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20260920 113000 UTC
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[00:00:14] let's say, from the
[00:00:22] the results of the
[00:00:39] Thank you for staying with us. America Squarely magazine, citing
[00:00:43] United Nations figures, reported a few days ago that Latin America is,
[00:00:46] listen to this, the region of the world that is
[00:00:49] aging the fastest.
[00:00:52] Why? Because Latin American women
[00:00:55] critics of the use of school are having fewer and fewer children. According to the magazine,
[00:00:58] this will produce a historical
[00:01:00] in the last 10 or transformation that will have an enormous political
[00:01:03] and economic impact. The figures are impressive: the
[00:01:07] birth rate in Chile, for example, is already lower
[00:01:10] than in Japan, where the population has been declining
[00:01:14] for a long time. Across Latin America,
[00:01:18] the birth rate fell from six children per
[00:01:21] woman in 1950
[00:01:23] to an average of
[00:01:26] 1.8 children per
[00:01:28] state, especially in what woman today. Impressive, in several countries in
[00:01:32] the region there are already more deaths than
[00:01:34] births per year. We have with
[00:01:38] us Lawrence Blair, the journalist who wrote the article for
[00:01:41] American Squarely. Let's go directly to him.
[00:01:46] then she told us, in Lawrence, thank you for being with us. Well, tell us a little
[00:01:50] social isolation from bit about what's happening, that is, Latin American women don't want to have children or
[00:01:54] they want to, but they don't because they can't
[00:01:56] support them. Why are Latin American women
[00:02:00] having so many fewer
[00:02:03] children? Well, first of all, thank you for the
[00:02:06] invitation. I think it's a very complex phenomenon, no?
[00:02:10] There are several factors that are influencing these
[00:02:13] decisions to have children or not. Ah, I think
[00:02:16] the first would be the cultural
[00:02:19] element. Ah, we have seen in recent decades an
[00:02:23] expansion of university education to cure the
[00:02:26] segment of the population, countries like Brazil,
[00:02:30] Peru, Chile, women, more than anything,
[00:02:33] now, let's say, have more access to job
[00:02:36] opportunities, professional opportunities, there are
[00:02:39] other, let's say, goals in life, such as traveling,
[00:02:42] studying, developing in a rational way and being able
[00:02:46] to reach a certain level of
[00:02:47] eh, we must maintain all economic stability before thinking about having children, and obviously
[00:02:51] access to contraception, something that helps a lot in that
[00:02:55] ability to postpone that
[00:02:57] you at the beginning of the program, I want to step a little away from decision. I also believe that there is also an economic
[00:03:00] element. Ah, in
[00:03:04] be thinking about a distribution of all the conversations I had in Uruguay and also talking to people
[00:03:06] in the region, almost everyone mentioned that they feel a
[00:03:10] precarious economic situation, an instability, economic
[00:03:13] instability that is quite significant, no? The
[00:03:17] cost of housing, of rent, of
[00:03:20] food, of fuel, of care, all
[00:03:24] of that is making the idea of becoming
[00:03:27] a father, a mother, increasingly
[00:03:31] impossible for many people. So I think that this
[00:03:34] mix of economic and cultural factors
[00:03:38] is what is affecting the birth
[00:03:41] rate. What are the countries in Latin America where
[00:03:45] women are having fewer children? Well,
[00:03:48] we see a very clear trend that the countries that have reached
[00:03:52] a higher level of
[00:03:56] these moments, the accelerated fall in economic development tend to be the ones that have
[00:03:58] Chile almost
[00:04:02] one child per one child per woman, followed very closely by
[00:04:05] Costa Rica and Uruguay. There we also have
[00:04:08] Cuba, which is a very interesting case where
[00:04:12] hours, and that
[00:04:13] drop in adolescent the exodus to a certain extent of young people
[00:04:17] seeking asylum in other places, seeking better economic opportunities
[00:04:20] in the United States, has also
[00:04:23] the reasons that led caused the birth rate to fall quite
[00:04:25] a bit. After that, ah, to me,
[00:04:29] a big surprise. We also see Argentina there with
[00:04:32] 1.5 children
[00:04:35] per woman, followed by Brazil, Colombia, El
[00:04:39] Salvador. So one of the
[00:04:42] largest economies followed by Ecuador,
[00:04:45] Mexico, Peru are all below, let's say, what is
[00:04:49] called the replacement rate, no? The
[00:04:53] rate at which deaths are greater,
[00:04:56] right, than births. In your
[00:05:00] research for this article, did you find that
[00:05:03] politicians, governments, are concerned about this
[00:05:07] issue, or do they not even have it on their radar at the political
[00:05:11] and media level? I think it is still very
[00:05:14] incipient, and many of the political
[00:05:17] responses that are being offered tend to
[00:05:21] try to reverse this trend of falling birth rates,
[00:05:24] which is actually something almost impossible. It is an
[00:05:28] inevitable process that has occurred in a large part of the world.
