N1BOS — broadcast
20260808 233000 UTC
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[00:00:13] in
[00:00:18] Behind Wales songs lie huge, powerful brains, the
[00:00:22] biggest on the planet, in fact and studies reveal
[00:00:25] a close link between these and their highly developed social
[00:00:28] behavior. Wales live in tight-nick groups, pass on
[00:00:32] knowledge each other and display cooperative behavior when they're
[00:00:36] hunting, for
[00:00:51] often hunting teams using a very special
[00:00:53] technique, the key element of which are those circles of bubbles
[00:00:57] on the water
[00:00:59] of surface. The whales dive deep below their prey,
[00:01:03] schools of fish. Once in the right position, they swim in
[00:01:06] circles while releasing bursts of air. In the process, they
[00:01:10] of create rising and disorientating net of
[00:01:13] bubbles. For the
[00:01:17] fish, visual and physical barrier.
[00:01:21] As the predators circle inward, so does the cylindrical net,
[00:01:25] and their prey cluster closer and closer together until the decisive
[00:01:29] in moment when the... whales shoot up vertically, open their mouths
[00:01:32] and scoop up masses of
[00:01:35] fish. Bubble
[00:01:39] net feeding is not innate, but in acquired skill passed down
[00:01:42] through generations. A 2026 study indicates that this
[00:01:46] knowledge is also transferred between different
[00:01:49] populations. When Wales from Alaska
[00:01:52] entered Canadian Waters, they brought the technique with them,
[00:01:56] passing it to other huntbacks in British Columbia that either did not the
[00:02:00] practice or who had forgotten it over
[00:02:05] of
[00:02:06] in time, but if wales are so smart, why do we hear regular reports
[00:02:10] of them getting stranded? studies suggest that this actually has
[00:02:14] something to do with the sun, like migratory birds, whales
[00:02:18] use the earth's magnetic field to navigate, and the strength of
[00:02:21] that field can fluctuate when exposed to high levels of
[00:02:24] radiation, like from solar storms for
[00:02:27] example. a European, space mission is
[00:02:31] currently looking into that, investigating the interaction between
[00:02:34] solar storms and the earth's magnetic
[00:02:39] in of field. These rays from the sun could knock out power grids in minutes,
[00:02:43] but a mysterious invisible barrier protects earth.
[00:02:47] Scientists from China and Europe are a mission to find out how
[00:02:50] that shield really works. It's called Smile, a rare
[00:02:54] cooperation in today's geopolitical landscape. Smile is very
[00:02:58] interesting mission, that's... Josephbacher, the head
[00:03:01] of the European space agency, it really measures the
[00:03:04] interaction
[00:03:05] of the sun with the earth magnetosphere, the
[00:03:08] of small of scientific consortium has 200 scientists from across Europe
[00:03:12] and across China, and this is Carol Mondell, Esa's
[00:03:16] science director, working together to ask ask
[00:03:19] these big questions for which we need new answers. The sun bathes
[00:03:23] our planet in warmth and light, but its surface can also
[00:03:27] erupt, sending waves of dangerously... charged
[00:03:30] particles rushing towards earth at hundreds of kilometers per
[00:03:34] second. Without our protective magnetosphere, which diverts most
[00:03:37] of them, we wouldn't survive. The coupling between the sun and the earth is
[00:03:41] critically important for life on earth. Smile, the solar
[00:03:45] wind magnetosphere ionosphere Link Explorer is to gather
[00:03:49] data on this critically important process. From a highly
[00:03:53] elliptical orbit, the four instruments on board the research
[00:03:57] in satellite will provide a global bird's eye view. of how the
