N1BOS — broadcast
20260920 013000 UTC
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[00:00:01] of
[00:00:10] of of Moving
[00:00:13] mountains at the push of a
[00:00:15] button.
[00:00:18] It might sound like science fiction, but in the Swiss Alps, it may
[00:00:22] soon become
[00:00:23] in reality. In the gothard massive, researchers
[00:00:27] at the University of Zurich hope to trigger a small... earthquake
[00:00:30] if it works, it could reveal more about how
[00:00:34] earthquakes start
[00:00:36] of and whether they can be
[00:00:37] predicted.
[00:00:41] all this and more groundbreaking stories on DW's science
[00:00:45] of show. welcome to tomorrow
[00:00:46] today.
[00:00:53] the big moment is just days away. researchers at
[00:00:56] ETHH Zuric University are hoping to do something that never been done
[00:01:00] in quite this way before, deliberately triggering a small
[00:01:04] earthquake. But first, there's still
[00:01:08] plenty of work
[00:01:09] to do. A
[00:01:12] of narrow road leads two and a half kilometers deep into the
[00:01:15] Gottat. The Bedreto tunnel underneath the mountain
[00:01:19] range is more than 50 years old and no longer in
[00:01:22] use, and now it's a perfect natural laboratory.
[00:01:26] Here, the team hopes to make ancient fault deep inside the rock.
[00:01:53] of
[00:02:03] of
[00:02:16] a
[00:02:28] of 70 member team have been planning and
[00:02:32] building this experiment for 5 years. They've installed more than
[00:02:36] 200 sensors inside the mountain, hoping to capture every
[00:02:39] moment
[00:02:40] of the earthquake as it
[00:02:41] unfolds. Here's
[00:02:45] how they plan to trigger it. The fault has slipped naturally
[00:02:49] before, producing tiny
[00:02:52] of earthquakes. To reach
[00:02:56] it, the team has excavated new tunnel branching off from the
[00:02:59] a Bagetta. From
[00:03:03] here, they'll pump water through three bore holes directly into the
[00:03:06] fault.
[00:03:09] of As water pressure increases, the rock begins to shift. The
[00:03:13] existing stresses in the
[00:03:15] a rock are released, triggering micro
[00:03:19] in earthquake. Using six high pressure pumps, they'll inject
[00:03:23] around 2,0 cubic meters of water into the bore holes to
[00:03:27] bring the fault to the point where it slips.
[00:03:31] The pump system operates at pressures approaching 200 bar,
[00:03:35] demanding test for the equipment and a potential hazard for anyone
[00:03:39] inside the tunnel. These
[00:03:43] are the anchoring systems, they're secured
[00:03:46] of with chains and anchor pins in case the pressure becomes too high and part
[00:03:50] of the pipework comes
[00:03:51] loose.
[00:04:00] We want to
[00:04:00] of prevent damage to the equipment and avoid any
[00:04:03] injuries,
[00:04:08] the team checks every sensor and seismic instrument again and
[00:04:12] again.
[00:04:16] They want to
[00:04:17] of make sure that all the data will stream live to the control room at ETH
[00:04:20] Zuric, where the experiment will be
[00:04:25] of run. We're about to launch the first full-scale experiment. It's
[00:04:28] exciting.
[00:04:30] a two weeks later, the control room
[00:04:34] in Zurich, in just few minutes, the test will
[00:04:37] begin.
[00:04:42] of one last systems check at the badretto lab, 100 kms
[00:04:46] away.
[00:04:50] it's been a busy night and morning, but everything looks good and we're ready to
[00:04:53] go,
[00:04:56] sind bereit. the researchers are optimistic, the pumps are ready,
[00:05:00] and the safety systems are in
[00:05:03] of place, so this is button is uh to um manually stop the
[00:05:07] pump uh, so we can press this button, once we have it pressed
[00:05:11] for about eight seconds, the... pumps in the tunnel will stop automatically
[00:05:14] and this is safety procedure that will allow to have a bit more
[00:05:18] control. the last members the team have just
[00:05:21] left the tunnel. this is steam to and that's pressure
[00:05:25] up by one megapascal. here we
[00:05:28] go.
[00:05:34] the pumps are starting up, forcing water deep into the bore
[00:05:37] holes.
[00:05:42] the... a stream to zuric is running
[00:05:43] smoothly
[00:05:48] now comes the waiting game, watching the instruments and
[00:05:51] waiting for the fault to
[00:05:52] slip, pressure
[00:05:56] inside the fault continues to rise approaching 100
[00:05:59] bar, then
[00:06:02] suddenly a flood of new data
[00:06:05] appears, deep inside the mountain, something has
[00:06:09] begun to move.
