEN AS IF THE
[00:08:41] COFFEE WAS JUST THERE READY FOR
[00:08:47] DRINKING. BY THE SAME TOKEN, BOOKS ABOUT
[00:08:49] COFFEE PLANTING, MOST OF WHICH FOCUS ON CENTRAL AND SOUTH
[00:08:53] AMERICA, WENT INTO GREAT DETAIL
[00:08:55] ABOUT HOW COFFEE WAS GROWN, HOW
[00:08:58] IT WAS HARVESTED, HOW IT WAS
[00:09:00] PACKAGED, HOW IT WAS PREPARED
[00:09:02] FOR SHIPPING, BUT USUALLY ENDED
[00:09:04] AT THE DOCKS WITH SHIPS READY TO TAKE THE PRODUCE ABROAD.
[00:09:10] RARELY DID THESE AUTHORS SPEAK TO EACH OTHER.
[00:09:12] AND THAT'S HOW THE IDEA FOR THIS
[00:09:15] BOOK CAME TO BE.
[00:09:17] A BROAD HISTORY THAT FOLLOWS COFFEE FROM ITS FIRST DOMESTIC
[00:09:21] OCEAN IN ETHIOPIA. THERE WERE EARLY MIDDLE EASTERN TRADE ROUTES AND FARMING
[00:09:25] EXPERIMENTS IN THE EAST INDIES AND THEN ACROSS THE ATLANTIC INTO THE CARIBBEAN, AND
[00:09:30] ULTIMATELY INTO THE STORES AND THE DINING ROOMS AND THE EXPORT
[00:09:33] WAREHOUSES OF NORTH AMERICA, WHICH BECAME WITHIN 50 YEARS OF
[00:09:38] AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE, ONE OF THE LARGEST SUPPLIERS OF COFFEE
[00:09:42] TO THE WORLD. NOW, THIS WAS NOT AN EASY
[00:09:47] PROJECT, ALTHOUGH IN ALL FAIRNESS, I DON'T KNOW MANY
[00:09:50] HISTORIANS WHO SAY THAT WAS A PIECE OF CAKE.
[00:09:52] AND IF I DID THAT CANDIDLY, I WOULD NOT NEXT WANT TO SIT NEXT
[00:09:55] TO THEM AT A DINNER PARTY, BECAUSE REALLY, WHO NEEDS THAT?
[00:09:59] THERE WERE NO BIG COFFEE MERCHANTS IN THE WAY THAT THERE
[00:10:02] WERE FOR SUGAR OR FOR WINE OR FOR LINEN UNTIL THE 19TH CENTURY.
[00:10:07] SO INSTEAD, I WOVE THE HISTORY
[00:10:09] OF COFFEE TOGETHER FROM BRIEF
[00:10:13] NOTICES THAT SOME NUMBER OF BAGS
[00:10:15] OR BARRELS HAD ARRIVED IN PORT,
[00:10:17] OR THAT FRIENDS HAD MET IN EACH
[00:10:19] OTHER'S HOMES OR WENT TO THE COFFEE HOUSE FOR THE LATEST
[00:10:23] POLITICAL NEWS THROUGH GLIMPSES
[00:10:25] IN A COUNT, BOOKS, LETTERS AND
[00:10:29] DIARIES, NEWSPAPER
[00:10:31] ADVERTISEMENTS AND IN THE CASE
[00:10:34] OF SMUGGLING, CAUGHT RECORDS.
[00:10:38] BUT THE SHEER VOLUME OF THESE
[00:10:40] REFERENCES DEMONSTRATE NOTES,
[00:10:43] COPIES, OMNIPRESENCE IN COLONIAL AMERICA AND THE EARLY UNITED
[00:10:47] STATES. IT QUICKLY BECAME APPARENT THAT
[00:10:50] THE DRINK IS EVERYWHERE.
[00:10:52] WHEN YOU START TO LOOK SO THIS
[00:10:56] EVENING, I'VE CHOSEN SIX PEOPLE
[00:10:58] TO HELP ME TELL THIS STORY. EACH ONE REPRESENTS A DIFFERENT
[00:11:03] ASPECT OF COFFEE'S HISTORY
[00:11:07] CULTIVATION, TRADE, CONSUMPTION, AND POLITICS.
[00:11:11] SMUGGLING AND ADVERTISING.
[00:11:16] WE START WITH SIR NICHOLAS LOTZ.
[00:11:19] NOW, SIR NICHOLAS LAWS, WHO
[00:11:21] SERVED AS JAMAICA'S COLONIAL
[00:11:23] GOVERNOR FROM 1718 TO 1722,
[00:11:26] SEEMS A BIT FAR AFIELD FROM THE EARLY UNITED STATES.
[00:11:29] BUT BEAR WITH ME. HE HAD GROWN UP ON A SUGAR
[00:11:32] PLANTATION, BUT HIS FAMILY SUCCESS MEANT THAT, LIKE MANY
[00:11:36] WEALTHY PLANTERS, HE'D SPENT MOST OF HIS ADULT LIFE IN ENGLAND.
[00:11:40] HE ONLY RETURNED TO JAMAICA WHEN IT WAS IN TROUBLE. YEARS OF ADMINISTRATIVE
[00:11:45] MISMANAGEMENT HAVE RESULTED IN A GOVERNMENT OF CORRUPTION AND A
[00:11:48] COLONY IN DEBT.
[00:11:50] NOW, DURING HIS FIRST TWO YEARS IN OFFICE, LAWS WROTE MORE THAN
[00:11:54] 40 LETTERS SHIPPING REPORTS AND
[00:11:56] DEPOSITIONS TO PARLIAMENT
[00:11:59] DOCUMENTING SPANISH CUBA AS
[00:12:01] ATTACK ON BRITISH SHIPS AND EFFORTS TO TRACK DOWN AND RE
[00:12:05] ENSLAVE PEOPLE WHO HAD ESCAPED INTO JAMAICA'S MOUNTAINOUS INTERIOR.
[00:12:08] IN HIS LAST TWO YEARS AS
[00:12:10] GOVERNORS, JAMAICA, HE HELPED THE ISLAND WEATHER A DEVASTATING
[00:12:16] HURRICANE AND PRESIDED OVER THE TRIALS OF CAPTAIN JACK RACKHAM.
[00:12:20] OTHERWISE KNOWN AS CALICO JACK
[00:12:23] AND TEN OTHERS ACCUSED OF PIRACY.
[00:12:26] IS IT LITTLE WONDER, THEN, IN
[00:12:29] 1722, THAT AT THE AGE OF NEARLY
[00:12:32] 70, ALL LAWS WANTED TO DO WAS TO
[00:12:34] RETURN TO HIS PLANTATION AND
[00:12:38] RESUME HIS BOTANICAL EXPERIMENTS?
[00:12:41] HE DIED LESS THAN A DECADE AFTER HE LEFT OFFICE.
[00:12:45] BUT IN HIS FINAL YEARS, HE LEFT
[00:12:47] JAMAICA A LEGACY THAT PROVED MORE ENDURING THAN HIS EFFORTS
[00:12:51] TO STANCH SMUGGLING PROVIDE HURRICANE RELIEF OR PROSECUTE PIRATES.
[00:12:55] AND THAT IS BECAUSE IN 1728,
[00:12:58] LAWS PLANTED JAMAICA'S FIRST COFFEE TREES FOREVER CHANGING
[00:13:02] THE ISLAND'S ECONOMY AS
[00:13:04] COMMUNITY, ITS LANDSCAPE, AS
[00:13:06] WELL AS THE LIVES OF THOUSANDS OF ENSLAVED AFRICANS AND AFRO
[00:13:11] JAMAICANS COERCED INTO THIS NEW
[00:13:13] COMMODITY SYSTEM. NOW, THOUGH, LAWES ONLY LIVED TO
[00:13:17] SEE THE FIRST FEW HARVESTS, THE CROP WAS PROMISING ENOUGH THAT
[00:13:21] MORE THAN 20 OF HIS FELLOW PLANTERS PETITIONED PARLIAMENT FOR SUPPORT.
[00:13:26] WHITEHALL RESPONDED IN 1732 WITH
[00:13:28] AN ACT FOR ENCOURAGING THE GROWTH OF COFFEE IN HIS
[00:13:31] MAJESTY'S PLANTATIONS IN AMERICA. THE FIRST OF SEVERAL LAWS THAT
[00:13:37] PAVED THE WAY FOR CULTIVATION TO THRIVE IN THE BRITISH WEST
[00:13:40] INDIES. AND THE RESULTS ARE READILY
[00:13:44] APPARENT IN THE SHIFT OF COFFEE PRODUCTION FROM THE EAST TO THE
[00:13:49] WEST. AS THE 18TH CENTURY PROGRESSED
[00:13:52] AND HERE YOU CAN SEE EARLY ON IN THE FIRST TWO COLUMNS, RIGHT IN
[00:13:56] THE IN THE BEGINNING OF THE 18TH CENTURY THROUGH 1724, THERE'S NO
[00:14:00] PRODUCTION THAT'S COMING OUT OF THE CARIBBEAN.
[00:14:03] BUT BY 1749, YOU BEGAN TO HAVE A
[00:14:06] SIGNIFICANT JUMP.
[00:14:08] AND BY 1772, CARIBBEAN COFFEE
[00:14:11] NOW DOMINATES THE BRITISH MARKET.
[00:14:16] A GENERATION LATER, THE RESULTS
[00:14:19] OF BRITAIN'S DECISION TO INVEST IN CARIBBEAN COFFEE WERE EASY TO
[00:14:23] SEE. AND THIS BRINGS ME TO THE SECOND OF TONIGHT'S CHARACTERS, WILLIAM
[00:14:27] WEST, JR, A MERCHANT WHO IN
[00:14:31] APRIL OF 1765 WAS WAITING IN PHILADELPHIA'S HARBOR FOR THE
[00:14:35] ARRIVAL OF THE SHIP. POLLY. AND JUST IN CASE HE'S LISTENING, VIRTUALLY.
[00:14:39] MY DISSERTATION ADVISOR AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, A MAN
[00:14:41] NAMED DAVID HANCOCK, TOLD ME ONCE, BECAUSE I REWROTE THIS
[00:14:45] PARTICULAR CHAPTER ABOUT COFFEE COMING INTO PHILADELPHIA. SO MANY TIMES.
[00:14:49] IF THE GOOD SHIP POLLY SAILS ONE
[00:14:53] MORE TIME, MICHELLE, ONE MORE TIME. DAVID, THIS IS FOR YOU.