[00:04:01] charged particles interact with our planet's protective magnetic
[00:04:04] shield, understanding that is crucial in the modern
[00:04:07] era. we have astronauts living on the international space
[00:04:12] in station, we have much of modern society now is evolving
[00:04:15] to have its infrastructure in space, our satellites,
[00:04:18] telecommunications, much of our infrastructure and also our ground-based
[00:04:22] infrastructure in terms of electrical subsystems. all are
[00:04:26] vulnerable after
[00:04:27] of in flares explode on the sun's surface. with the energy of millions of
[00:04:31] nuclear bombs, improving our
[00:04:34] of ability to predict the space weather they cause is another goal
[00:04:37] of the milestone sino European mission, but it
[00:04:41] might be the last such milestone we see for a
[00:04:44] while. Space missions allow nations to
[00:04:48] make powerful statements, though agencies often cooperate to
[00:04:52] realize them. That spreads the significant costs,
[00:04:55] risks and expertise required to launch them. Esa
[00:04:59] and China's space agency have worked together in the
[00:05:03] past. Around decade ago, there were joint training
[00:05:06] exercises involving Chinese and European
[00:05:09] astronauts. Other projects included the
[00:05:12] dragon program for earth observation and the change lunar
[00:05:16] missions, but then back in 2023,
[00:05:20] ease's director general said his agency was no longer
[00:05:23] planning to send astronauts to China's Tiangong space
[00:05:27] station, and rising geopolitical tensions make
[00:05:30] more such exchanges seem unlikely anytime
[00:05:34] soon. At the moment it is not planned to resume this
[00:05:37] cooperation, yes it was discussed in the past, but we
[00:05:41] are discussing. cooperation of astronaut flights in
[00:05:44] particular uh with our friends and partners in the United
[00:05:48] States. In the geopolitical landscape, divisions
[00:05:51] have grown wider and deeper over the last decade. We've seen
[00:05:55] a fundamental transition into
[00:05:59] way that we perceive China. Dennis Simon is an
[00:06:02] expert on international science and technology issues. China
[00:06:06] is a strategic threat to the
[00:06:09] well-being or future well-being the United. united states
[00:06:13] and uh President Trump is trying to convince uh
[00:06:17] the Europeans the same thing that they want to look at China with much more
[00:06:21] skepticism. In 2025, the EU
[00:06:25] announced it would be borring Chinese participation in its
[00:06:28] critical tech programs, including AI,
[00:06:32] semiconductors and space. Funded cooperation with
[00:06:36] China will only remain possible in less crucial areas like
[00:06:40] climate and agriculture. some analysts
[00:06:44] worry that could fragment the global research landscape even
[00:06:48] more, placing further limits on European access to
[00:06:51] Chinese talent and innovation and vice versa. what we could
[00:06:55] end up with is bifurcation of international
[00:06:59] science and technology affairs, which means that there'll be a
[00:07:03] system dominated by China and a bunch of countries like the bricks
[00:07:06] countries and
[00:07:08] the belt and road countries etc. and then we have the other side with the
[00:07:12] United States, Europe and Japan, and those two systems
[00:07:16] would coexist, but they would exist a tension that
[00:07:20] would not benefit either side. But, at least for
[00:07:24] now, European and Chinese space scientists will have reason
[00:07:27] to smile as they continue to work together a
[00:07:31] unique joint
[00:07:32] mission.
[00:07:36] For a long time, teamwork was everything in space
[00:07:39] exploration with the ISS the ultimate.