[00:06:13] We've already detected and located more than a thous quakes since we started the
[00:06:17] simulation. They're almost certainly induced by us, given their
[00:06:21] number and size. We're doing this on
[00:06:24] purpose.
[00:06:29] After 3 hours, they triggered more than 30
[00:06:31] microquakes.
[00:06:38] Look at it from above,
[00:06:39] you can see that these earthquakes line up along a plane.
[00:07:12] Soon they'll try again, hoping to make one tiny part the Gottat
[00:07:16] Masif slip, just enough to trigger the mini earthquake they've
[00:07:20] been waiting
[00:07:21] for.
[00:07:27] Deep beneath the alps lies resource prized for thousands of
[00:07:31] years.
[00:07:35] Salt, it's mined by pumping water
[00:07:38] underground or cut directly from the rock, often called.
[00:07:42] with white gold, its story began earth's ancient
[00:07:45] oceans. The story
[00:07:49] of this salt began 250 million years
[00:07:52] ago. Today that salt lies deep
[00:07:55] underground, and we rely
[00:07:59] on salt in more ways than ever before. The seemingly
[00:08:03] humble mineral is one the key raw materials of modern
[00:08:06] life. But
[00:08:10] table salt accounts for only tiny... fraction of its
[00:08:13] use. most salt doesn't land on our
[00:08:16] plates. it's found in products we use
[00:08:19] every day. without sodium chloride, many aspects of modern
[00:08:23] life simply wouldn't work. so how does such
[00:08:27] simple substance become so incredibly versatile?
[00:08:31] the key lies a chemical process that transforms it into three
[00:08:35] essential chemical building blocks. chlorine is used to make
[00:08:39] plastics like pvc, medications, wide range of
[00:08:43] chemical products and to disinfect drinking
[00:08:45] water. Costic soda is used
[00:08:49] to produce aluminum, paper and textiles and much
[00:08:53] more. Hydrogen is a
[00:08:56] byproduct used mainly in industry and increasingly as an
[00:09:00] energy
[00:09:01] carrier.
[00:09:06] One raw material, countless
[00:09:08] products.
[00:09:12] In Germany, salt is an important natural resource, and the country
[00:09:16] produces average of 18 million tons of salt every
[00:09:20] year. Most of domestic demand
[00:09:24] is met from these deposits and large amounts of salt are exported
[00:09:28] every
[00:09:28] year.
[00:09:33] Today's salt deposits formed many millions of years
[00:09:36] ago. Back then a shallow sea covered
[00:09:40] large parts of central Europe.
[00:09:45] Shifting tectonic plates created isolated seas and salt
[00:09:48] lakes. As the water evaporated into the hot
[00:09:52] arid climate, the dissolved salts
[00:09:54] crystallized. Eventually layers of salt were buried
[00:09:58] under sediment and younger rock over and over
[00:10:01] again. Today, salt
[00:10:04] deposits in the form of sodium chloride stretch beneath northern and
[00:10:08] central Germany. It's mined and then processed, but
[00:10:12] not. All salt is the same, sodium chloride is only
[00:10:16] part the story. There are also potassium rich salts,
[00:10:20] the most important raw material for potash
[00:10:22] fertilizer, but it's not. pure, much
[00:10:26] the ore consists of rock salt and other minerals that must be
[00:10:29] processed and separated.
[00:10:33] These deposits are concentrated in central
[00:10:35] Germany. Potassium is an essential
[00:10:39] nutrient for plants. That's why potash salts are used around
[00:10:43] the world to make fertilizers. Potache
[00:10:47] salts dissolve a soil, releasing potassium that helps
[00:10:51] plants use water efficiently and also resist drought.
[00:10:55] frost and disease, and that in turn
[00:10:58] increases the quantity and quality the
[00:11:01] harvest.
[00:11:06] But potash mining also has a downside. Only
[00:11:09] part the ore is used, while huge quantities remain as solid
[00:11:13] and liquid residues. Over the
[00:11:17] decades, huge waste heaps have built up at some mining
[00:11:20] sites. The KNS mining
[00:11:24] company. for example, extracts up to 40 million tons of potassium
[00:11:28] rich ore year. After
[00:11:32] processing, that becomes just 9.5 million tons of
[00:11:35] marketable products. Most the mined material ends up
[00:11:39] as waste. At just one site in central
[00:11:43] Germany, hundreds of millions of tons of residue are stored in
[00:11:46] towering heaps, with official approval.
