N1BOS — broadcast
20260917 210000 UTC
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[00:00:01] of
[00:00:08] White and black: Social hierarchies have been built
[00:00:12] around skin color for centuries. It's been used to justify
[00:00:15] colonialism, slavery and discrimination.
[00:00:19] Stereotypes based on skin are still all too common, but how to
[00:00:23] different skin colors arise in the first place? A viewer from Cameroon
[00:00:27] sent in a great question. This
[00:00:31] time around it's all about evolution and history. Welcome to
[00:00:34] Tomorrow
[00:00:35] Today.
[00:00:40] Why do people have different skin
[00:00:43] of colors? All early humans had dark skin back when our
[00:00:47] species migrated out of Africa between 100 thousand and
[00:00:51] 70,00 years
[00:00:52] in ago. Lighter pigmentation evolved much later. Even
[00:00:56] 5,000 years ago, Utsy, the famous iceman dis'. in
[00:01:00] the alps had a darker
[00:01:02] of skin tone than present day Europeans. The
[00:01:05] reason involves two forms of melanin, pigments that
[00:01:09] dictate the color of our eyes, skin and
[00:01:12] hair. Melanin protects your
[00:01:15] skin from UV radiation. It's produced in specialized
[00:01:19] skin cells called melanocides. When enough UV
[00:01:23] light strikes the skin, it initiates melanin
[00:01:26] production. The pigment absorbs the short wave. radiation
[00:01:30] before it can damage your DNA, the stronger the
[00:01:34] sunlight, the darker the skin becomes. As
[00:01:38] humans migrated
[00:01:39] of north out of Africa into more temperate regions where UV radiation
[00:01:43] is less intense, lighter skin tones made adaptive
[00:01:47] a sense. They were less effective at blocking
[00:01:50] of radiation called UVB, which is
[00:01:52] a necessary for the body to produce vitamin D. Near the
[00:01:56] equator, the sun is so strong that
[00:01:58] a even dark skin allows enough. UVB radiation through to trigger
[00:02:02] vitamin D production. Further north, however, experts
[00:02:06] think the strong natural protection could have been a disadvantage,
[00:02:10] so over many
[00:02:11] of generations, people in northern climbs evolved lighter skins to
[00:02:15] produce the vital compound. Vitamin D is essential for
[00:02:19] healthy bones, muscles and the immune system, and it's hard to
[00:02:23] get enough from diet alone.
[00:02:27] So, why are there different skin colors? because over
[00:02:31] thousands of years, humans had to adapt to different levels
[00:02:34] of sunlight, climates and environments, and
[00:02:38] melanin played a central role in that process. The
[00:02:42] many shades of human skin tell the story of our
[00:02:46] shared history, as a species that spread
[00:02:50] in across the planet, continually adapting to new
[00:02:53] conditions. A recent
[00:02:57] of study shows that up until about 3 years ago, most people in
[00:03:01] Europe still mostly had darker skin, like the builders of
[00:03:05] Stone Henge in England. The builders
[00:03:08] of the parthanon in Athens 2,500 years ago didn't all
[00:03:12] have light complexions either. The same broad trend
[00:03:16] likely applied to people living in what's now Germany.
[00:03:20] Ancient cultures there too gave rise to some remarkable feats of
[00:03:24] construction. History
[00:03:28] is being rewritten less
[00:03:29] of than five.
[00:03:29] 500 meters
[00:03:31] from this castle
[00:03:31] in ashaffenborg. huge surprise was hidden in
[00:03:35] this construction pit. the city had decided to build an
[00:03:39] overflow basin here
[00:03:40] on the banks
[00:03:41] of the river mine. in such projects, builders have
[00:03:45] to consult heritage authorities beforehand to determine if
[00:03:48] historic remains might be
[00:03:50] unearted. so much has
[00:03:54] happened here and so much has changed along this river bank that nobody
[00:03:58] really expected anything to have survived.
[00:04:12] of of
[00:04:25] na
[00:04:42] a
[00:04:56] of structure
[00:05:00] 40 meters long, 5 meters wide, and more than 2
[00:05:04] meters high. It was composed of several layers of oak
[00:05:08] timbers fronted by dry stone
[00:05:10] a wall. They initially... dated it to the late middle
[00:05:14] ages or the early modern period. To nail
[00:05:17] down the age, several wood samples were sent to a dentro
[00:05:21] chronology laboratory at Bavaria's office for Monument
[00:05:24] Preservation. There, new discoveries can be compared
[00:05:28] with tree ring chronologies that have been determined for the same species
[00:05:32] from different regions. These records often extend back
[00:05:36] thousands of years. A new find's age is determined by
[00:05:40] matching growth ring patterns.