[00:05:31] It can probably be done more slowly, more gradually,
[00:05:35] but reversing it will be very difficult. But policies so
[00:05:39] far are focusing on that, not for example, in
[00:05:42] Uruguay, a senator told me that he wants
[00:05:46] to cause an migratory shock to try to attract more people from
[00:05:50] Europe, from other countries so that they
[00:05:52] come and nothing in some way
[00:05:56] helps to stabilize the
[00:05:58] falling birth rate. In Chile, the new president, José
[00:06:02] Antonio Kast, he proposes giving $2
[00:06:05] to each for each child that is born,
[00:06:08] not a woman, but I believe such policies, as
[00:06:12] I told you, at most will gain a decade
[00:06:16] more than those rates will continue to
[00:06:19] fall. And I believe that public policies and
[00:06:22] social provision, preparations
[00:06:25] should better focus on how
[00:06:28] societies can enrich themselves with more dignity. Thank
[00:06:31] you very much for your time. We have a break. When we return,
[00:06:35] we will ask a demographer which Latin American countries will
[00:06:39] have to close more schools due to lack of students.
[00:06:43] And which countries will have more problems to be able
[00:06:47] to continue paying retirees. Don't
[00:06:50] go away, we'll
[00:06:51] be right back.
[00:06:59] In a global panorama, we travel the world in search of events that
[00:07:03] impact our environment. We bring you the most
[00:07:07] current information, we disseminate what is discussed on the web and social networks
[00:07:11] in an organized and verified way to understand what is happening and how it
[00:07:15] affects us. Come, join me in understanding the
[00:07:18] world at the speed at which events occur. You choose the
[00:07:22] platform. Global Panorama with Gabriela
[00:07:25] Frías, live from Mexico City.
[00:07:29] México,
[00:07:32] A story can change everything, a look at
[00:07:35] the reconstruction efforts of a city and the hope of a people
[00:07:39] determined to rise up. It evolved very quickly, CS. We thought
[00:07:43] it would become a category five, and to understand what
[00:07:46] is happening, let's go to my colleague Ione Molinares to
[00:07:50] Washington.
[00:07:52] The explosion, we can see the dimension it had to take away the entire
[00:07:56] facade. We hear the protagonists, they
[00:07:59] mocked us as mothers and fathers of the 43.
[00:08:03] Where she lived, a bomb fell. We are about to board this
[00:08:07] Mexican air force plane heading to Romania to
[00:08:10] get a complete picture. We are here as migrants to
[00:08:14] progress, to make this country grow. There are great stories to
[00:08:17] know and many perspectives to analyze. Perspectives
[00:08:21] with Mario González, Monday to Friday on CNN.
[00:09:15] But regardless of that, the truth is that everything that happens in the world is
[00:09:19] somehow stirring up, and that Latin America, with all
[00:09:22] the aspects that are there, as you said, of elections,
[00:09:26] of the treaty between Mexico
[00:09:29] and Canada and the United States, will be in the spotlight, and it comes from a
[00:09:33] moment when the markets, to continue a bit with our focus
[00:09:36] today on markets, when the markets
[00:09:40] have also been quite well, and that...
[00:09:43] there are some expectations that, to the extent, although they are difficult to
[00:09:47] anticipate certainly, but that are
[00:09:49] moving in a way they haven't in
[00:09:53] many years.
[00:10:07] I am Yona Molinares in Washington. This is
[00:10:10] CNN.