[00:14:57] IF YOU'RE LISTENING. THE POLLY HAD LEFT KINGSTON,
[00:15:01] JAMAICA, CARRYING CASKS OF COFFEE AND SUGAR BAGS OF LIMES
[00:15:05] AND BARRELS OF RUM. AND THERE WAS NOTHING REALLY
[00:15:09] REMARK ABLE ABOUT THIS VOYAGE. THE GOODS WERE COMMON ISLAND
[00:15:13] EXPORTS POPULAR WITH NORTH AMERICAN BUYERS, AND THE ROUTE THE SHIP TRAVELED WAS ONE SAILED
[00:15:17] BY HUNDREDS OF VESSELS IN AND
[00:15:19] OUT OF PHILADELPHIA THAT YEAR.
[00:15:22] THE WEST FAMILY HAD COME FROM IRELAND IN 1750, AND WEST JUNIOR
[00:15:26] WOULD ULTIMATELY SERVE AS A CAPTAIN IN THE THIRD
[00:15:30] PENNSYLVANIA REGIMENT. BUT THIS MORNING, THIS MORNING,
[00:15:35] THOUGHTS OF WAR WERE FAR FROM HIS MIND.
[00:15:39] INSTEAD, HE WAS WAITING FOR HIS SHARE OF THE POLLY'S COFFEE,
[00:15:43] WHICH HE WOULD THEN SEND TO CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA.
[00:15:47] OTHER CASKS ON THAT SHIP BELONGED TO WILLIAM REDMOND, WHO
[00:15:50] WOULD SEND THEM AS FAR NORTH AS NEWPORT, RHODE ISLAND.
[00:15:54] BUT THE MAJORITY OF THE COFFEE
[00:15:56] THAT ARRIVED THAT MORNING HAD
[00:15:58] BEEN BOUGHT BY A LOCAL FIRM
[00:16:00] NAMED CRAIG FULLER AND ASHE AND
[00:16:04] WOULD BE SOLD WITHIN PHILADELPHIA AND NEARBY TOWNS IN
[00:16:08] PENNSYLVANIA, DELAWARE AND NEW JERSEY.
[00:16:12] NOW, PHILADELPHIA WAS NOT THE
[00:16:14] ONLY BRITISH NORTH AMERICAN CITY TO IMPORT COFFEE, OF COURSE.
[00:16:18] BUT IT DID BRING IN THE MOST THE
[00:16:20] PRINCIPAL PORT OF PENNSYLVANIA HAD ENTERED THE WEST INDIES
[00:16:24] TRADE AFTER BOSTON AND AFTER NEW YORK, BOTH OF WHICH HAD
[00:16:28] DEVELOPED VERY SOLID FOUNDATIONS IN THE SUGAR AND RUM INDUSTRIES.
[00:16:32] SO RATHER THAN COMPETE, PHILADELPHIA TRADERS BEGAN
[00:16:36] TESTING INTEREST IN SEVERAL GOODS THAT COLLECTIVELY BECAME
[00:16:39] KNOWN AS THE SECONDARY COMMODITIES.
[00:16:42] AND BY THE 1760S, WHEN WILLIAM
[00:16:46] WEST WAS STANDING ON THOSE DOCKS, PHILADELPHIA LED AMERICAN
[00:16:50] IMPORTATION OF GINGER, A PEPPER
[00:16:52] AND OF COFFEE, ACCOUNTING FOR A
[00:16:55] THIRD AND SOMETIMES UP TO HALF
[00:16:57] OF WHAT CAME INTO THE MAINLAND IN ANY GIVEN YEAR.
[00:17:01] TO SEE WHO BOUGHT IT, I LOOKED
[00:17:05] AT TAX LISTS AT CITY DIRECTORIES
[00:17:07] AND ESPECIALLY AT NEWSPAPER ADVERTISEMENTS.
[00:17:11] THIS LAST SOURCE WAS REALLY FASCINATING.
[00:17:14] THE NUMBER OF VENDORS SELLING
[00:17:16] COFFEE ALMOST DOUBLED BETWEEN 1765 AND 1775.
[00:17:21] NOW THAT THE NUMBER OF ADVERTISERS COULD GROW IS AN
[00:17:24] INTERESTING LOCATION. BUT WHAT THESE NOTICES TELL US
[00:17:28] ABOUT THEIR IN THE CITY COFFEE
[00:17:30] WAS BEING SOLD. AND BY EXTENSION, TO WHOM IS
[00:17:34] JUST AS IMPORTANT.
[00:17:36] ABOUT A THIRD OF THESE SELLERS
[00:17:39] WERE BASED IN HIGH STREET CHESTNUT AND WALNUT WARD.
[00:17:44] THESE ARE THE DISTRICTS THAT ARE CLOSEST TO THE CITY'S PORTS AND
[00:17:46] ITS LARGEST PUBLIC MARKETS.
[00:17:48] SO PERHAPS TO BE EXPECTED,
[00:17:52] ANOTHER THIRD OF THESE SELLERS HAD BUSINESSES IN NORTH, MIDDLE
[00:17:54] AND SOUTH WARD, WHICH HOUSED THE
[00:17:58] PRINCIPAL PRINCIPAL BUSINESS DISTRICTS AND SOME OF THE CITY'S WEALTHIEST NEIGHBORHOODS.
[00:18:01] SO, AGAIN, NOT TERRIBLY SURPRISING.
[00:18:05] BUT COFFEE WAS ALSO SOLD IN THE
[00:18:09] UPPER AND LOWER DELAWARE WARDS, WHICH WERE WORKING CLASS
[00:18:13] NEIGHBORHOODS AND EVEN IN
[00:18:15] MULBERRY AND DARK WARDS, HOME TO
[00:18:17] MARGINAL COMMUNITIES.
[00:18:19] SINGLE AND WIDOWED WOMEN, AS
[00:18:22] WELL AS MOST OF PHILADELPHIA'S FREE BLACK COMMUNITY.
[00:18:26] IN OTHER WORDS, ANYONE WHO LIVED
[00:18:29] IN ANY WARD IN PHILADELPHIA AND
[00:18:32] WHO WANTED TO BUY COFFEE COULD
[00:18:35] FIND IT WITHIN EASY WALKING DISTANCE.
[00:18:40] ALL OF THESE DRINKERS BENEFITED FROM THE COMMERCIAL NETWORKS
[00:18:43] CREATED BY WILLIAM WEST AND HIS FELLOW MERCHANTS AND HELPED TO
[00:18:48] CREATE THE MARKET OF NORTH AMERICA'S COFFEE, WHICH TIED IT
[00:18:51] TO THE PLANTATIONS OF THE WEST
[00:18:55] INDIES. THIS HABIT ALSO TIED COLONIES TO
[00:18:59] EUROPE, HOWEVER, WHICH PRODUCED MOST OF THE CERAMICS AND THE
[00:19:02] METAL WARES USED TO BREW AND SERVE COFFEE AS WELL AS THE
[00:19:06] ADVICE, LITERATURE AND THE COOKBOOKS, WHICH TAUGHT THEM THE
[00:19:08] BEST WAYS TO DO SO.
[00:19:11] AND SOCIAL CUSTOM IS PRECISELY
[00:19:13] WHAT CONCERNED JANE SHIPMAN.
[00:19:17] THE THIRD PERSON I'M INTRODUCING
[00:19:18] THIS EVENING WHEN SHE WROTE TO
[00:19:22] HER HUSBAND IN 1772 ABOUT HER TRIP TO VISIT RELATIVES IN
[00:19:26] LANCASTER, PENNSYLVANIA, THE
[00:19:28] SHIPMAN'S WERE PART OF A
[00:19:30] POWERFUL AND INFLUENTIAL FAMILY
[00:19:32] OF DOCTORS, OF LAWYERS, OF MERCHANTS, OF LANDOWNERS WHO
[00:19:36] HELD OFFICES IN PENNSYLVANIA'S COLONIAL GOVERNMENT.
[00:19:40] JOSEPH'S FATHER HAD BEEN ELECTED MAYOR OF PHILADELPHIA IN 1744
[00:19:44] AND LATER TO BE THE JUDGE OF THE
[00:19:46] COURT OF COMMON PLEAS.
[00:19:48] THE OVERALL JANE THOUGHT HER
[00:19:51] VISIT WAS GOING WELL.
[00:19:53] THE HOMELESS LOVELY.
[00:19:56] THE COMPANY WAS DELIGHTFUL. IF A LITTLE PROVINCIAL.
[00:20:00] BUT SHE TOOK PAINS TO ALERT HER
[00:20:02] HUSBAND TO WHAT SHE CONSIDERED A SERIOUS SOCIAL GAFFE.
[00:20:06] HER HOSTS, IT SEEMS, WOULD
[00:20:08] ROUTINELY PUT OUT FEWER COFFEE
[00:20:10] CUPS THAN THERE WERE GUESTS AND
[00:20:14] REMEDY THE SITUATION BY
[00:20:17] SUBSTITUTING TEACUPS.
[00:20:20] AND THIS REMINDED JANE THAT HALF
[00:20:23] OF HER OWN COFFEE SET WAS
[00:20:25] CRACKED OR CHIPPED.
[00:20:27] AND SHE IMPLORED JOSEPH TO ORDER
[00:20:29] REPLACEMENTS SO THAT SHE WOULD
[00:20:31] NEVER FACE THIS SAME DILEMMA.
[00:20:35] WHAT HER LETTER ILLUSTRATES IS THAT NOT ONLY WAS COFFEE
[00:20:38] DRINKING COMMON, BUT ALSO THAT RULES OF ETIQUETTE AND OTHER
[00:20:42] DISTINCTIONS WERE COMING INTO PLAY. SOME FAMILIES COULD AFFORD
[00:20:46] COMPLETE COFFEE SETS, WHILE OTHERS WERE APPARENTLY LESS PICKY.
[00:20:49] AND SO MIXED A MATCHED CROCKERY TO JUST MAKE DO.
[00:20:53] IN OTHER WORDS, NOT EVERY COFFEE DRINKER DRANK COFFEE THE SAME
[00:20:58] WAY. THERE WERE OPTIONS.
[00:21:02] AT THE TOP OF THE MARKET WITH STERLING SILVER.
[00:21:05] THIS SET WAS FASHIONED BY JOSEPH APPRAISERS AND JR.
[00:21:09] PART OF A NOTED FAMILY OF PHILADELPHIA SILVERSMITHS.