[00:07:42] example: neither China nor India are
[00:07:46] involved, but both, along with Russia, want to reach the moon,
[00:07:50] though not as part the US Led Artemis mission. Exit
[00:07:53] teamwork, enter an all-out high-stakes race. It could
[00:07:57] soon get quite crowded on the lunar surface. But then, who wants to
[00:08:01] be all alone up
[00:08:02] there? At
[00:08:06] toloose University Hospitals simulation center, the French
[00:08:10] space agency, Kness, is
[00:08:42] simulated mars expeditions. I spent year in Antarctica
[00:08:46] carrying out biomedical experiments on living in extreme
[00:08:49] isolation, looking at what we need and the stress factors
[00:08:52] involved. What could we measure and what have been my personal
[00:08:56] experiences? Jessica spent year living in
[00:09:00] Antarctica with 12 other researchers, under conditions
[00:09:03] similar to those in space, extreme cold and total
[00:09:07] isolation. An experience that for the rest of
[00:09:11] us can be hard. to imagine,
[00:09:14] absolutely, spending an entire year together with 12 other people you
[00:09:18] barely know, really feeling the isolation and knowing that you can't
[00:09:22] leave or be evacuated, even a medical emergency,
[00:09:26] and yet at the same time also experiencing the beauty in that
[00:09:30] feeling of isolation, that's something I hadn't
[00:09:33] expected. living conditions
[00:09:37] there were harsh, the research station is located a valley at an
[00:09:41] elevation of 3 200 meters, temperatures can be as
[00:09:45] low as 80 degrees celsius and oxygen levels
[00:09:49] in the air are low too. And then there's the darkness, the
[00:09:52] months long polar night completely throws the body off
[00:09:56] balance. Jessica Schuder is now
[00:09:59] continuing her research here in Tolouse. Here too, she's interested
[00:10:03] in how the body and mind react in extreme
[00:10:06] situations. Sensors measure data like heart rate and oxygen
[00:10:10] supply to the brain. and even a one
[00:10:14] day mission can provide valuable
[00:10:16] insights.
[00:10:20] here we're focusing on multi-sensory stress factors: the wind,
[00:10:25] visual and acoustic input etc. we've observed
[00:10:29] that people can rapidly display a stress response when they're outside
[00:10:32] the usual environment. we want to
[00:10:35] simulate and measure that here a shorter, more intense
[00:10:39] way. the experiment
[00:10:42] begins. the scenario, the crew is a research
[00:10:46] station on mars entirely cut off from the outside
[00:10:49] world. adhearing strictly to protocol, the
[00:10:53] participants complete various. asks in one, they have to carry
[00:10:57] box very carefully through the narrow station, slight jolt and they
[00:11:01] have to start over. It's all about
[00:11:03] teamwork. Jessica Schuder
[00:11:07] records the participants data in real-time. She wants to find
[00:11:10] out whether their bodily functions are similar or even
[00:11:13] synchronized, in other words, whether the group enters a
[00:11:17] shared flow, like musicians in an
[00:11:20] orchestra. We've
[00:11:23] seen from studies with. drummers, for example, that performance
[00:11:27] improves when these parameters synchronize, and that's
[00:11:31] what we're interested in today. now it's time for
[00:11:35] two the participants to go a field mission. it takes an hour to
[00:11:39] get dressed and ready, and then they head out to collect rock
[00:11:43] samples. they're guided by the team leader at
[00:11:47] the station. when you find one, hold it up
[00:11:51] to the camera so that i can validate it.
[00:11:55] It's also an opportunity to practice the
[00:11:57] protocols, the task is broken down into
[00:12:01] steps, the
[00:12:04] simulation setting is fairly rudimentary, so how
[00:12:08] reliable will the results
[00:12:09] be?
[00:12:14] We know that humans can be easily thrown off course by additional
[00:12:18] visual or acustic input. RAM
[00:12:22] is to simulate that and measure the response using a range of
[00:12:25] physiological parameters as well as cognitive tests
[00:12:28] and later at the end the day
[00:12:30] questionaires. On Mars
[00:12:34] a storm is brewing, this makes their task harder to
[00:12:38] complete, and then the station loses
[00:12:41] contact with the field
[00:12:43] team.
[00:12:48] The team leader uses the standard protocols eventually get
[00:12:52] connected again, but no... sooner is that
[00:12:55] done, then the
[00:12:59] worst case scenario
[00:13:00] unfolds.
[00:13:07] We have a meteorite alert, return to base
[00:13:09] immediately.