[00:10:16] Thank you for staying with us. We are analyzing United Nations figures that show that
[00:10:20] Latin America is the region of the world that is aging the
[00:10:24] fastest. Latin American women are having fewer
[00:10:28] and fewer children, and in some countries like Chile, it is
[00:10:32] projected that very soon more people will die than
[00:10:35] will be born. We have with us demographer Luis Rosero
[00:10:39] Bixby, founder of the Central American Population Center at the University
[00:10:42] of Costa Rica. Professor Rosero, thank you for being with
[00:10:46] us. Well, these data that we
[00:10:49] talked about earlier from the United Nations show that Latin American
[00:10:53] women are having fewer and fewer children, and the population of Latin America is
[00:10:56] aging faster than in any other part of the world. What do
[00:11:00] demographers like you say? Is this good or bad for
[00:11:04] the economy of our countries? Greetings from Costa
[00:11:07] Rica, yes, it has
[00:11:10] positive aspects, but it also represents great
[00:11:13] challenges, right? The aging of the
[00:11:16] population, which has accelerated
[00:11:20] because the birth rate fell
[00:11:25] 15 years in a surprising way,
[00:11:28] right? So we have this phenomenon, eh,
[00:11:32] birth rate that was falling and it
[00:11:35] was expected that the population would age, right?
[00:11:38] Now this fall is accelerating, and that makes the
[00:11:41] aging that was expected become more
[00:11:44] accelerated and worrying, right?
[00:11:47] So there we have the challenges to the welfare
[00:11:53] has to do with... the pension
[00:11:57] schemes and public health that
[00:12:01] fundamentally serve elderly people, right?
[00:12:04] So what does that mean? There will be a crisis to be able to pay pensions
[00:12:08] and to be able to pay for hospitals,
[00:12:10] probably so, unless reforms are made, right?
[00:12:14] If things are left as they are,
[00:12:16] certainly there will be serious problems,
[00:12:19] right? Eh, it is said that there will be a collapse of pension
[00:12:23] schemes. Perhaps it won't get that far, but
[00:12:27] yes, to a substantial reduction in benefits,
[00:12:30] right? That the pensions that are received
[00:12:33] now will become half
[00:12:36] or a quarter of what they are now, for example,
[00:12:40] there will definitely be problems for the schemes, wow, they will
[00:12:43] fall by half or a quarter. Which Latin
[00:12:46] American countries are most at risk of this crisis
[00:12:50] in their retirement system and health services,
[00:12:53] putting Cuba aside?
[00:12:55] Eh, they are very advanced in this aging
[00:12:58] process and are moving very rapidly. Eh,
[00:13:02] Uruguay, Chile and Costa Rica, I would
[00:13:05] say. These three countries are very
[00:13:09] advanced, they have reached very low fertility rates
[00:13:12] of just one child per woman or close to one child per
[00:13:16] woman. In a matter of about
[00:13:19] 20 or 30 years, they will have a quarter
[00:13:23] or a third. The population will be
[00:13:26] older adults. And where are Mexico, Argentina,
[00:13:30] Colombia and others, eh, a little further behind and Brazil,
[00:13:34] right? A little further behind than these three countries, I would say
[00:13:37] a decade behind. That is, it will happen
[00:13:40] first in Uruguay, Costa Rica, Chile, and then it will happen
[00:13:44] in Argentina, perhaps in Brazil, in Mexico.
[00:13:47] Yes, but professor, what do you say to the opposite argument
[00:13:51] that it's good for women to have fewer children, because
[00:13:55] a woman who has six children lives more economically constrained than a woman who
[00:13:59] has one child? What do you say to
[00:14:01] that argument? Eh, it doesn't contradict it entirely,
[00:14:05] right? We are talking about different
[00:14:09] times. These problems that will come
[00:14:12] will occur within two or three
[00:14:15] decades, right? At these moments, at
[00:14:21] the birth rate, eh, I believe, and I believe
[00:14:24] I can demonstrate it, is being
[00:14:26] beneficial, why? Because it is
[00:14:30] currently occurring eh,
[00:14:33] mainly among young women, due to a
[00:14:38] pregnancy. So this is
[00:14:41] allowing for the empowerment of these
[00:14:44] women, so that they can get a better education, have better
[00:14:47] life projects, etc. That's on one hand.
[00:14:50] On the other hand, this drop eh is
[00:14:54] reducing the quantitative
[00:14:56] pressure on educational systems. In
[00:15:00] Costa Rica, for example, we are going from a population
[00:15:03] of 1.5 million minors 10
[00:15:07] years ago to one that will be
[00:15:10] 300,000 or 400,000
[00:15:13] children. Of course, there will be sad news that schools
[00:15:17] have to close, etc., but in general
[00:15:20] this process is a
[00:15:23] unique opportunity to improve the quality of
[00:15:27] education, so that the number of students per teacher, for
[00:15:30] example, is reduced by half, or so that
[00:15:34] the infrastructure of public schools is improved.