[00:06:12] but it was completely different from what anyone until then had
[00:06:15] expected, the timber was much older than the experts
[00:06:19] thought, it had been felled around 370
[00:06:22] BC, i
[00:06:26] couldn't believe it, my first question was, are you absolutely
[00:06:29] sure? this is truly the needle in the hay stack that we always hoped
[00:06:33] to find, and this time we actually found it
[00:06:36] gefunden. my first thought was, oh no, we're going to delay the
[00:06:40] construction project, but then i thought, "wow, actually this is
[00:06:43] fantastic. It's not like a pyramid. It's all hidden underground,
[00:06:47] and we can learn so much from it. We're only at the very
[00:06:50] beginning. 370 BC was
[00:06:54] during the early Latin period. Plato was philosophizing in
[00:06:58] Athens, Rome was still republic, and in Central Europe, the
[00:07:02] kelts were flourishing. No comparable structure from this
[00:07:05] period has yet been discovered anywhere else in Germany, especially
[00:07:09] not one preserved in such extraordinary condition.
[00:07:42] harbor
[00:07:45] structure
[00:08:00] was or a maybe it defenses? the discovery suggests the
[00:08:04] existence of an important keltic settlement here, potentially
[00:08:08] connected to extensive trade networks that we know nothing
[00:08:11] about.
[00:08:14] You don't build something like this with few villagers, you need a town, you need
[00:08:18] manpower, you need engineering, expertise. The timber
[00:08:21] construction we see was built using methods we've never encountered
[00:08:24] before, probably adapted
[00:08:26] to the wet conditions near the river. A great deal of know-how went into
[00:08:30] this. Those factors alone may be enough to demonstrate that we're dealing
[00:08:34] with an important settlement. What
[00:08:38] might such a population center have looked like?
[00:08:42] Some model. try to reconstruct major cheltic settlements like this
[00:08:45] one in Upper Swabia around 5:30
[00:08:48] BC, or this one, known as the opidom of
[00:08:52] Menos Gada, only established around 150
[00:08:55] BC, so roughly 200 years after the
[00:08:59] newly discovered structure on the mine was
[00:09:01] built. what Keltic
[00:09:05] Ashhafenburg looks like will probably remain a
[00:09:08] mystery. Too much construction has taken
[00:09:11] place over the... centuries on the plateau above the
[00:09:14] mine, only a handful of latin period finds
[00:09:18] preserved in the abbey museum bear witness to the cultural
[00:09:21] sophistication the society that once lived here, it
[00:09:25] produced fine pottery along with elaborately crafted pieces of
[00:09:29] jewelry like this gold
[00:09:31] ring. we
[00:09:34] assume that if people there possessed and war luxury
[00:09:38] items like these, then it was not
[00:09:41] insignificant place by.
[00:09:42] underground,
[00:09:52] exposure
[00:09:53] to
[00:10:02] air is already taking a toll, years of
[00:10:05] conservation work lie ahead, then parts the
[00:10:09] structure are expected to go on display, and
[00:10:13] Abbey
[00:10:13] museum.
[00:10:18] Spectacular archaeological discoveries are no longer
[00:10:21] unusual. Around the globe, the field is booming.
[00:10:25] Perhaps part the appeal is what these discoveries offer, a glimpse
[00:10:29] into worlds that feel very different from our own.
[00:10:33] Immersing yourself in the past helps filter out noise from the
[00:10:36] present, like wars, climate change or
[00:10:40] the AI revolution. Looking back to times when
[00:10:44] everything was wonderfully analogue can be strangely comforting. The
[00:10:48] fascination even has a name:
[00:10:50] retromanania. A photographer's
[00:10:53] dream a
[00:11:25] you really do get just one shot at it, if you mix up the chemicals or
[00:11:28] expose the film to light, all the images will be
[00:11:31] gone. i'm actually a little nervous, can pull it
[00:11:35] off? that
[00:11:39] thrill is why mila shoots and develops film the old fashioned
[00:11:42] way. you can't immediately see
[00:11:46] whether it looks the way it
[00:11:47] did in your head. i think that's what's most exciting about analog
[00:11:51] photography. you don't how it will
[00:11:54] turn out. was kommt. Ironically, many digital natives are now
[00:11:58] embracing technology recently considered obsolete
[00:12:01] junk. What are they looking for in the old that the new can't
[00:12:05] do better? Many young people have started going to the movies more often
[00:12:09] and DVDs are back in. Hi,
[00:12:13] I'm Diane Krigger. So the
[00:12:15] some stuff that I picked are just films that bring bring up
[00:12:18] memories.
