M1 — Magyar elsok
20261012 004500 UTC
246 transcript segments
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Machine transcription. Treat it as a searchable index of what was broadcast, not a verbatim quotation record.

[00:00:00] Formula 1 American we in the desert, Grand Prix. The this is only the first. live on M4 Thousands of kilometers race weekend I don't know. Sport. Where are of danger, and
[00:01:03] Volt aki a Grófi címerét adta be, volt aki az utolsó
[00:01:07] ágyneműjét, varrógépet, bölcsőt,
[00:01:10] parókát, aranycipőt, ősi kardot is tettek már a becsüsök
[00:01:13] elé, sőt igazi aranykoronát is zálogba adtak
[00:01:16] már, de hol és mikor nyílt meg az
[00:01:20] első magyar zálogház, nyomozzanak velünk, egy-két
[00:01:24] one or two strange
[00:01:26] stories and secrets.
[00:01:34] you have? 15.60,
[00:01:46] Almost at the same time as the emergence
[00:01:49] of money, pawnbroking appeared. However, interest rates
[00:01:52] sometimes reached 60-70%.
[00:01:56] The Catholic Church and monastic
[00:01:58] orders also launched a fight
[00:02:01] against usurious pawnbroking. This is
[00:02:04] how the first pawn shop was established in
[00:02:08] 1462 in Perugia, Italy, founded by a Franciscan
[00:02:12] monk named Barnabas. Here, we had to
[00:02:15] wait a few hundred years longer. We, Maria
[00:02:18] Theresa, by the grace of God, widowed Roman
[00:02:21] Empress, Queen of Hungary, Bohemia,
[00:02:25] Dalmatia, Croatia, Slovenia,
[00:02:28] Apostolic Queen.
[00:02:31] "Since the beginning of our reign, we
[00:02:34] have neglected nothing that we deemed good
[00:02:37] for the purpose of elevating the
[00:02:40] welfare of our particularly beloved Hungarian kingdom. We are in
[00:02:44] 1773. The Vienna pawn shop has been operating
[00:02:48] for nearly 70 years. In Hungary, since
[00:02:51] money owners lent at very high, often
[00:02:54] usurious interest rates against pledges,
[00:02:57] emboldened by the success of the Vienna pawn shop,
[00:03:00] a royal, or in today's terms, state pawn
[00:03:03] shop was also desired in Pozsony (Bratislava).
[00:03:07] Forced by momentary need, they were compelled
[00:03:10] to pawn their belongings, and in such cases, they
[00:03:14] received only about a third
[00:03:16] So anyone who brings of the value of the pawn. In addition, those
[00:03:20] who took items in pawn also often demanded
[00:03:24] even more under the guise of a so-called
[00:03:27] gift right, thus forcing those who pawned
[00:03:31] in some cases. to pay a higher interest
[00:03:33] rate than allowed. Often, the pawners
[00:03:37] did not receive any receipt from
[00:03:40] the pawnbrokers regarding
[00:03:43] when they could redeem their
[00:03:46] pawn after a certain period. The establishment
[00:03:49] of the Pozsony (Bratislava) pawn shop was justified
[00:03:53] not only by usurious interest rates but
[00:03:57] also by the fact that at that time, there were no savings banks
[00:04:00] or banks operating
[00:04:04] in the territory of the Hungarian kingdom. Loans against
[00:04:07] pledges were only provided by private
[00:04:10] individuals.
[00:04:12] An silver cigarette case, seven
[00:04:16] crowns, a silver anchor watch with
[00:04:19] five rubies, twelve crowns, a stuffed otter, ten
[00:04:23] crowns. What is this again,
[00:04:27] I don't know, Malika was in the shop this
[00:04:30] the stuffed otter?
[00:04:33] Here it is. You gave ten
[00:04:36] crowns for this rat? Well... You made
[00:04:39] another excellent deal. Hertelendi said
[00:04:43] it's worth a hundred. Who is that
[00:04:47] Hertelendi? A student, he said he urgently
[00:04:49] needed to go inherit, because his mare
[00:04:52] is very ill, and he must travel there immediately,
[00:04:56] because if he misses the train, he won't
[00:05:00] inherit anything. And I felt so
[00:05:04] sorry for him, he spoke so beautifully. One
[00:05:07] day I will ruin myself. A pawnbroker
[00:05:11] cannot feel sorry for anyone. In this
[00:05:13] way, we will establish a pawn shop in our
[00:05:17] city of Pozsony, providing it with
[00:05:20] financial assistance for a short period.