[00:21:12] AND INCIDENTALLY IS CURRENTLY ON
[00:21:14] VIEW IN THE APS EXHIBITION PHILADELPHIA, THE REVOLUTIONARY
[00:21:18] CITY, WHICH IF YOU HAVEN'T
[00:21:21] VISITED YET, YOU REALLY SHOULD.
[00:21:22] THE MUSEUM IS OPEN THURSDAYS THROUGH SUNDAYS.
[00:21:27] IT IS FREE TO THE PUBLIC AND THE DISPLAY WILL BE UP UNTIL DECEMBER 28TH.
[00:21:32] THUS ENDS THE PUBLIC ANNOUNCEMENT PORTION OF MY
[00:21:35] PRESENTATION AND FOR THOSE WHO WANTED THE LOOK BUT COULDN'T
[00:21:39] AFFORD THE LUXURY OF STERLING SILVER.
[00:21:43] YOU COULD TRY SILVER PLATE. IN FACT, WITH THE ADVENT OF WHAT
[00:21:47] BECAME KNOWN AS SHEFFIELD PLATING, WHICH BONDED SILVER TO
[00:21:50] COPPER WITH A LITTLE BIT OF ZINC AND LEAD MIXED IN COFFEE PODS
[00:21:53] COULD BE PLATED ON THE INSIDE AS WELL AS THE OUTSIDE.
[00:21:57] AND IT BECAME NEARLY IMPOSSIBLE
[00:21:59] FOR THE CASUAL OBSERVER TO TELL THE DIFFERENCE.
[00:22:03] COFFEE POTS COULD ALSO BE
[00:22:05] FASHIONED IN CHINESE EXPORT PORCELAIN IN STONEWARE AND CREAM
[00:22:09] WARE, WHICH WAS NOT JUST CREAM, BY THE WAY.
[00:22:13] THINK OF TORTOISESHELL WARE OR WHAT WE HAVE HERE.
[00:22:16] CAULIFLOWER, WHERE AN AGATE WHERE I KNOW THEY DID ALL KINDS
[00:22:19] OF CRAZY THINGS TO COPY POTS. I DON'T UNDERSTAND. AND PAINTED TIN.
[00:22:23] ALL OF THESE COULD BE RICHLY
[00:22:25] DECORATED, ENSURING THAT OPTIONS FOR DISPLAYING PERSONAL TASTE
[00:22:29] AND A SENSE OF STYLE WERE AVAILABLE. NO MATTER WHERE YOU FELL ON THE
[00:22:33] SOCIOECONOMIC LADDER, SHIPMENT
[00:22:36] FROM FAMILY AND FRIENDS COULD ALSO FILL THE GAPS IN FAMILY
[00:22:41] CUPBOARDS. WRITING FROM LONDON IN 1758, THE
[00:22:44] YEAR HE FIRST PUBLISHED THE WAY
[00:22:46] TO WEALTH, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN AND AS AN EMPLOYEE OF THE AMERICAN
[00:22:51] PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, WHICH WAS FOUNDED BY BENJAMIN FRANKLIN IN
[00:22:53] 1743, I'M OBLIGATED TO MENTION HIS NAME IN EVERY PUBLIC
[00:22:57] PRESENTATION AT LEAST ONCE.
[00:22:59] SO BENJAMIN FRANKLIN DESCRIBED
[00:23:02] THE GIFTS HE HAD SENT TO HIS WIFE, DEBORAH, INCLUDING A BEER
[00:23:06] JUG WHICH HE THOUGHT LOOKED LIKE A FAT LADY DAME.
[00:23:09] CLEAN AND TIDY WITH A NEAT BLUE
[00:23:11] AND WHITE CALICO GOWN ON.
[00:23:15] GOOD NATURED AND LOVELY, WHICH
[00:23:16] PUT HIM IN MIND OF SOMEBODY.
[00:23:19] I SINCERELY HOPE THAT WAS DEBORAH.
[00:23:22] IN THIS LETTER, BUT PACKED WITH
[00:23:24] IN THAT JAR NESTLED IN THE BEST
[00:23:28] CRYSTAL SALT FOR ADDED PROTECTION WERE COFFEE CUPS
[00:23:32] DECORATED WITH FIGURES THAT
[00:23:35] FRANKLIN URGED DEBORAH TO STUDY
[00:23:37] CLOSELY WITH YOUR SPECTACLES ON
[00:23:39] AS THEY BEAR EXAMINING UNDERLIE
[00:23:44] THIS GROWING INTEREST IN COFFEE. HOWEVER, WAS A PERSISTENT RELIANCE ON THE IMPERIAL
[00:23:47] MARKETPLACE. JUST AS NORTH AMERICAN COLONIES
[00:23:51] IMPORTED THEIR BEANS, THEY ALSO IMPORTED MOST OF THEIR COFFEE POTS.
[00:23:55] THEIR SUGAR BOWLS. THEIR CREAM PITCHERS, THEIR SPOONS.
[00:23:58] WHETHER FASHIONED AS SILVER, PORCELAIN OR CERAMIC.
[00:24:02] BRITISH NORTH AMERICA, IN OTHER WORDS, DEPENDED ON OTHERS TO
[00:24:05] GROW, PROCESS AND SHIP THEIR
[00:24:08] COFFEE AS WELL AS PRODUCE ALMOST EVERYTHING ELSE NEEDED TO
[00:24:12] PREPARE AND TO SERVE IT. IT WAS AN EXTENSIVE AND IT COULD
[00:24:15] BE AN EXPENSE OF HABIT.
[00:24:19] IT WAS ALSO INCREASINGLY A POLITICAL DECISION.
[00:24:23] THERE IS A COMMON
[00:24:26] MISUNDERSTANDING THAT AMERICA'S
[00:24:28] INTEREST WITH COFFEE ROSE AS
[00:24:31] THAT OF TEA CELL.
[00:24:33] AND FOR A FEW SHORT MONTHS IN
[00:24:38] 1773 AND EARLY 1774, THIS MIGHT
[00:24:41] HAVE BEEN THE CASE. ONE ENGLISH VISITOR TO
[00:24:44] ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA IN JULY OF 1774, FOR EXAMPLE, WITNESSED THE
[00:24:49] ELECTION OF TOWN BURGESSES AND LATER RECORDED IN HIS DIARY.
[00:24:51] IN THE EVENING, GEORGE WASHINGTON GAVE A BALL TO THE
[00:24:55] FREEHOLDERS AND GENTLEMEN OF THE TOWN. THIS WAS CONDUCTED WITH GREAT
[00:25:00] HARMONY. COFFEE AND TEA. SORRY, COFFEE AND CHOCOLATE, BUT
[00:25:04] NO. WHICH IS IN DISGRACE AMONGST THEM AT PRESENT.
[00:25:09] EVEN THE BOSTON TEA PARTY HAD
[00:25:11] HIS COFFEE MOMENT WHEN WILLIAM RUSSELL, A SCHOOLTEACHER WHO
[00:25:14] PARTICIPATED IN THE UPRISING, REPUTEDLY EMPTIED HIS FAMILY'S
[00:25:18] TEA CANISTER INTO THE FIRE AND WROTE COFFEE ON ONE SIDE AND NO
[00:25:22] TEA ON THE OTHER.
[00:25:23] BUT THEN IN 1774, NORTH AMERICA
[00:25:29] EXPANDED ITS EMBARGO OF BRITISH GOODS TO INCLUDE THE CARIBBEAN,
[00:25:33] AND THAT ENDED COPIES POTENTIAL
[00:25:35] AS A PATRIOTIC PROXY.
[00:25:39] THIS DOESN'T MEAN, HOWEVER, THAT PEOPLE STOPPED DRINKING COFFEE,
[00:25:41] WHICH IS WHAT LED TO THE
[00:25:43] STANDOFF BETWEEN THOMAS BOYLSTON
[00:25:45] AND THOSE WOMEN IN BOSTON THAT BEGAN THIS PRESENTATION.
[00:25:49] WHAT IT DEMONSTRATES IS
[00:25:52] DIFFERENCES OF OPINION IN THIS
[00:25:54] CASE REPRESENT DID BY ABIGAIL
[00:25:56] AND JOHN ADAMS, WHO ARE THE
[00:25:59] FOURTH ACTORS IN TODAY'S STORY.
[00:26:05] PERHAPS THESE ACTIONS WEIGHED HEAVILY ON ABIGAIL BECAUSE
[00:26:10] BOYLSTON WAS HER HUSBAND'S COUSIN AND THE MAN AFTER WHOM
[00:26:12] SHE HAD NAMED HER THIRD CHILD.
[00:26:16] HIS HOARDING WAS, SHE COMPLAINED, THE ACTIONS OF AN
[00:26:19] EMINENT, WEALTHY AND STINGY MERCHANT AND CLEARLY HER
[00:26:23] NEIGHBORS AGREED. THE WOMEN THAT BOSTON MORNING
[00:26:26] DEMANDED HIS KEYS, AND WHEN HE COMPLIED, ENTERED THE PROPERTY.
[00:26:30] THIS IS HER WRITING TO JOHN,
[00:26:32] ENTERED THE PROPERTY AND HOISTED OUT THE COFFEE THEMSELVES, PUT
[00:26:35] IT ON A TRUCK AND DROVE OFF. AND ABIGAIL CONCLUDED HER
[00:26:40] REMARKABLE ACCOUNT BY DESCRIBING HOW A LARGE CONCOURSE OF MEN
[00:26:43] STOOD AMAZED, HAVING REMAINED
[00:26:45] SILENT, SPECTATOR OF THE WHOLE
[00:26:49] TRANSACTION. THERE IS A MORAL TO THIS STORY.
[00:26:51] DO NOT STAND BETWEEN A WOMAN AND
[00:26:53] A CUP OF COFFEE WHEN SHE NEEDS
[00:26:58] AN. BUT JOHN SAW THINGS A LITTLE DIFFERENTLY.
[00:27:02] WRITING BACK TO HIS WIFE, HE STRESSED HIS HOPE THAT FEMALES
[00:27:05] WILL LIVE OFF THEIR ATTACHMENT FOR COFFEE.
[00:27:09] AS IT CREATED, HE ARGUED IN UNTO TENABLE DEPENDANCE ON FOREIGN
[00:27:13] TRADE. I ASSURE YOU, HE CONCLUDED, THAT
[00:27:16] THE BEST FAMILIES IN THIS PLACE HAVE LEFT OFF IN GREAT MEASURE.
[00:27:19] THE USE OF WEST INDIA GOODS. WE MUST BRING OURSELVES TO LIVE
[00:27:22] UPON THE PRODUCE OF OUR OWN COUNTRY.