[00:13:13] Explosions rock the martian surface, sending heart
[00:13:16] rates soaring. The field team makes it safely
[00:13:20] into the airlock and immediately undergoes tests,
[00:13:24] including cognitive performance. The
[00:13:27] initial results show that the field mission triggered severe stress
[00:13:31] reactions. During the explosion, the participants heart rates
[00:13:35] rose from 80 to over 130 beats per minute,
[00:13:39] and cognitive performance plumted. It
[00:13:43] felt surprisingly
[00:13:44] real.
[00:13:48] It was both interesting and tough. There were lot of
[00:13:52] unknowns.
[00:13:58] The most important thing was learning how to deal with those unknown
[00:14:01] factors.
[00:14:12] A different team is tested each day for a to repeat
[00:14:15] week. the process every year,
[00:14:18] is The refining plan and expanding the experiments each time, ready to one day head
[00:14:22] to Mars.
[00:14:26] unbedingt, absolutely. I've already done a year of isolation and would gladly do
[00:14:30] it again. I'd be open
[00:14:31] to taking on the challenge of mission to
[00:14:33] Mars. But it will
[00:14:37] be sometime before such mission actually takes place. After
[00:14:41] all, there's still the Artemis mission to complete, an exciting
[00:14:44] challenge in
[00:14:45] itself. It takes
[00:14:49] about seven months to get to Mars. Could those be spent
[00:14:53] asleep? Research is on... after all, many
[00:14:56] animals hibernate all winter. Something
[00:15:00] of Viwer Ali from Yemen was curious
[00:15:02] about. Why does some
[00:15:05] animals hibernate?
[00:15:09] Hibernation is a survival strategy, used primarily by smaller
[00:15:13] creatures due to their higher energy consumption, coupled with their greater
[00:15:17] sensitivity to the cold and food shortages during the
[00:15:20] winter. It affects hedgehogs to ground hogs and
[00:15:24] other marmots. and bats: these are the factors
[00:15:28] involved: first, the
[00:15:31] cold: when temperatures drop in winter, it takes a
[00:15:35] lot of energy to keep the body warm, which...
[00:15:37] is why hibernating animals drastically reduce their metabolic rate as well as
[00:15:41] their surface area. their body
[00:15:45] temperature, heart rate and breathing all plummet to a
[00:15:48] minimum as the animals go into low power mode. a
[00:15:52] hedgehog's breathing rate is normally 40 to 50 times a minute, but
[00:15:56] during hibernation it's just one or two, and their pulse
[00:16:00] also drops from 200 beats per minute to just
[00:16:03] five. another strategy to
[00:16:07] combat The cold is settling in sheltered places such as caves,
[00:16:11] crevices and burrows. The insulation these provide reduces
[00:16:14] heat loss, helping the animals to survive on minimal
[00:16:18] energy. Factor number two
[00:16:21] is food scarcity. With food in short supply
[00:16:25] during winter, hibernators build up substantial fat reserves
[00:16:29] beforehand. These serve as both a source of energy and again
[00:16:33] as insulation. During hibernation, the animals can live off
[00:16:37] fat stores for many months. Foraging for
[00:16:41] food would consume more energy than the food itself
[00:16:44] provides. And third,
[00:16:48] the animal's biorhythms. Hibernation follows an
[00:16:52] internal body clock that's aligned with the changing
[00:16:55] seasons. Hormones and the amount of daylight determine when
[00:16:59] an animal begins and ends its winter dormancy.