[00:05:22] We also find it useful to create
[00:05:26] a so-called relief fund from the profits
[00:05:29] of this pawn shop for the benefit of other
[00:05:33] useful public institutions, such
[00:05:36] as the correctional facility in Szemc,
[00:05:40] or the aforementioned
[00:05:42] Pozsony hospital. On August
[00:05:46] 23, 1773,
[00:05:47] Maria Theresa,
[00:05:51] reigning in the spirit of enlightened
[00:05:54] absolutism, signed the Latin-language
[00:05:56] sealed privilege of the Pozsony pawn
[00:06:00] shop. The very extensive document was inscribed
[00:06:03] by careful hands on 20 fine
[00:06:07] vellum pages and bound in gilded red
[00:06:10] leather. The treasury undertook the founding
[00:06:13] capital of the pawn house, valued at
[00:06:16] 12,2600 Forints, without repayment
[00:06:19] obligation. Do they take portraits?
[00:06:23] No. Clothes?
[00:06:26] No. Dishes?
[00:06:30] No fragile dishes, no clothes, no household
[00:06:33] items are accepted as collateral.
[00:06:37] But no military equipment, nor the
[00:06:40] Golden Fleece Order and the Order of
[00:06:44] Saint Stephen's
[00:06:50] decorations. The founding document
[00:06:54] precisely and in detail defined the
[00:06:57] rules for handling pawned items and the
[00:07:01] operation of the pawn shop. The maximum
[00:07:04] duration for pawning was set at one
[00:07:07] year and six weeks. How much do
[00:07:11] you usually get for Napoleon? 12 pengő.
[00:07:14] 12. I always said that the great
[00:07:16] foundations of
[00:07:19] history are not appreciated. I can't
[00:07:23] take this, please, I can't take this.
[00:07:27] Last time they brought one, and it turned
[00:07:29] out during the sealing that it
[00:07:33] doesn't work. It doesn't work, please
[00:07:36] blow into it. Well, I beg your
[00:07:39] pardon, but I'm not going to
[00:07:47] combine here, you blow into it.
[00:07:50] The pawn shop's headquarters was not
[00:07:54] accidentally Pozsony (Bratislava), the Hungarian capital
[00:07:57] of the time, which not only housed the
[00:08:01] parliament, but was also a center for
[00:08:04] trade, guild industry and emerging early
[00:08:08] manufactures. Thus, among the customers,
[00:08:11] not only members of the poorer strata
[00:08:15] could be found, but also a part of the
[00:08:18] envoys appearing at the parliaments, their
[00:08:22] accompanying young men, soldiers, urban
[00:08:25] and state officials, and even the wealthier
[00:08:28] members of the wealthy and landed classes
[00:08:31] were not absent. Give me my wedding
[00:08:34] ring immediately. I'll bring it immediately,
[00:08:38] but why is it so urgent? My husband is coming
[00:08:41] home tonight. In the 1780s,
[00:08:45] with the rapid development
[00:08:48] of Buda and Pest, Pozsony gradually
[00:08:51] became a second fiddle. Therefore,
[00:08:55] Joseph II decided to relocate the
[00:08:59] pawn shop to Buda. On June 1, 1787,
[00:09:02] the Buda Pawn Shop began its operation
[00:09:06] in the Water Town.
[00:09:07] I saw those
[00:09:10] Nádor-type artists again. Come in.
[00:09:14] The business of the Pawn Shop is
[00:09:17] only increasing. Didn't you hear
[00:09:21] the captain of the guard? No. According
[00:09:24] to the captain of the guard, the
[00:09:27] guardsmen have already pawned everything
[00:09:30] they could. The extent of pawning
[00:09:33] is such that it was addressed in
[00:09:36] a daily order. The office staff
[00:09:40] were considered high-ranking state
[00:09:43] officials, and accordingly, they had to take an
[00:09:47] oath upon their appointment, the fact
[00:09:51] of which was recorded in the juramentum
[00:09:54] volume, and in some positions, in addition
[00:09:57] to the oath, they also had to deposit
[00:10:00] a very significant security. Between
[00:10:04] February 10 and April 21, 1802,
[00:10:07] the pawn shop, which by then bore
[00:10:11] the name Royal Inner City Pawn Shop,
[00:10:15] moved from Buda to Pest, near the University building,
[00:10:18] into a large, ugly
[00:10:22] building that was once a monastery
[00:10:57] until Joseph II dissolved the Clarissa
[00:11:00] order operating there. A vase, 30
[00:11:04] fillér, 30 fillér for this rarity.
[00:11:07] Is it a rarity? I see so many
[00:11:11] of these every day, like, like, like
[00:11:15] the blades of grass in the sky.