[00:12:33] This ipod goes with this vintage speaker, it was my dad's 50 years
[00:12:36] ago, secondhand ipod can now
[00:12:40] fetch up to 500
[00:12:42] euros and young adults are buying vinyl. around 5
[00:12:45] million records are sold in Germany annually, more than any point
[00:12:49] in the last 20 years, places like Spin, Munich's
[00:12:53] first listening bar,
[00:13:25] Listening bars are a throwback to 1950s Japan. They were
[00:13:29] born out of necessity. Audio systems back then were
[00:13:32] expensive as were imported jazz records. Today the
[00:13:36] technology seems incredibly dated. Albums are heavy,
[00:13:39] expensive and easily
[00:13:41] scratched. But I think
[00:13:44] it's really important to preserve that analog vibe that you
[00:13:48] still have something tangible, something you can actually pick
[00:13:51] up, because if everything is purely digital.
[00:14:18] the norm in
[00:14:19] It became modern society to buy new cars, new furniture and other things and throw
[00:14:23] the old stuff away. This powerful urge to keep
[00:14:27] moving forward also involves embracing the idea of progress
[00:14:31] and with it a certain faith and
[00:14:33] technology, but over time people
[00:14:36] realize that many the promises attached to technology
[00:14:40] simply sich
[00:14:42] erfüllt.
[00:14:49] companies and that has had profound consequences. social media affects
[00:14:53] mental health,
[00:15:25] but human life and the meaning in human life is not just about
[00:15:29] convenience and not just about measurement and
[00:15:32] quantification and profit, and again from this point of
[00:15:36] view something like analog record as a symbol of slow
[00:15:39] culture, it can be a symbol of potential
[00:15:42] resisting of those tendencies, right? a
[00:15:46] counterweight to the digital, here the air smells of chemicals
[00:15:50] and dust, of experiences and time. i need
[00:15:54] to concentrate. this is the second chemical, the first was the developer,
[00:15:57] now comes the fixer. the film is placed inside
[00:16:01] developing tank filled with chemicals and gently agitated. every
[00:16:05] step has to be time to the second. analog media
[00:16:09] promises a more direct connection to emotions, a
[00:16:13] more intense experience of art, something
[00:16:16] unique, made distinctive by a work's
[00:16:19] imperfections.
[00:16:22] this is in Sofia, this is in Sofia, and this is my hometown of
[00:16:26] Hascaval. these films were actually stored properly
[00:16:30] a refrigerator, but they're very old, that whole
[00:16:33] purple reddish look comes partly from the film being expired.
[00:16:40] vom abgelaufenen sein, old memories, familiar and cozy, like favorite
[00:16:43] sweater, the past is gone making it bitter sweet and
[00:16:47] comforting. the feeling is universal, it rolls through
[00:16:51] pop culture in waves. for the last decade and a
[00:16:55] half, critics have accused culture of suffering from retro
[00:16:58] mania, lack of innovation where everything seems to be
[00:17:02] recycling the past. remix is
[00:17:05] aside, at what point does longing for the past become a
[00:17:09] problem, when politicians instrumentalize historical myths
[00:17:12] to reach specific goals or invoke tradition to
[00:17:16] justify their of
[00:17:17] decisions.
[00:17:18] it,
[00:17:24] populists use make this idea that things used to be better, so we're going
[00:17:27] back. the other question is
[00:17:31] to what extent is nostalgia make people less politically
[00:17:34] engaged? does it become retreat? "I'd rather sit
[00:17:38] in my room and mess around with cultural artifacts from the
[00:17:41] past, but nostalgia can also be
[00:17:44] mobilizing. If I feel that certain things have been
[00:17:47] lost, that some aspects the past were better or more
[00:17:51] desirable, whether it's a stronger welfare state, job
[00:17:54] security, affordable housing, whatever, then I can project those
[00:17:58] aspirations into the future as well, dann auch in die
[00:18:02] Zukunft
[00:18:03] projiziere."
[00:18:07] were then, and more about what we're searching for today.
[00:18:11] old family photographs convey ideas of community, caring
[00:18:15] for older generations and sharing knowledge and
[00:18:18] experience. back in mila's studio, the old
[00:18:22] film is finally ready. i think our visitors
[00:18:26] arrived, let's see
[00:18:30] what's on it. you're just in time, we just finished
[00:18:33] developing it, crap.