[00:17:03] Milder winters can disrupt that rhythm and lead to hibernation ending
[00:17:06] prematurely. which can have serious consequences if there's not enough food
[00:17:10] available yet; hibernating animals do not sleep
[00:17:13] continuously during this period, however
[00:17:16] and wake up briefly at regular intervals. badgers and bears
[00:17:20] are light hibernators where the bodily functions are only partially
[00:17:24] wound down and squirrels wake up every now and then to have a
[00:17:27] munch. cold blooded
[00:17:30] animals such as insects, reptiles and amphibians enter what is
[00:17:34] called bromatian where their bodies produce a kind of natural
[00:17:38] anti-freeze to keep their blood flowing. once things get
[00:17:42] warmer again, they come back to
[00:18:12] How do we sense time? Right now, our perception of time
[00:18:16] seems to be a process of radical redefinition.
[00:18:20] When we scroll through TikTok, for example, we can feel like time is
[00:18:23] flying, but afterwards we too often sense that we've done nothing
[00:18:27] but waste
[00:18:28] it. Time
[00:18:32] is a relative concept, and now more than ever.
[00:18:35] Digitalization and constant connection. activity via the use of multiple
[00:18:39] devices at once means that people around the world spend a considerable part
[00:18:42] their day in front of a screen, average 6 hours and 40
[00:18:46] minutes per day. so what impact does this have
[00:18:50] on our sense of time? does time perhaps pass
[00:18:54] faster or
[00:18:57] slower? here at Munex
[00:19:00] Ludvig Maximilion University, Professor Zashi is
[00:19:04] investigating precisely those questions.
[00:19:09] "we human don't have any sensor organs of time, not like
[00:19:12] vision, see the lights or or ear, hear
[00:19:16] the the the voice, and our brain
[00:19:20] simply reconstruct time based on the surrounding
[00:19:24] events and also internal states.
[00:19:28] so what is the difference between the perception of time in the real world
[00:19:31] and in the virtual one? a natural
[00:19:35] environment, our brain can follow" actually in its own paces,
[00:19:39] but digital environment are complete
[00:19:42] differently, each events are separate,
[00:19:46] discrete and emotional loaded, and there's a less
[00:19:49] attention to our own or tracking time. to
[00:19:53] get direct insights into how digital media influence our perception of
[00:19:57] time, we join zinchenko in the multi-sensory perception
[00:20:01] lab. the researcher is setting up a test that involves eye tracking
[00:20:05] and an electroencephalogram, fitted with electrodes to measure
[00:20:09] brain activity. The goal the experiment is to
[00:20:13] uh try to see whether people perceive time differently when they
[00:20:17] uh observe certain um social images uh and they are in control
[00:20:21] of situation like simulating social media use versus when
[00:20:24] they're not in control of situation where just presented with pictures and they are
[00:20:28] notum managing or they do not decide when to
[00:20:32] continue. Before the experiment begins, the participant's
[00:20:35] head is fixed in position so... their pupils can be
[00:20:38] monitored. The eyetracker uses infrared light and
[00:20:42] camera. Light reflects off the eyes
[00:20:45] and those reflections are picked up by the
[00:20:48] camera.
[00:20:52] This enables the system to work out where exactly on the screen the
[00:20:56] person is looking and for how long. So we could look
[00:21:00] at your eye movements, fixation numbers, um, how spread the eye
[00:21:04] movements are, and make some inferences or make some conclusions about what
[00:21:08] happens in the brain. The data produced will later provide
[00:21:12] information on participants's attention span. The aim is
[00:21:15] to see how long they focus on an image and how the intensity of brain
[00:21:19] activity. varies from one moment to the
[00:21:22] next, so yeah, now it starts and we'll need to
[00:21:26] wait for uh, maybe 40 minutes till the experiment
[00:21:28] finishes. In the first part the experiment, the participant
[00:21:32] clicks her way through series of screens at her own pace, and is then asked to
[00:21:36] estimate how much time has passed. Next, she views the
[00:21:40] same images again and at the exact same speed, except with the
[00:21:44] computer dictating the rhythm, so this time she's a passive
[00:21:47] participant.