[00:27:27] AT FIRST GLANCE, THIS EVENT SOUNDS A LITTLE LIKE THE FAR
[00:27:31] BETTER KNOWN BOSTON TEA PARTY, WHICH TAKE PLACE ONLY A FEW
[00:27:34] YEARS EARLIER AND PITCHED THE EFFORT OF A HANDFUL OF PATRIOTS
[00:27:38] IN THEIR QUEST FOR A TERMINATION AGAINST THE VAST MACHINERY OF
[00:27:42] EMPIRE. NOW, THIS FAMILIAR TALE, ONE OF
[00:27:44] THE BEST LOVED OF THE ENTIRE
[00:27:46] AMERICAN REVOLUTION, HAD ALL THE
[00:27:48] NECESSARY INGREDIENTS FOR A GOOD
[00:27:50] INTRIGUE, DISGUISES, BRAVERY,
[00:27:54] DARK OF NIGHT, AND A CLEARLY
[00:27:58] IDENTIFIED ENEMY. EAST INDIAN TEA, AS WELL AS A
[00:28:00] PITHY, RALLYING CRY, NO TAXATION
[00:28:04] WITHOUT REPRESENTATION, WHICH WAS ACTUALLY UTTERED BY JAMES
[00:28:07] OTIS OR PATRICK HENRY ALMOST A DECADE EARLIER. IN REACTION TO THE BRITISH STAMP
[00:28:11] ACT. BUT HEY, WHILE OUT THE DETAILS
[00:28:13] GET IN THE WAY OF A GOOD STORY.
[00:28:16] LIKE MOST SLOGANS, THIS ONE
[00:28:18] REDUCES COMPLICATED HISTORICAL
[00:28:21] EVENTS INTO AN EASILY DIGESTIBLE SOUNDBITE WHEN THE REALITY IS
[00:28:26] ACTUALLY MUCH MESSIER. OR BECAUSE THIS SHOWDOWN BETWEEN BOYLSTON AND THE WOMEN
[00:28:31] CONFRONTING HIM DEMONSTRATE THIS TIME IN THE LIGHT OF DAY AND
[00:28:35] FACE TO FACE MORE THAN ONE
[00:28:38] COMMODITY WAS CAUSING PROBLEMS. MOREOVER, WHILE THE BOSTON TEA
[00:28:42] PARTY WAS ABOUT EMMA'S EFFORTS
[00:28:44] TO LIMIT CONSUMPTION, BOSTON'S
[00:28:46] COPYWRITERS SOUGHT THE OPPOSITE
[00:28:48] ACCESS TO MORE.
[00:28:54] COLONIAL LEGISLATORS SIDED WITH
[00:28:56] ABIGAIL RECOGNIZE THAT COLONISTS
[00:28:59] WERE UNLIKELY TO GIVE UP THEIR COFFEE. THEY INSTEAD TRIED TO FIX THE
[00:29:04] PRICE TO AVOID PRECISELY THE KIND OF GOUGING THE WOMEN
[00:29:07] ACCUSED BOYLSTON, A PRACTICING
[00:29:11] DELEGATES FROM MASSACHUSETTS, MET FIRST WITH THEIR COUNTERPARTS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE,
[00:29:15] RHODE ISLAND AND CONNECTICUT. BUT THEIR ACTIONS WERE SOON COPIED BY NEW YORK AND
[00:29:20] PENNSYLVANIA. THE RESULT WAS AN ACT TO PREVENT
[00:29:25] MONOPOLY AND OPPRESSION BY EXCESSIVE AND UNREASONABLE
[00:29:29] PRICES. VERY CATCHY. 20 GOODS WERE SINGLED OUT AS
[00:29:33] ESSENTIAL FOR THE PUBLIC WELFARE.
[00:29:37] AND COFFEE WAS ONE OF THEM. TAKEN TOGETHER, THIS KIND OF
[00:29:42] LEGISLATION AND PUBLIC PROTEST
[00:29:45] REVEAL HOW POPULAR COFFEE HAD BECOME BY THE 1770S.
[00:29:48] COFFEE DRINKING WAS NOT THE HABIT OF A PRIVILEGED FEW.
[00:29:52] IT WAS THE DAILY AND DEMANDED
[00:29:55] HABIT OF THE MANY CONSIDERED AS
[00:29:57] IMPORTANT TO PROTECT AS WHEAT,
[00:29:59] AS PORK, AS BUTTER, AS POTATOES.
[00:30:06] INDEED, NORTH AMERICANS DRINK SO
[00:30:09] MUCH COFFEE BY THE END OF THE
[00:30:11] REVOLUTIONARY ERA THAT WHEN U.S.
[00:30:13] POLITICIANS SOUGHT TO IDENTIFY
[00:30:15] WHAT GOODS TO TAX THEMSELVES IN AID OF PUBLIC REVENUE, COFFEE
[00:30:19] TOPPED THE LIST.
[00:30:23] SOUTH CAROLINA BEGAN TAXING
[00:30:26] COFFEE IN 1783 AND CONNECTICUT, MASSACHUSETTS AND PENNSYLVANIA
[00:30:29] ALL PROPOSE SIMILAR LAWS BETWEEN
[00:30:33] 1785 AND 1789. AND WHILE THIS MAY SEEM IRONIC,
[00:30:37] GIVEN THE ROLE THAT TAXATION PLAYED IN CREATING THE CONFLICT THAT RESULTED IN THE NEW
[00:30:41] NATION'S POLITICAL INDEPENDENCE, STATE GOVERNMENTS NEEDED TO
[00:30:43] BALANCE THEIR BUDGETS AND CONTINUE TO RELY ON COFFEES,
[00:30:47] WIDESPREAD POPULARITY TO
[00:30:49] GENERATE THAT INCOME.
[00:30:52] BUT WHERE THE COFFEE CAME FROM,
[00:30:54] THAT COFFEE THAT WAS BEING TAXED
[00:30:56] LOOKED VERY DIFFERENT THAN IT
[00:31:00] DID IN 1776 RATHER THAN JAMAICA.
[00:31:04] THE COFFEE MOST AMERICANS DRANK
[00:31:07] AFTER 1783 CAME FROM SPANISH,
[00:31:10] DUTCH AND ESPECIALLY FRENCH COLONIES.
[00:31:14] SOMETIMES LEGALLY, SOMETIMES
[00:31:16] LESS SO. AND THIS BRINGS US TO THE FIFTH
[00:31:20] PERSON IN TONIGHT'S PRESENTATION
[00:31:24] HERE RHONDA. JOHN, A FREE BLACK OVERSEER WHO
[00:31:30] IN 1792 PILOTED TWO CANOES
[00:31:32] FILLED WITH 16 BAGS OF COFFEE FROM ROSEAU.
[00:31:36] DOMINIQUE GOES CAPITAL CITY, DOMINICA, A VERY SMALL ISLAND IN
[00:31:39] THE EASTERN ANTILLES.
[00:31:40] SOON AFTER HE SET SAIL, HE WAS
[00:31:43] HAILED BY ANOTHER VESSEL,
[00:31:45] ALTHOUGH WRONGLY ON INITIALLY IGNORED. THIS.
[00:31:49] HE TESTIFIED LATER THAT QUOTE, A MUSKET OR SOME KIND OF GUN WAS
[00:31:52] FIRED TWICE. AND SO HE STOPPED FOR FEAR THAT
[00:31:56] EITHER HE OR THE ENSLAVED WORKERS WITH WHOM HE WAS
[00:31:59] TRAVELING MIGHT BE KILLED OR INJURED.
[00:32:02] THE SHIP THAT WAS SIGNALING TO HIM WAS A BRITISH FRIGATE
[00:32:06] CAPTAINED BY A MAN NAMED JAMES ARMES.
[00:32:09] THROUGH A TRANSLATOR. BECAUSE LIKE MANY IN DOMINICA,
[00:32:13] BARONI SPOKE FRENCH RATHER THAN ENGLISH.
[00:32:15] HE TOLD THEM HE WAS FERRYING
[00:32:17] COFFEE FROM THE BRITISH ISLAND
[00:32:20] TO RESELL IN BASSETERRE, WHICH WAS THE CAPITAL OF NEIGHBORING
[00:32:23] FRENCH GUADELOUPE. WHEN ASKED FOR MORE INFORMATION
[00:32:26] ABOUT WHERE THIS CARGO MIGHT ULTIMATELY GO ON THE OWN
[00:32:30] SPECULATE, HE SPECULATED THAT IT WAS PROBABLY DESTINED FOR NORTH AMERICA.
[00:32:33] AS HE SAID, MANY U.S. SHIPS CAME TO THE FRENCH COLONY.
[00:32:38] NOW SELLING COFFEE OUTSIDE THE
[00:32:41] BRITISH EMPIRE WITHOUT PAYING
[00:32:43] FOREIGN DUTIES WAS ILLEGAL, AND
[00:32:46] ARMS ASKED TO SEE THE CARGOES CUSTOMS PAPERS.
[00:32:49] RANDY OWEN RESPONDED IN DISBELIEF THAT HE DIDN'T HAVE
[00:32:52] ANY AND MOREOVER, THAT HE HAD BEEN LONG ACCUSTOMED TO CARRYING
[00:32:56] COFFEE IN LIKE MANNER AND HAD NEVER HEARD OF SUCH A THING AS A PERMIT.
[00:33:00] BEING REQUIRED.
[00:33:02] ROSEAU MERCHANTS QUICKLY TAMPED DOWN THE SITUATION, PERSUADING
[00:33:05] THE COURTS THAT THE OVERSEER HAD MISUNDERSTOOD HIS INSTRUCTIONS
[00:33:09] AND THE COFFEE WAS RELEASED INTO THEIR CUSTODY WITH A STRONG
[00:33:13] ADMONISHED AND TO GET THE APPROPRIATE PAPERWORK. NEXT TIME.
[00:33:15] BUT GIVEN THE LENGTH OF TIME
[00:33:18] THAT RHODE ISLAND HAD BEEN
[00:33:20] WORKING AS AN OVERSEER, THESE
[00:33:22] CLAIMS OF CONFUSION SEEM
[00:33:26] SUSPECT. INSTEAD, WHAT I THINK HAPPENED
[00:33:30] IS THAT TWO CANOES OUT OF AN UNTOLD NUMBER OF VESSELS AND
[00:33:33] CARGOES THAT RAN DOWN AND OTHERS HAD SUCCESSFULLY TAKEN BEYOND
[00:33:37] BRITISH BORDERS TO SUPPLY THE COFFEE NEEDS OF NORTH AMERICA,
[00:33:41] HAD BEEN CAUGHT.