[00:11:50] Rain washes salt from those heaps, creating waste water that's discharge.
[00:11:55] ver
[00:11:57] into river. the liquid processing residues also end up
[00:11:59] there. salt is a raw
[00:12:03] material essential to much of modern life. it helps
[00:12:06] power our world and reshape it. the question
[00:12:10] is at what
[00:12:12] cost?
[00:12:18] this river has a problem and you can measure
[00:12:21] it. biologist. Andre
[00:12:25] Bush and his colleagues are searching for life in
[00:12:28] Nevaga. For
[00:12:31] decades, environmental authorities have been tracking salt levels here,
[00:12:35] and what they're doing to the plants and animals that depend on this
[00:12:38] river. Under the EU water framework
[00:12:42] directive, rivers are graded a five-point scale. Here at
[00:12:46] Gaustungan, the Vera is currently rated as being in poor environmental
[00:12:50] condition. One the
[00:12:53] biggest reasons is...
[00:13:33] Their abundance is another clear sign the river's high salt
[00:13:36] content. By now,
[00:13:40] things should be different. Under EU rules, rivers and lakes
[00:13:43] are supposed to be in good condition by
[00:13:45] 2027. That's essential for clean
[00:13:49] drinking water and healthy
[00:13:51] ecosystems.
[00:14:25] were much
[00:14:25] lower,
[00:14:30] further downstream though, the discharges are set to
[00:14:33] continue. The KNS mining company has long faced
[00:14:36] criticism over the pollution, but says it's working to reduce its
[00:14:40] environmental impact. One
[00:14:44] major project is a more environmentally friendly processing
[00:14:47] system, designed to eliminate liquid production
[00:14:50] waste. KNS declined our request
[00:14:54] for. a written statement, the company
[00:14:58] said, when disposing of solid residues, we
[00:15:02] are also continuously minimizing our environmental
[00:15:05] impact, and using state the art
[00:15:07] technology.
[00:15:12] the company's main solution is covering the waste heaps. layers
[00:15:16] of plastic liner, soil and vegetation are designed to keep
[00:15:19] rainwater out, preventing salt from entering the
[00:15:22] river, but question whether it will work in
[00:15:26] the long run. reducing
[00:15:30] the river salt pollution is technically difficult and
[00:15:33] expensive, and the company says the problem can't be eliminated.
[00:15:37] completely, the authorities have repeatedly
[00:15:41] renewed
[00:15:41] the discharge permits, although with progressively
[00:15:43] tighter limits. salt levels
[00:15:47] in the ver have fallen, but the river still has a long
[00:15:51] way to
[00:15:52] go.
[00:15:56] salt can also have healing properties. the salt
[00:16:00] brine has been used in spars for
[00:16:02] centuries.
[00:16:05] now it's helping to grow seal.
[00:18:37] If you've never eaten alg before, your microbiom needs time to
[00:18:41] adapt, so you should introduce them gradually and get used to
[00:18:45] them step by step für schritt eigentlich den eigenenuss erschließen
[00:18:48] müssen. It's still early days, but before long,
[00:18:52] superfood Algie from Bad Saro could be on the
[00:18:54] menu. What are
[00:18:58] stars made of? How many colors can butterflies
[00:19:02] see? Could robots have babies one
[00:19:05] day? Do you have a science? question, then
[00:19:08] send it to us as a video, text or voice message. If we
[00:19:12] answer it in the show, then we'll send you a little gift as a thank you.
[00:19:16] So, just
[00:19:17] ask.
[00:19:22] Algae is often called the super food the future.
[00:19:26] It also contains iodine, a trace element our thyroid gland
[00:19:29] needs to function. But in Germany and many other countries,
[00:19:33] millions of people still don't get enough iodine, and here too,
[00:19:37] salt can be part the
[00:19:38] solution.
[00:19:42] around one and three people in Germany may not be getting enough
[00:19:45] iodine, often without realizing it. experts have been
[00:19:49] warning about the problem for years. yochinf is doctor
[00:19:53] who's campaigning to improve iodine intake in
[00:19:56] Germany. the situation has worsened because
[00:20:00] of lower iodi salt consumption. the main problem is the food
[00:20:03] industry which still relies mostly on ordinary salt.