[00:21:52] Afterwards she's again asked to estimate the time that's
[00:21:55] elapsed. We also spoke to Philip
[00:21:59] Stab, professor of sociology at Berlin's Humbalt
[00:22:02] University. What does he say are the main reasons behind our growing
[00:22:06] dependence on the digital world in our everyday
[00:22:08] lives? Und ich glaube ein Grund ist
[00:22:12] das wirklich auch. I think one reason is that people are looking for time
[00:22:16] in order escape from the real world. We're living a time.
[00:22:20] people feel the future is looking extremely grim as we get
[00:22:23] bombarded with various crisis, and with time
[00:22:27] seeming to accelerate, what people actually want is
[00:22:30] escape to a place where time stands still,
[00:22:34] situation, der
[00:22:35] die zeit still steht, a form of escapism that is further
[00:22:38] intensified by the daily flood of digital
[00:22:41] content. back in Munich,
[00:22:45] the experiment at the multi-sensory perception lab is now over,
[00:22:49] while arti
[00:22:50] Chenko assesses the data, we ask the participant about her
[00:22:53] impressions. Es hat sich langer und langer, it felt longer
[00:22:57] and more boring when I couldn't click through the images
[00:23:00] myself. Why is
[00:23:03] that? So quite interestingly we looked
[00:23:07] at the data so far, the underestimation was larger relative
[00:23:10] to passive viewing. Yeah, so one example here would be um, in this
[00:23:14] specific case, the duration was, the actual duration was about
[00:23:18] 42 seconds. and the participant thought it was about
[00:23:21] 18 seconds right, so once you are in this social media
[00:23:25] state, you feel the time goes um
[00:23:29] faster basically,
[00:23:30] and you
[00:23:30] do not um realize how much time you actually
[00:23:33] spent. In the active social media like setting,
[00:23:37] the perceived time was almost 60% shorter than was actually the
[00:23:41] case. When participants watched passively, time
[00:23:45] also felt shorter than it actually was, but the effect was
[00:23:48] weaker. The
[00:23:51] electroencephalogram provides an explanation: just
[00:23:55] 1/10 of second after an image appears, the part the brain
[00:23:59] responsible for vision changes how it processes
[00:24:02] information. When
[00:24:05] participants actively click through the sequence, the brain
[00:24:08] evaluates the relevant image as more
[00:24:10] interesting. This could explain why
[00:24:14] fast-paced interactive digital media exert a stronger hold on
[00:24:18] our attention. "and
[00:24:22] what does that mean for our memories of
[00:24:24] events? so our brand doesn't
[00:24:28] really do every single detail of events, but
[00:24:31] rather we our brain simply average similar things
[00:24:35] together to have a one representation, we call that as
[00:24:39] a ensemble representation, so when you see a basket of
[00:24:42] apples, you don't remember individual apples, but
[00:24:46] rather apples, a summary, but now..." come to the
[00:24:50] digital medias and it's quite complete different,
[00:24:54] when you scroll down a lots of funny videos, all videos
[00:24:58] are quite different and our brain still use our
[00:25:02] old tradition to average everything together, and that's when you
[00:25:06] recall back, there's nothing to remember, nothing
[00:25:09] to recall, and that's why we also feel shorter,
[00:25:13] did nothing, and what does the sociologist think about the results
[00:25:17] the experiment?
[00:25:20] geht schneller, time passes more quickly, that's essentially what this experiment
[00:25:24] shows, which basically means people are losing
[00:25:27] time, in broader terms, it means a real loss of time from our
[00:25:31] lives, and the thing is, when people start scrolling, they're actually
[00:25:35] hoping to gain some peace and time, so it's a bit of a
[00:25:39] paradox situation, a
[00:25:42] paradoxical situation that could be amplified in the future if we failed
[00:25:46] to keep that digital overload at bay, taking more breaks and
[00:25:50] reducing exposure to simultaneous stimuli could help to wrestle
[00:25:54] back control over our time and to actually delight in
[00:25:58] doing nothing at
[00:25:59] all.