[00:33:44] NOW, SMUGGLING WAS ONE WAY TO MOVE COFFEE AROUND THE REGION,
[00:33:48] BUT THERE WERE OTHERS. SOME COLONIAL GOVERNORS TURNED A
[00:33:51] BLIND EYE MORE INTERESTED IN THE GOODS THEY GOT IN RETURN THAN
[00:33:55] ENFORCING IMPERIAL LAW.
[00:33:56] SOME CUSTOMS OFFICIALS EVEN
[00:33:59] COLLABORATED, NOT DURING PAPERS
[00:34:01] TO TRANSFORM U.S. VESSELS INTO A
[00:34:03] BRITISH SHIP, A FRIENDSHIP EVEN
[00:34:07] A SPANISH SHIP, AND SOME EMPIRES EXPERIMENTED WITH FREEPORTS,
[00:34:11] WHICH ARE, AS THE NAME IMPLIES, THE 18TH CENTURY EQUIVALENT OF DUTY FREE.
[00:34:16] EACH BROUGHT SOME COFFEE INTO THE UNITED STATES, BUT NOT
[00:34:19] NEARLY ENOUGH TO SATISFY A GROWING DEMAND.
[00:34:22] TO DO SO, MERCHANTS TURNED TO THE FRENCH WEST INDIES, WHICH
[00:34:27] ACCOUNTED FOR MORE THAN 60% OF ALL COFFEE SOLD TO NORTH AMERICA
[00:34:31] BY 1789, A SHARE THAT ROSE TO
[00:34:36] 77% JUST TWO YEARS LATER.
[00:34:38] THE LEADING PARTNER IN THIS
[00:34:41] PATTERN WAS SANDAL MAN, NOW
[00:34:42] KNOWN AS HAITI, WHICH SENT LESS
[00:34:47] THAN 4 MILLION POUNDS OF COFFEE TO THE UNITED STATES IN 1789.
[00:34:52] BUT ALMOST 54 MILLION POUNDS OF COFFEE.
[00:34:55] FIVE YEARS LATER, IT WAS A
[00:35:00] SPECTACULARLY PROFITABLE BUSINESS.
[00:35:02] UNTIL THE HAITIAN REVOLUTION ENDED, SLAVERY IN SEND, A MAN
[00:35:06] AND THE AMERICAN GOVERNMENT EMBARGO WOULD ALL TRADE WITH THE
[00:35:09] NEWLY INDEPENDENT FREE BLACK NATION.
[00:35:13] IN 1806. U.S. MERCHANTS ONCE AGAIN
[00:35:15] SEARCHED FOR A REGULAR COFFEE
[00:35:19] SUPPLIER, AND THIS TIME THE ANSWER WOULD BE BRAZIL.
[00:35:24] COFFEE HAD BEEN A MINOR INDUSTRY IN THE PORTUGUESE COLONY THROUGH THE 18 TENS.
[00:35:30] OVERSHADOWED, SHADOWED BY BOTH SUGAR AND COTTON.
[00:35:32] BUT THE GAP CREATED IN THE COFFEE MARKET AFTER HAITI'S
[00:35:36] REVOLUTION AND RESULTED IN PATTERNS BOTH THERE AND IN THE
[00:35:39] UNITED STATES THAT WOULD BECOME AMAZINGLY PROFITABLE AND A
[00:35:43] GLOBAL INDUSTRY FOR BOTH NATIONS OR FOR BRAZIL.
[00:35:47] THIS WAS ITS INDEPENDENCE FROM
[00:35:49] THE EMPIRE OF PORTUGAL IN 1822
[00:35:51] FOR THE UNITED STATES.
[00:35:54] THIS WAS A STRANGE COMBINATION
[00:35:56] OF TAXES AND TEMPERANCE. THINK BACK.
[00:36:00] THINK BACK TO WHAT I TOLD YOU ABOUT STATES DECIDING TO TAX
[00:36:04] COFFEE AFTER THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION TO RAISE STATE REVENUE.
[00:36:06] THEIR SUCCESS CAUGHT THE EYE OF
[00:36:08] MANY FEDERAL FIGURES, INCLUDING ALEXANDER HAMILTON.
[00:36:12] WHEN HE WAS ARGUING FOR FEDERAL TARIFFS ON FOREIGN GOODS,
[00:36:15] ESPECIALLY COFFEE, SUGAR,
[00:36:19] TOBACCO AND TEA. NOW, TWO OF THESE SUGAR AND TOBACCO ALSO GREW IN THE UNITED
[00:36:24] STATES. AND SO TAXING WHAT CAME IN FROM
[00:36:26] ABROAD HELPED BOLSTER DOMESTIC PRODUCTION.
[00:36:30] BUT DESPITE THESE BEST EFFORTS OF BOTANISTS AND OF
[00:36:34] ENTREPRENEURS, THERE WAS NO DOMESTIC OPTION FOR EITHER
[00:36:36] COFFEE OR FOR TEA.
[00:36:40] THIS IS A HINT. SOMEBODY ASKED ME A QUESTION
[00:36:42] ABOUT WHETHER WE EVER TRIED TO GROW COFFEE IN NORTH AMERICA.
[00:36:46] IN THE Q&A, JUST DROPPING THAT
[00:36:48] PIN, DROPPING THAT BEAN.
[00:36:52] IT'LL COME TO YOU.
[00:36:56] IN 1828, NO LESS THAN ANDREW JACKSON ENTERED THE FRAY,
[00:37:01] ARGUING THAT THE DUTIES OF THOSE ARTICLES OF IMPORTATION, WHICH
[00:37:03] CANNOT COME IN COMPETITION WITH OUR OWN PRODUCTIONS, ARE THE
[00:37:07] FIRST THAT SHOULD ENGAGE THE ATTENTION OF CONGRESS IN THE
[00:37:10] MODIFICATION OF THE TERRA OF
[00:37:12] THESE TEA AND COFFEE ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT.
[00:37:16] THEY ENTER LARGELY INTO THE CONSUMPTION OF THE COUNTRY AND HAVE BECOME ARTICLES OF
[00:37:20] NECESSITY. NECESSITY TO ALL CLASSES.
[00:37:23] HE WAS PERSUASIVE.
[00:37:25] AND IN 1832, EXACTLY ONE CENTURY
[00:37:29] AFTER BRITAIN FIRST REPEALED TAXES TO ENCOURAGE COFFEE
[00:37:32] PLANTING IN THE CARIBBEAN, THE UNITED STATES BECAME THE ONLY
[00:37:36] NATION IN THE WORLD NOT TO TAX
[00:37:39] FOREIGN COFFEE.
[00:37:41] THE FOLLOWING YEAR, IMPORTS LED
[00:37:44] LEAPT SORRY TO 100 MILLION
[00:37:48] POUNDS. 20 YEARS LABOR. IT WAS DOUBLE THAT.
[00:37:53] BUT IF U.S. IMPORTERS RECOGNIZE SIZE THEIR INCREASING DEPENDANCE
[00:37:58] ON ONE SUPPLIER, MOST COFFEE
[00:38:01] DRINKERS DID NOT.
[00:38:02] INSTEAD, COFFEE'S MARKETERS AND
[00:38:05] SELLERS VERY CONSCIOUSLY ALIGNED
[00:38:07] THEMSELVES WITH U.S. INTERESTS AND IMAGES, AS WELL AS THE
[00:38:11] NATION'S EXPANSIONIST DREAMS. TAKE, FOR EXAMPLE, THIS
[00:38:15] ADVERTISEMENT FROM OLD DOMINION TOUTING ITS COFFEE AND ITS
[00:38:19] COFFEE POT AS PART OF THE RICH
[00:38:21] HISTORICAL LEGACY OF VIRGINIA. THERE IS A STATE WELL KNOWN TO
[00:38:25] FAME THAT EVERY MAN ADMIRES THE
[00:38:29] NOBLEST OF THE OLD 13. THE STATE THAT NEVER TIRES THE
[00:38:33] MOTHER. SHE OF PRESIDENTS.
[00:38:35] AND IT IS OUR INTENTION TO SHOW
[00:38:39] THAT SHE HAS GIVEN BIRTH THROUGH GENIUS AND INVENTION FOR
[00:38:43] SOMETHING MORE THAN ONE WHO RULES THE PEOPLE OF A NATION.
[00:38:47] THAT IS THE BOON TO BLESSED
[00:38:49] MANKIND THROUGHOUT THE VAST CREATION.
[00:38:53] BUYERS IN OTHER WORDS, WERE ENCOURAGED TO SEE THEIR
[00:38:57] PURCHASES FROM THE OLD DOMINION AS MUCH MORE THAN A WAY TO BREW COFFEE.
[00:39:01] IT WAS CHOOSING TO SUPPORT A
[00:39:04] U.S. BASED INDUSTRY, A BUSINESS
[00:39:06] WITH GLOBAL ASPIRATION.
[00:39:08] AS JOHN R BUCKLES, WHO FOUNDED
[00:39:12] THE PITTSBURGH BASED COFFEE COMPANY OF OUR BUCKLES AND COMPANY, IS THE SIXTH AND FINAL
[00:39:16] CHAPTER OF TONIGHT'S PRESENTATION.
[00:39:18] AND HE WAS A MASTER AT REBRANDING.
[00:39:21] HE WORKED IN GROCERY RETAIL FOR ALMOST TWO DECADES.
[00:39:25] WHEN HE PERFECTED AND PATENTED A GLAZE OF EGG WHITE AND
[00:39:29] CONFECTIONERS SUGAR TO COAT COFFEE BEANS WHILE THEY WERE ROASTING.
[00:39:31] AND HE NEVER LOOKED BACK.
[00:39:33] AT A TIME WHEN BOTH BENDERS WERE
[00:39:35] STILL SELLING THEIR BEANS, GREEN
[00:39:37] IN PAPER BAGS, OUR BANKERS AND
[00:39:40] COMPANY SOLD AS ROASTED GROUND AND PACKAGED IN DISTINCTIVE,
[00:39:45] REUSED BOWL TINS. ITS SUCCESS WAS BASED ON MORE
[00:39:49] THAN A CONSISTENT PRODUCT AND PACKAGING.
[00:39:51] BILL ARBUCKLE SENT AGENTS TO SAN PAOLO TO CULTIVATE RELATIONSHIPS
[00:39:55] WITH COFFEE EXPORTERS. HE INVESTED IN BRAZILIAN
[00:39:59] RAILROADS TO EASE TRANSPORTATION FROM MOUNTAINOUS PLANTATIONS TO THE COAST.