[00:11:17] But you said 60 fillérs earlier. I
[00:11:21] said 60 fillérs earlier, yes, that's
[00:11:23] different. "If I already said 60
[00:11:27] fillérs, well, I don't mind, let
[00:11:30] it be 50. Good day, goodbye."
[00:11:33] Good day, uncle, original
[00:11:36] Herendi. And how much will this
[00:11:40] be for the gentlemen? I told you it's
[00:11:43] original, right? Here's the brand, you can
[00:11:47] check it. It will cost you, own
[00:11:50] price, 20 pengő, I said it now,
[00:11:54] well, oh, we don't have that much money
[00:11:56] anyway, how much do
[00:11:59] and two small ducks, leave
[00:12:02] them here, a gift for an original
[00:12:05] Dutch vase, good day, good
[00:12:09] day, hello, the two small sections,
[00:12:12] yes, generally... customers silently
[00:12:15] with lowered heads slipped through the
[00:12:18] side street and looked around stealthily
[00:12:22] before entering. The Pesti Hírlap
[00:12:26] wrote in 1931. There was no excitement.
[00:12:29] After a few minutes, with the
[00:12:33] borrowed money in their pockets, they
[00:12:36] were back on the street. And now,
[00:12:40] with heads held high, they enter
[00:12:43] our place with loud voices. They greet
[00:12:47] us cheerfully if they meet an acquaintance,
[00:12:50] but they haggle for a long time,
[00:12:53] irritably. Not infrequently, thoughtless
[00:12:57] expressions are heard. In such
[00:13:00] cases, the policeman is at hand. We
[00:13:03] already have a separate guard room. Criminals
[00:13:07] also appeared very quickly around
[00:13:10] the pawn shops. I would like to
[00:13:13] highlight two more interesting moments
[00:13:16] from this. On the one hand, from a
[00:13:19] very early period, that is, from the
[00:13:23] second half of the 1800s, those
[00:13:26] who today would be called fences appeared,
[00:13:30] who bought up pawn tickets, because
[00:13:34] it is well known that a pawn ticket
[00:13:38] is for the bearer.
[00:13:41] it in can redeem it. This business
[00:13:44] branch was built on the fact that
[00:13:47] the owner of the pawned item, upon
[00:13:50] redemption, was generally unable to pay
[00:13:56] Furthermore, a separate industry emerged,
[00:14:00] the production of so-called pawn
[00:14:03] shop jewelry. This was based on placing
[00:14:07] jewelry similar to the original,
[00:14:10] but preferably of reduced value,
[00:14:13] in the pawn shop, deceiving the appraiser,
[00:14:16] and thereby obtaining money. In many
[00:14:20] cases, it also had a real value-preserving
[00:14:24] function. A middle-class layer emerged that
[00:14:27] did not want to store its valuables
[00:14:31] in its own home for a specified
[00:14:35] period. For example, during the summer,
[00:14:38] furs and more valuable carpets were placed
[00:14:41] there, or in case of a vacation,
[00:14:45] jewelry, often a large quantity of
[00:14:48] jewelry, was also deposited in the pawn shop, where
[00:14:52] care was taken to preserve their value,
[00:14:56] to ensure that they were in suitable
[00:14:59] condition, in their original form,
[00:15:02] handled, de-tasseled, dusted, so all
[00:15:06] those functions were performed that would
[00:15:09] otherwise have to be performed in a
[00:15:12] family environment.
[00:15:46] There is a very cute story about
[00:15:49] a lady who wanted to pawn her family's
[00:15:52] count's coat of arms,
[00:15:54] and there was a gentleman, this must
[00:15:58] have been in the 30s, who brought a fur coat, when... and the appraiser announced that he could give X amount for the foalskin coat, and the gentleman indignantly said, "What do you think, you want to give such a small amount for my Don Carlos coat?" As it turned out, his horse was named Don Carlos. But there are always special pawn items, for example, there was a family who brought us a gold crown to pawn, adorned with precious stones, diamonds, rubies, emeralds, sapphires, and well, this really has a great value. Unfortunately, there are not only cheerful stories in the pawn shop, but also sad family tragedies, when families leave their assets, and the items end up in public auctions. This could happen not only in the 30s, but even today. The first Hungarian pawn shop survived the storms of history, the 48-49 War of Independence, the dissolution of the monarchy, world wars, and even the 1950s, when it was announced that there was no longer any need for pawn shops, since the worker receives a regular wage. After several transformations, while maintaining legal continuity, the first Hungarian pawn shop, now called BÁV RT, still exists today.