[00:18:37] "there's still something on there, but the roll wasn't completely
[00:18:39] finished. the photographs were taken
[00:18:43] by a younger relative using the grandmother's camera, everyday
[00:18:47] scenes. maybe this is grenoble,
[00:18:51] somewhere in town, maybe my cousin was walking around there with the
[00:18:54] camera. here they're sitting together at the table,
[00:18:58] see? it's really nice to see something that probably nobody
[00:19:02] else in the family
[00:19:03] has seen until now. was wahrscheinlich noch keiner bis jetzt gesehen hat
[00:19:06] von der." moment that
[00:19:10] seems to explain something about our understanding of
[00:19:13] time, much like old family stories, we relegate
[00:19:17] analog media to the past, but is the past really
[00:19:21] behind us? perhaps that's what analog media
[00:19:24] promises? can nostalgia give us a useful perspective
[00:19:28] for the
[00:19:28] future? i
[00:19:32] think we need to critically question the past, but also be able to say,
[00:19:36] hey, there were good things.
[00:20:09] At spin times different layers seem to merge,
[00:20:13] focused listening, analog warmth and the perfect instagram
[00:20:16] shot. Being fully present with analog sound is
[00:20:20] reminder that looking back isn't always about escaping the
[00:20:24] here and
[00:20:24] now. Whether
[00:20:28] we want it or not, the future is coming, and it's not all
[00:20:31] bad. In early 2027, the European space
[00:20:35] agency is planning to launch mission with an ambitious goal: to
[00:20:39] find the ultimate getaway destination, a planet that's
[00:20:43] similar earth.
[00:20:47] distant star, thousands of
[00:21:20] It's really amazing. The European Space
[00:21:24] Agency is about to open a new window onto the universe. It
[00:21:28] space telescope play-doh was assembled its facility in the
[00:21:30] Netherlands. Using a model, the heads the missions
[00:21:34] scientific and technical teams explain the telescope, which is
[00:21:38] equipped with 26
[00:21:39] cameras.
[00:21:44] will be capable of discovering earth-like planet orbiting a sun like star,
[00:21:48] something previous missions couldn't do.
[00:21:49] We're not taking beautiful images the sky, what we're
[00:21:53] really doing is measuring the brightness of
[00:21:55] stars. basically we observe stars and
[00:21:59] their light intensity and how that intensity changes over
[00:22:02] time. when a planet passes in front of its star during its
[00:22:06] orbit, light intensity drops, from that we can infer the planet's
[00:22:10] mass, radius and orbital
[00:22:12] characteristics.
[00:22:15] is designed to detect rocky planets like earth.
[00:22:28] Only a little over 100 them are small planets for which we have
[00:22:31] reliable density measurements, so when it comes to small
[00:22:35] planets, there is still huge gaps in our knowledge, in other
[00:22:38] words, we still know almost nothing. Inside
[00:22:42] clean room at ESA's facility in the Netherlands, engineers
[00:22:46] and scientists tested the spacecraft built in Brayman and
[00:23:20] is vibrations and shocks during launch are enormous and once the
[00:23:24] satellite is deployed in space, its power supply also has to
[00:23:28] work flawlessly. we are talking about 3 kw or 300
[00:23:31] watts and for this reason we have the sunshial and solar rais, so
[00:23:35] we are talking about a structure that is folded, we launch it folded, but
[00:23:39] it will open a space, and we are talking about 9 meters from one point to
[00:23:43] another, we need all the surface in order to fulfill the requirements and
[00:23:47] power the spacecraft. the greatest. technical challenge
[00:23:51] was the optical bench, it carries the 26 cameras that
[00:23:55] will simultaneously observe thousands of
[00:23:57] stars. We have to
[00:24:01] ensure the telescopes and cameras aren't looking directly at the
[00:24:04] sun, that's why we have the sun shield at the back. We always
[00:24:08] have to fly in such a way that the sun shield blocks the
[00:24:11] sun. From
[00:24:15] space, play-doh will measure the effect planets have when they pass in
[00:24:19] front their.
[00:24:50] contributed to it over the course of decade, and a European
[00:24:54] rocket, the Ariana 6 will carry the space telescope
[00:24:57] into orbit. i really hope we find
[00:25:01] earth-like planet where we can say, yes, liquid water could
[00:25:05] exist there, and therefore there's also the possibility of
[00:25:08] life. observations will be used
[00:25:12] to create a catalog of as many earthlike planets as
[00:25:15] possible. if every second star has an earthlike
[00:25:19] planet, believe we'll find one, but I want emphasize that we
[00:25:22] simply don't know, there's no reliable estimate of how many such
[00:25:26] planets actually exist, we have talked lot of gaya,
[00:25:30] james web, I hope that also plateau will be also in the same constellation
[00:25:34] that the people will see really, okay, we have detected another earth
[00:25:38] like, we are quite sure that it is there, early
[00:25:41] 2027, Plateau will be launched into space to begin
[00:25:45] its search,
[00:25:49] that's all this time. Around from the world of science, technology and
[00:25:52] history, but we hope to see you again soon tomorrow
[00:25:56] today. Bye for
[00:25:57] now.