[00:40:03] HE BOUGHT A SHIPPING FLEET TO BRING BEANS DIRECTLY FROM
[00:40:07] BRAZILIAN SUPPLIERS TO HIS FACTORIES AND HIS INNOVATIVE
[00:40:11] PACKAGING MEANT THAT HE HAD A STRONG HOLD ON CONSISTENCY
[00:40:15] REGARDLESS OF WHERE HE SENT THE FINISHED PRODUCT.
[00:40:17] HIS FLAGSHIP BRAND, ARIUS,
[00:40:20] BECAME KNOWN FROM COAST TO COAST, ITS REPUTATION GROWING AS
[00:40:22] THE NATION DID, TOO. AND IT WAS PRECISELY THIS MOMENT
[00:40:26] OF NATIONAL EXPANSION AND FLOURISHING PATRIOTISM THAT OUR
[00:40:30] BUCKLES HIGHLIGHTED IN HIS MARKETING, HE DEVELOPED A SERIES
[00:40:33] OF TRADE CARDS, A COMMON SALES
[00:40:37] GIMMICK BY THE MID-NINETEENTH CENTURY TO LINK HIS STILL
[00:40:39] FOREIGN GROWN COFFEE TO KEY
[00:40:41] IDEAS AND PLACES IN THE UNITED STATES.
[00:40:44] THE MOST POPULAR BECAME A SET KNOWN AS THE MAP SERIES, ONE
[00:40:47] CARD FOR EACH STATE, TOBACCO FOR
[00:40:51] VIRGINIA, GRAPES FOR CALIFORNIA,
[00:40:54] SILVER MINING FOR COLORADO AND
[00:40:58] POTTERY FOR A NEW JERSEY.
[00:41:02] HOW I THOUGHT OF BLUEBERRIES BUT
[00:41:04] HELPFUL HINTS FOR BREWING. THE BEVERAGE APPEARED ON THE BACK OF EVERY CARD.
[00:41:08] AND IN THIS SENSE, OUR BUCKLES WAS SHAPING HIS CONSUMER'S
[00:41:12] UNDERSTANDING OF THE NATION, ALLOWING DRINKERS TO CELEBRATE
[00:41:14] THE SEEMING UNSTOPPABLE TRIUMPH
[00:41:17] OF ECONOMIC EXPANSION, ALL WHILE SIPPING WHAT THEY NOW REGARDED
[00:41:21] AS THE NATION'S BREW. IT WAS MASTERFUL. IT WAS PROFITABLE.
[00:41:25] AND IT IS HOW I WOULD ARGUE
[00:41:27] COFFEE BECAME AMERICANIZED.
[00:41:29] NOW, DEPENDING ON THE TIME AND
[00:41:32] PLACE, COFFEE HAS BEEN CHARACTERIZED AS EXOTIC, AS
[00:41:36] COMMON AS FOREIGN, AS PATRIOTIC.
[00:41:40] THIS INDUSTRY IS BOUND UP WITH THE HISTORY OF COLONIALISM, WITH
[00:41:44] ENSLAVEMENT, WITH REVOLUTION,
[00:41:46] AND WITH NATIONALIST IN THE
[00:41:51] UNITED STATES REMAINS THE
[00:41:53] LARGEST BUYER OF COFFEE IN THE WORLD.
[00:41:56] AND BRAZIL REMAINS ONE OF ITS
[00:41:59] LEADING SUPPLIERS.
[00:42:00] THIS WEB OF INTERDEPENDENCE IS
[00:42:04] NOW TWO CENTURIES OLD AND
[00:42:09] GENERATED. $8.2 BILLION FOR THE UNITED STATES LAST YEAR.
[00:42:16] THIS IS THE STORY OF COFFEE
[00:42:18] NATION, AN ETHIOPIAN PLANT TRANSPLANTED FIRST TO THESE
[00:42:22] ENTITIES BEFORE BEING BROUGHT ACROSS THE ATLANTIC TO BECOME A CARIBBEAN STAPLE.
[00:42:26] THE SAME BEVERAGE GROWING TO
[00:42:28] BECOME A LEADING IMPORT IN PHILADELPHIA, REDISTRIBUTED
[00:42:32] BEYOND THE CITY INTO OTHER COLONIES IN THE BACK COUNTRY.
[00:42:35] IT IS THE STORY OF HOW COFFEE AND COFFEE HOUSES BECAME
[00:42:39] EMBROILED IN REVOLUTIONARY ACTIVITY, TURNING WHAT HAVE BEEN
[00:42:42] SITES OF BUSINESS INTO PLATFORMS
[00:42:44] FOR PROTEST AND ULTIMATELY HOW
[00:42:48] THE UNITED STATES INVESTED HEAVILY IN THE PRODUCTS OF OTHER NATIONS. FIRST IN THE WEST INDIES AND
[00:42:53] THEN IN BRAZIL TO CREATE A
[00:42:56] GLOBAL COFFEE NETWORK ON WHICH
[00:42:58] IT DEPENDS AND WHICH PERSISTS TO THIS DAY.
[00:43:02] THANK YOU.
[00:43:18] AND NOW I THINK WE HAVE SOME TIME FOR SOME QUESTIONS.
[00:43:20] AND WE HAVE SOME MICROPHONE WHICH ARE COMING AROUND SO THAT
[00:43:23] PEOPLE CAN HEAR YOU BOTH IN THE ROOM AND ON ZOOM. OH, I FORGOT TO SAY, WELCOME TO
[00:43:27] THOSE OF YOU WHO ARE ON ZOOM.
[00:43:29] WE'RE GLAD YOU'RE HERE.
[00:43:32] THANK YOU, MICHEL, FOR A GREAT TALK.
[00:43:35] YOU MENTIONED THAT DURING THAT
[00:43:37] COLONIAL PERIOD, COFFEE DID NOT REALLY REPLACE TEA.
[00:43:41] BUT TODAY, AMERICANS AT LEAST MY
[00:43:45] IMPRESSION, DRINK MUCH MORE COFFEE THAN TODAY. SO DO WE HAVE OUR GOLD TO THANK
[00:43:48] FOR THAT? OR HOW DID THAT SORT OF THING COME ABOUT?
[00:43:52] THAT'S A GREAT QUESTION.
[00:43:53] IF I HAD THE I HAD A SLIDE IN,
[00:43:56] IT WAS I RECOGNIZE AGAIN, AS SOMEONE WHO'S A BUSINESS HISTORIAN, I AM FASCINATED BY
[00:44:00] NUMBERS. BUT SOME REASON NOT EVERYONE IS
[00:44:02] I DON'T KNOW WHY I'D HAD AN I
[00:44:06] HAVE ANOTHER TABLE IN THE BOOK THAT CHARGED THE GROWTH OF COFFEE RELATIVE TO TEA.
[00:44:09] SO IN THAT CONVERSATION IN 1832
[00:44:13] THAT I MENTIONED WITH ANDREW JACKSON, BOTH COMMODITIES
[00:44:16] ACTUALLY HAD FIRST A REDUCTION. AND THEN IN THEN ABOLITION OF OF TARIFFS.
[00:44:20] AND YOU CAN CHART FROM 1830 TO
[00:44:23] THE NEXT 25 OR SO YEARS HOW MUCH
[00:44:26] TEA AND COFFEE CAME IN AND HOW MUCH REVENUE AND WHAT THAT WAS
[00:44:30] VALUED AT IN TERMS OF U.S. DOLLARS.
[00:44:32] AND YOU SEE A MASSIVE TIPPING
[00:44:35] POINT FROM COFFEE TO TEA. SO REALLY, BETWEEN 1830, AS
[00:44:38] EARLY AS 1850, WE HAD BECOME A
[00:44:40] COFFEE DRINKING NATION.
[00:44:47] I, I, I'M VERY INTERESTED MORE
[00:44:50] LEARNING ABOUT HOW BRAZIL FILLED
[00:44:52] THAT GAP, ESPECIALLY WITH THE EMBARGO.
[00:44:54] AND THEN YOU LATER TALKED ABOUT HOW OUR BUCKLE INVESTED ALLY IN
[00:44:58] BRAZIL TO HELP HIS BUSINESS CLIP
[00:45:01] BEFORE OUR BOOK BARCODE.
[00:45:03] DID YOU SEE ANY MORE INVESTMENTS INDIVIDUALS OR THE TO KIND OF
[00:45:06] FILL THAT HUGE GAP THROUGH BRAZIL THROUGH ANY KIND OF FUNDS
[00:45:10] OR INITIATIVES OR DIPLOMACY? REALLY GREAT QUESTIONS.
[00:45:14] NOT SIGNIFICANTLY BEFORE 18,
[00:45:17] BEFORE THE 1820S, THE FIRST RECORDED SHIPMENT OF BRAZILIAN
[00:45:21] COFFEE THAT I COULD FIND FOR THE UNITED STATES WASN'T UNTIL 1810.
[00:45:24] BEFORE THEN, REALLY, THE WEST INDIES WERE THE THE DOMINANT SUPPLIERS.
[00:45:28] WHAT HAPPENED AFTER THE HAITIAN
[00:45:30] REVOLUTION WAS THE SEND HOME AS
[00:45:32] THE FRENCH CARIBBEAN COLONY WAS THE JEWEL OF THE FRENCH EMPIRE,
[00:45:36] AND IT PRODUCED MORE THAN HALF THE WORLD SUGAR AND MORE THAN
[00:45:40] 60% OF THE WORLD'S COFFEE. AFTER THE HAITIAN REVOLUTION, THERE WAS A SIGNIFICANT GLOBAL
[00:45:44] GAP IN BOTH OF THESE COMMODITIES. THERE HAVE BEEN EARLIER
[00:45:48] EXPERIMENTS IN BRAZIL AND IN OTHER PARTS OF LATIN AMERICA AND
[00:45:50] IN COFFEE, BUT IT WASN'T UNTIL
[00:45:53] AFTER 1822 THAT THIS BECAME BOTH
[00:45:55] AN INDUSTRY THAT BRAZIL INVESTED IN AND THAT THE UNITED STATES INVESTED IN.
[00:45:59] OUR BUCKLES IS ONE EXAMPLE. ALL OF THE MAJOR AND MAJOR
[00:46:02] COFFEE IMPORTERS WERE BEGINNING
[00:46:04] TO SEND AGENTS WERE BEGINNING TO BUY SHIPPING. FLEETS WERE INVESTING IN
[00:46:08] BRAZILIAN RAILROADS AND I SHOULD ALSO SAY FACILITATING THE
[00:46:14] ONGOING IMPORTATION OF ENSLAVED PEOPLE IN BRAZIL.