[00:20:07] As result, we're getting less iodine from our
[00:20:09] food. We've now reached the point where
[00:20:13] Germany once again meets the WHO criteria for iodine
[00:20:17] deficiency. Both west and east Germany
[00:20:21] began using iodise salt much more widely in the
[00:20:24] 1980s. By then scientists already understood how
[00:20:27] important iodine is for health. Iodine is a
[00:20:31] trace element we need to get from food.
[00:20:35] The thyroid gland uses it. produce the hormones T3 and
[00:20:39] T4, which act on almost every cell in the
[00:20:42] body.
[00:20:48] These hormones help regular. the cardiovascular system and blood
[00:20:52] pressure and support cell growth and development.
[00:20:56] That's why they're important for healthy bones and for the development
[00:21:00] the brain and nervous system. They also help
[00:21:03] regulate metabolism, which influences body weight. To
[00:21:07] little iodine over time can lead to health problems.
[00:21:11] Radiologist Malva Abel often sees thyroid nodules in her
[00:21:15] patients. Long-term iodine deficiency can be one factor in
[00:21:19] their development.
[00:21:53] Mild id deficiency often goes unnoticed, but if
[00:21:56] the thyroid can no longer produce enough hormones, symptoms may
[00:22:00] include feeling cold, dry skin, hair
[00:22:04] loss, weight gain, as well as low mood and
[00:22:08] problems with memory and concentration. Over the long term,
[00:22:12] iodine deficiency can cause what's known as a guider.
[00:22:16] For adults, the WHO recommends a daily intake of 100%
[00:22:50] Jodanteil im Salz etwas höher
[00:22:52] wird.
[00:22:57] Much of it comes from processed foods, such as
[00:23:01] bread, cold cuts and cheese, and seasoning
[00:23:04] mixes, but manufacturers usually use ordinary
[00:23:07] salt rather than iodized salt. cost is one
[00:23:11] reason, so we may be eating plenty of salt, but
[00:23:15] still not getting enough iodine. Nutrition specialist Constanza
[00:23:18] Losa says cooking more.
[00:23:51] One more tip, unfortified sea salt, Himalayan salt, and
[00:23:55] many specialty salts contain very little iodine. A
[00:23:59] diet based mainly on fresh, unprocessed foods provides about
[00:24:03] 120 micrograms of iodine a day. Fish and
[00:24:06] seaweed are naturally rich sources of iodine, but in
[00:24:10] Germany most people don't eat them regularly.
[00:24:14] Milk, dairy products and eggs also provide small amounts, partly
[00:24:18] because iodine is added to animal.
[00:24:54] It's not a medication, it's a dietary supplement to maintain your
[00:24:58] health, and it's considered
[00:25:00] safe. Adequate iodine is especially
[00:25:04] important during pregnancy for the healthy development the
[00:25:07] baby. Severe iodine deficiency
[00:25:11] during pregnancy and breastfeeding can cause lasting developmental
[00:25:14] problems even a mild deficiency may affect a child's brain
[00:25:18] development.
[00:25:30] Some studies have also found slightly lower IQ
[00:25:32] scores. That's why adequate iodine is important
[00:25:36] for the developing brain. And
[00:25:40] for many people iodized salt is still the simplest way to get
[00:25:44] more
[00:25:44] iodine.
[00:25:50] That wraps things up this time around, thanks for joining us and hope to
[00:25:54] see you next time tomorrow today. Bye for
[00:25:57] now.
[00:28:51] but of course you never got to choose, it was this family trip to
[00:28:54] Devon that that changed the course of your family's life and
[00:28:57] ultimately led to the end of Heathers, can you talk to me about what happened that day, because it was an
[00:29:01] ordinary... family trip to the beach,
[00:30:08] but then as things progress she started to bleed and that's when we
[00:30:12] went back to the doctors and that's when we were rush to casualty um
[00:30:16] and everything you saw in dirty business is what happened um
[00:30:20] which is the the channel 4 series yeah yeah
[00:30:23] based on your family's experience and
[00:30:26] exploring the state the uk waters and the the
[00:30:30] industry involved in it south'. water carried out
[00:30:33] investigations at the time um, despite formal investigations,
[00:30:37] no cause for the outbreak was identified, um, the inquest
[00:30:41] documentation confirming that no definitive source of infection was established, and the
[00:30:44] circumstances southwest water say of waste water infrastructure
[00:30:48] regulation, the late 1990s is very different from today, and
[00:30:52] since then there has been significant investment, however, can
[00:30:56] I just say something? yeah,
[00:30:57] you can, at the time it took them