[00:46:16] THERE IS A IT IS NOT AN UNDERSTATEMENT TO SAY THAT U.S.
[00:46:20] INVESTMENT IN BRAZILIAN COFFEE
[00:46:22] AND IS SPECTACULAR RISE THROUGH
[00:46:25] THE 19TH CENTURY IS ONE OF THE REASONS WHY BRAZIL WAS THE LAST
[00:46:29] PLACE IN THE AMERICAS TO ABOLISH SLAVERY.
[00:46:31] NOT UNTIL 1890.
[00:46:35] HELLO. YEAH. THANKS FOR YOUR TALK.
[00:46:39] I'M CURIOUS ABOUT.
[00:46:41] OF YOUR RESEARCH FOR, LIKE, THE
[00:46:47] EARLY THE EARLY IMPORTATION OF
[00:46:50] COFFEE AND WAS WAS IT MORE
[00:46:53] FRUITFUL TO LOOK AT LIKE THE
[00:46:56] IMPERIAL, YOU KNOW.
[00:47:00] LIKE THE SOURCES OF THE THE IMPERIALISM?
[00:47:02] OR WAS IT FRUITFUL TO LOOK AT
[00:47:06] LIKE THE COLONIES THEMSELVES IN THE WEST INDIES?
[00:47:10] OR WHERE WAS WHERE WAS YOUR RESEARCH?
[00:47:12] SO I SPEND A LOT OF TIME WITH
[00:47:15] BRITISH NAVAL OFFICE SHIPPING
[00:47:18] LESS, WHICH WHERE REQUIRED OR
[00:47:22] OUT OF OUT OF THE COLONIES ON A REGULAR BASIS TO BE SENT BACK TO LONDON TO DOCUMENT BOTH
[00:47:25] PRODUCTION LEVELS AND SALE LEVELS.
[00:47:27] AND THEY ARE NOW I THIS PROJECT TOOK A WHILE.
[00:47:31] I'M GOING TO TELL YOU, THIS PROJECT TOOK A WHILE. IN FACT, I WILL GO AHEAD AND SAY
[00:47:36] THAT IF THIS BOOK WERE A CHILD, IT WOULD NOW BE OF LEGAL
[00:47:39] DRINKING AGE.
[00:47:41] IRONIC FOR A COFFEE BOOK, RIGHT?
[00:47:45] BUT AND THE REASON WHY I'M TELLING YOU THIS IS IT WAS AFTER
[00:47:48] I HAD DONE MY RESEARCH ON THE NAVAL OFFICE SHIPPING LIST
[00:47:50] THROUGH A FANTASTIC FELLOWSHIP, WHICH ALLOWED ME TO GO TO LONDON AND STAY FOR SOME PERIOD OF TIME
[00:47:54] THAT THE NAVAL OFFICE SHIPPING LIST WERE DIGITIZED.
[00:47:58] YEAH, A GOOD FACT CHECKING, THOUGH.
[00:48:02] BUT I ALSO LOOKED AT COLONIAL REGISTERS BECAUSE THE NAVAL
[00:48:05] OFFICE SHIPPING LISTS WOULD TELL ME HOW MUCH COFFEE HAD BEEN PRODUCED AND WHERE IT HAD GONE,
[00:48:09] BUT MUCH COPY, AS I JUST MENTIONED WITH THAT EXAMPLE FOR
[00:48:13] WILLIAM WEST WAS RESHIFT WAS TRANSSHIPPED TO TWO DIFFERENT PLACES.
[00:48:16] SO THAT'S ONLY TO GET YOU THE FIRST PORT OF EMBARKATION.
[00:48:19] I SPENT A GOOD DEAL OF TIME AND THAT'S WHERE PLACES LIKE THE
[00:48:22] MCNEIL CENTER FOR EARLY AMERICAN STUDIES AND THE LIBRARY COMPANY
[00:48:24] OF PHILADELPHIA WERE SUCH BENEFICIAL SUPPORTERS OF THIS
[00:48:28] WORK. I SPENT A LOT OF TIME LOOKING AT
[00:48:30] MERCHANT RECORDS IN PHILADELPHIA.
[00:48:33] SO IT WAS BOTH SIDES OF THE EQUATION. HELLO.
[00:48:37] THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR YOUR WONDERFUL TALK.
[00:48:41] DID WE EVER TRY TO GROW COFFEE IN NORTH AMERICA?
[00:48:44] OH, THEY DID, YEAH. THANK YOU.
[00:48:47] I APPRECIATE THAT. THE ANSWER IS YES.
[00:48:51] WE TRIED SEVERAL TIMES.
[00:48:53] MY FAVORITE EXAMPLE IS FROM
[00:48:58] 1821, AND IT WAS UNDERTAKEN BY A
[00:49:00] MAN NAMED PIERRE SCALZO, WHO
[00:49:04] CAME TO THE NORTH AMERICA FROM SAINT-DOMINGUE DURING THE
[00:49:07] HAITIAN REVOLUTION. HE LATER ANGLICIZED HIS NAME TO
[00:49:10] PETER STEVEN CHAZELLE.
[00:49:12] BUT HE HE WRITES THIS PETITION
[00:49:17] FIRST IN 1819 TO THE U.S. CONGRESS, WHICH THIS IS AFTER
[00:49:21] THE UNITED STATES HAS HAD HAD ACQUIRED FLORIDA.
[00:49:25] HE WRITES THIS PETITION TO
[00:49:26] CONGRESS WITH THE BACKING OF
[00:49:29] SEVERAL OTHER WHAT HE CALLS TRUE
[00:49:31] NATIONAL PATRIOTS, ALTHOUGH A NUMBER OF THEM HAVE FRENCH
[00:49:35] SURNAMES FOR THE EAST FLORIDA COFFEE LAND ASSOCIATION.
[00:49:40] AND HE WANTS 50,000 ACRES OF
[00:49:43] LAND NEAR KEY LARGO TO TRY
[00:49:45] EXPERIMENTING WITH A VARIETY OF
[00:49:47] TROPICAL CROPS, INCLUDING, AS THEIR NAME WOULD INDICATE, THE
[00:49:50] EAST FLORIDA COFFEE LAND ASSOCIATION. COFFEE, RIGHT.
[00:49:55] THEIR PETITION, HIS FANTASTIC.
[00:49:57] AND IT INCLUDES A HUGE AMOUNT OF DATA ABOUT HOW MUCH COFFEE WAS
[00:50:00] COMING IN TO NORTH AMERICA, ABOUT WHAT THE GROWING CONDITIONS WERE IN TERMS OF
[00:50:05] LONGITUDE AND LATITUDE. IT REALLY COUCHES ITSELF IN THIS
[00:50:10] PATRIOTIC LANGUAGE. ALL RIGHT. THIS WILL BE DOING A NATIONAL
[00:50:13] BENEFIT FOR THE NATIONAL GOOD BY REDUCING OUR FOREIGN DEPENDENCY.
[00:50:16] THERE'S EVEN AN EXPEDITION WHEN THERE'S EVEN AN EXPEDITION THAT
[00:50:21] LEAVES FROM PHILADELPHIA AND GOES DOWN TO KEY LARGO. AND THERE'S RECORDS AND
[00:50:26] NEWSPAPER, AS ARE WHERE THEY ARRIVE AND HOW PEOPLE RESPOND. THEY CHANGE THEIR NAME TO THE
[00:50:30] UNITED STATES COFFEE ASSOCIATION, BECOMING EVEN MORE
[00:50:35] PATRIOTIC. IN ALL OF THIS MATERIAL. IT ASTOUNDS ME THAT WHILE
[00:50:38] THEY'RE LOOKING THIS WAY AND THEY'RE LOOKING THIS WAY,
[00:50:42] THEY'RE NOT LOOKING THIS WAY. RIGHT.
[00:50:46] COFFEE GROWS BEST AT 2000FT ABOVE SEA LEVEL.
[00:50:49] IT GROWS EVEN BETTER AT 4000FT ABOVE SEA LEVEL.
[00:50:53] WOULD ANYONE LIKE TO GUESS WHAT
[00:50:55] THE AVERAGE ABOVE SEA LEVEL IS IN KEY LARGO? AS NOW.
[00:50:59] GOOD. IT'S NOT GOOD.
[00:51:02] GARVIE WOULD NEVER HAVE SUCCEEDED THERE. THERE WERE SEVERAL OTHER
[00:51:06] EXPERIMENTERS WHO TRIED PLANTING COFFEE TREES, BUT WE JUST DON'T
[00:51:10] HAVE THE RIGHT CLIMATE FOR GROWING. IT CERTAINLY NOT ON A LARGE COMMERCIAL LEVEL.
[00:51:14] AND THERE WERE EFFORTS TO TRY TO FIND COFFEE SUBSTITUTES.
[00:51:17] THERE WERE STATE AND FEDERAL BOTANICAL COMPETITIONS.
[00:51:21] THEY WOULD LOOK AT THINGS LIKE TOASTED RYE, CHICORY, CHICORY
[00:51:24] THAT WAS STUCK AROUND FOR SOME
[00:51:26] FOR SOME TIME OR OR OR ROASTED
[00:51:31] POTATOES. NONE OF THESE WERE OUT THERE VERY BAD.
[00:51:35] VERY BAD. BUT THERE WERE SOME REAL INTEREST. EVEN GEORGE WASHINGTON BECOMES
[00:51:40] INTERESTED AND THOMAS JEFFERSON BECOMES INTERESTED IN SOMETHING THEY CALL KENTUCKY COFFEE FOR A
[00:51:44] WHILE, THESE HUGE NUTS THAT GROW ON A TREE AND THEY THINK MAYBE IF THEY GRIND THESE, THEY CAN
[00:51:48] GET SOMETHING NOW. NOW THEY REALLY CAN. COFFEE WAS HERE TO STAY AND
[00:51:52] IMPORTING IT WAS THE ONLY WAY TO GET IT.
[00:51:53] THANK YOU FOR THE QUESTION.
[00:51:58] ALL RIGHT. GREAT PRESENTATION. I BOUGHT YOUR BOOK. OH, THANK YOU.
[00:52:01] I STARTED READING IT. I REALLY ENJOYING IT.
[00:52:04] I GOT THE IMPRESSION IN THE FIRST CHAPTER SO THAT I'M JUST
[00:52:08] NOW IN THAT NOT ONLY EARLY ON
[00:52:12] WAS THE USE OF AN ENGINE FOR
[00:52:14] GROWING DEMAND, BUT THAT SOMEHOW
[00:52:18] DISTRIBUTION LATER GLOBALLY WAS
[00:52:21] SOMETHING THAT THE U.S. WAS VERY GOOD AT. YOU TALK ABOUT THAT JUST FOR A SECOND.
[00:52:25] YEAH, ABSOLUTELY.
[00:52:27] WHAT YOU'RE REFERRING TO IS THE EXPORT TRADE.
[00:52:30] SO THE UNITED STATES IMPORTED MORE COFFEE THAN ANY OTHER COUNTRY.
[00:52:35] BY 1850. BUT IT ALSO REFLECTS BOARDED
[00:52:38] COFFEE AROUND THE WORLD. AND THE ULTIMATE TAKEAWAY, AT
[00:52:42] ONE POINT IT WAS COFFEE, THIS ONE COMMODITY. IT OUTSTRIPPED SALES IN SUGAR.
[00:52:46] IT OUTSTRIPPED SALES, AND IN WINE IT OUTSTRIPPED COMBINED A
[00:52:49] VARIETY OF DIFFERENT COMMODITIES. IT APPLIED.
[00:52:52] IT WAS EQUIVALENT OF 15% OF OUR
[00:52:56] REEXPORT TRADE INCOME. THIS IS A HUGE AMOUNT OF OUR TRADE INCOME FOR SOMETHING WE
[00:53:00] CAN'T PRODUCE, RIGHT? MY MOST OF OUR REEXPORT GOODS
[00:53:04] WERE VERY SMALL, MINOR INDUSTRIES. MOST OF OUR SHIPPING ABROAD WAS
[00:53:07] IN THINGS WE WE MADE THINGS. WE GREW.
[00:53:11] THAT COFFEE BECAME SUCH A PROMISE AND REEXPORT A COMMODITY.
[00:53:15] AND STILL IS.
[00:53:16] BY THE WAY, WAS PHENOMENAL.
[00:53:20] THAT'S WHY I HAD A REAL ARGUMENT WITH MY MY PUBLISHER.
[00:53:24] I LIKE THIS IS A GOOD TITLE. THERE'S A GOOD JOB THAT MY HUSBAND FOR THIS TITLE. WHERE IS HE?
[00:53:27] THERE IS, I THINK MY HUSBAND FOR THIS TITLE. I WANTED TO CALL IT CAFFEINE
[00:53:30] DEPENDANCE BECAUSE TO ME IT'S A
[00:53:33] GOOD ONE TO WRITE.
[00:53:35] TO ME, REALLY WHAT THIS THIS
[00:53:38] BOOK IS ABOUT IS HOW THE UNITED STATES NOT JUST BECAME DEPENDENT
[00:53:42] ON COFFEE AS A BEVERAGE, BUT BECAME DEPENDENT ON COFFEE AS AN ECONOMY.
[00:53:47] RIGHT. AND IT STILL PLAYS A MAJOR ROLE IN OUR CULTURE.
[00:53:50] AND WITH OUR RELATIONSHIPS AROUND THE WORLD.
[00:53:55] HEY, MICHELLE. MUCH. OH, HEY.
[00:53:58] OH, I WON'T BE SURPRISED TO HEAR THIS QUESTION FOR ME.
[00:54:01] WHAT WAS OUR OUR GOAL THINKING WITH THE SUGAR AND THE EGG
[00:54:06] WHITES BEFORE ROASTING?
[00:54:08] SO IT WAS WHILE IT WAS ROSY, IT
[00:54:11] CREATED A SHEEN. AND HE THOUGHT A PROTECTIVE
[00:54:14] BARRIER IS NOT AS CRAZY AS IT SOUNDS. IF YOU LOOK AT EARLIER COOKBOOKS
[00:54:17] FROM THE LATE 18TH AND EARLY 19TH CENTURY, YOU SEE A VARIETY
[00:54:21] OF VERY ODD WAYS TO PREPARE COFFEE. BUTTER WAS ONE THAT WAS USED AND
[00:54:24] ROASTING HAD BEEN USED IN ROASTING FOR QUITE A PERIOD OF TIME. HIS INNOVATION WAS ADDING IT
[00:54:28] WITH CONFECTIONERS SUGAR AND CREATING THIS GLAZE A HARD GLAZE
[00:54:32] THAT WAS ON THE ROASTED BEANS THAT HE THOUGHT CREATED A
[00:54:34] PROTECTIVE BARRIER. MY LEAST FAVORITE, THOUGH NOT
[00:54:38] UNCOMMON. MY LEAST FAVORITE EXAMPLE OF A
[00:54:41] COFFEE RECIPE WAS THE ADDITION OF ICING GLASS, WHICH IS MADE
[00:54:44] FROM THE SWIM BLADDERS OF STURGEON.
[00:54:50] IT CREATES IT WAS LIKE A GELATIN. SO IT CREATED KIND OF AN
[00:54:53] AFFIXING ACROSS THE COFFEE BEANS. BUT IF IT'S ALL THE SAME WITH YOU, I THINK I'LL TAKE MY COFFEE
[00:54:57] WITHOUT A SIDE OF FISH. ALL RIGHT.
[00:55:01] WE HAVE ONE FINAL QUESTION. HI.
[00:55:04] THANK YOU FOR THIS WONDERFUL PRESENTATION.
[00:55:07] I'M CURIOUS ABOUT ARBUCKLE.
[00:55:09] YOU SAID THAT HE SHIPPED DIRECTLY.
[00:55:12] WAS THAT UP THE MISSISSIPPI AND THE OHIO? HOW DOES HE HOW DID HE SHOW?
[00:55:16] NOW, BY THAT TIME, IT'S AN EXCELLENT QUESTION BY THAT TIME,
[00:55:19] HE HAD EXPANDED. HE HAD PROCESSING PLANTS IN A VARIETY OF PORT CITY IS MOST
[00:55:22] NOTABLY NEW YORK. SO HE WAS ABLE TO SHIP DIRECTLY
[00:55:26] TO THE EAST COAST AND THEN REDISTRIBUTE THE PROCESS IN
[00:55:29] PLACES OTHER OTHER OTHER IN OTHER CITIES IN NORTH AMERICA.
[00:55:32] BUT THANK YOU FOR THE QUESTION. THANK YOU ALL SO MUCH FOR
[00:55:36] JOINING ME THIS EVENING.
[00:55:49] TODAY, PRESIDENT TRUMP WILL AWARD THE CREW OF THE ARTEMUS,
[00:55:52] TOO, WITH A CONGRESSIONAL SPACE MEDAL OF HONOR. THE CREW TRAVELED A RECORD
[00:55:55] DISTANCE FROM EARTH OF OVER
[00:55:58] 250,000 MILES AND WERE THE FIRST TO LEAVE LOW EARTH ORBIT SINCE
[00:56:01] THE APOLLO 17 MISSION BACK IN 1972.
[00:56:04] WATCH LIVE FROM THE WHITE HOUSE AT 11 A.M. EASTERN ON C-SPAN THREE.
[00:56:08] C-SPAN NOW OUR FREE MOBILE APP
[00:56:10] AND ONLINE AT C-SPAN DOT ORG.
[00:56:17] TODAY ON C-SPAN. CEASE FIRE. A BIPARTISAN AND DISCUSSION ON THE STATE OF POLITICS TODAY.
[00:56:22] THE FUTURE OF BOTH PARTIES AND THE MIDTERM ELECTIONS. FEATURING FORMER NEW HAMPSHIRE
[00:56:25] REPUBLICAN GOVERNOR CHRIS SUNUNU AND FORMER NORTH DAKOTA DEMOCRATIC SENATOR HEIDI
[00:56:29] HEITKAMP. JOINED BY POLITICO PLAYBOOK COAUTHOR AND CEASEFIRE HOST
[00:56:33] DASHA BURNS. THEY'LL ALSO DISCUSS THEIR JOINT EFFORTS TO TACKLE CHALLENGES IN
[00:56:36] RURAL COMMUNITIES. WATCH CEASEFIRE TODAY AT 7 P.M.
[00:56:40] AND 10 P.M. EASTERN AND PACIFIC. ONLY ON C-SPAN.
[00:56:47] AMERICAN HISTORY TV SATURDAYS ON
[00:56:50] C-SPAN TWO EXPLORING THE PEOPLE AND EVENTS THAT TELL THE
[00:56:53] AMERICAN STORY. AT 1:30 P.M. EASTERN, WE'LL TAKE
[00:56:57] YOU ON A TOUR OF THE IOWA STATE FAIR FOR A LOOK AT THE ANNUAL
[00:56:59] CELEBRATION'S FAMOUS LANDMARKS.
[00:57:01] STORIES FROM THE FAIR'S PAST AND
[00:57:03] AN UP CLOSE ENCOUNTER WITH THE ICONIC BUTTER COW.
[00:57:07] LATER, A HISTORICAL TOUR OF THE MARINE BARRACKS IN WASHINGTON,
[00:57:10] D.C., HOME OF THE PRESIDENTS OWN U.S. MARINE BAND. YOU'LL HEAR FROM THE BAND'S DRUM
[00:57:14] MAJOR AND THEN SEE THE WEEKLY DRILL PARADE AND CONCERT OF THE
[00:57:18] MARINE CORPS AT 5 P.M. EASTERN. AND THEN AT 7:30 P.M. EASTERN,
[00:57:21] AS PART OF OUR IN PURSUIT SERIES
[00:57:23] ON PRESIDENTIAL LEADERSHIP, JOURNALISTS AND HISTORIANS
[00:57:26] REFLECT ON THE LEGACIES OF PRESIDENT WARREN HARDING, FIRST
[00:57:29] LADY FLORENCE HARDING, PRESIDENT WOODROW WILSON AND FIRST LADY EDITH WILSON.
[00:57:34] EXPLORING THE AMERICAN STORY. WATCH AMERICAN HISTORY TV.
[00:57:38] SATURDAYS ON C-SPAN TWO AND FIND THE FULL SCHEDULE ON YOUR
[00:57:41] PROGRAM, GUY OR WATCH ONLINE ANYTIME AT C-SPAN.
[00:57:45] DAWGS. HISTORY.
[00:57:48] GOOD AFTERNOON. MY NAME IS ALLISON BAINBRIDGE
[00:57:51] AND I AM THRILLED TO WELCOME YOU
[00:57:54] AS WELL AS OUR AUTHORS, TO BOOK PASSAGE FOR THIS DELICIOUS
[00:57:58] AUTHOR EVENT IN CELEBRATION OF