[00:15:37] Etc. What should be the retirement age in Latin
[00:15:41] America then? Well, that can vary among populations and
[00:15:44] occupations. But for example, if we take a
[00:15:48] benchmark, which is,
[00:15:51] moment that 10 or
[00:15:54] 20% of the
[00:15:56] population eh, already suffers from
[00:16:00] disabilities, right? They can no longer fend for themselves.
[00:16:04] That is currently happening around the
[00:16:08] age of 75. That is, at these moments,
[00:16:11] being 75 years old was like being
[00:16:15] 60 years old in the 50s or 40s of the last
[00:16:19] century when social security
[00:16:21] was established, right? Something like that is what
[00:16:25] has happened, health has improved, etc., and that
[00:16:28] is what we are seeing. So the retirement age should
[00:16:32] be 75 years old. I think that will be reached. I know that now it is
[00:16:35] difficult to say. I know that governments can fall,
[00:16:39] etc., but possibly,
[00:16:42] a retirement age of 75 years old with
[00:16:45] the possibility that people in certain occupations can
[00:16:49] retire earlier, that would be
[00:16:51] reasonable and would alleviate many
[00:16:55] of the problems. Professor Roserovi, thank
[00:16:57] you very much for your time. We have a break. When
[00:17:00] we return, my reflection of today. Don't go away, we'll
[00:17:03] be right back.
[00:17:10] I am Juan Carlos López, welcome to Clash of Opinions.
[00:17:13] Diplomacy, you know well, is said in private, not what is said in public. Well,
[00:17:17] we know what is said in private. Clash
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[00:18:29] men and women, such as working
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[00:21:31] Here on CNN, the news comes first.
[00:21:33] primero,
[00:21:37] Today with Yole Molinares, the Capitol has already prepared the
[00:21:40] funds for the Department of Homeland Security. When there is a lot at
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[00:21:58] are relations with the United States? Relations between the United States
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[00:22:32] things for you, a podcast with the five most
[00:22:35] important topics of the day.
[00:23:44] Thank you for staying with us. As I told
[00:23:47] the daily news and talk about
[00:23:50] a topic that will probably have a much greater impact in our countries in the medium and
[00:23:53] long term: the future of education.
[00:23:56] The laptop craze is over. Will we go back to classes
[00:23:59] with pen and paper? It's not an
[00:24:02] academic question. Sweden is already reducing
[00:24:06] digital education in all schools in the country, decreasing the
[00:24:10] use of school laptops and
[00:24:12] returning to use pen and paper more and
[00:24:16] more. It's a radical change because
[00:24:20] a few years ago many of us celebrated the adoption of school
[00:24:23] laptops. Sweden was one of the pioneering countries in all
[00:24:26] this. We saw school laptops as a passport
[00:24:30] for educational improvement and the democratization of
[00:24:32] education. I myself wrote a book where I talked
[00:24:36] a lot about this. All children could,
[00:24:40] we believed at that moment, ask their tablet questions during
[00:24:43] school hours and after class, and that would put them all
[00:24:47] at the same level. That is, it
[00:24:51] would put the children of the poorest families at the same
[00:24:54] level as the children of wealthy families, because it would be
[00:24:57] like having a personal tutor after school
[00:25:02] theory was going to result in more educated new generations and
[00:25:06] richer countries. And
[00:25:09] now, after hearing
[00:25:13] Sweden to reduce the use of educational
[00:25:15] tablets, I am not against
[00:25:18] school tablets, nor do most experts say they should be completely
[00:25:22] banned, but there are growing
[00:25:25] doubts about how effective they are.
[00:25:28] Sweden is one of the most technologically advanced countries
[00:25:31] in Europe and one of the pioneers in the use of school
[00:25:35] laptops, as I just told you, and the Swedish government, according
[00:25:38] to a BBC London report, is
[00:25:41] now returning to classes with pen and paper
[00:25:44] because academic results in recent years
[00:25:48] were disappointing.
[00:25:51] That is, they are not eliminating laptops, but they are
[00:25:55] reducing them. What should we do in our
[00:25:58] countries? Should we follow the example of Sweden or
[00:26:00] bet on education with screens? The
[00:26:04] truth is that since laptops began to be used in
[00:26:08] classes in the early 2010s, school
[00:26:11] levels have fallen in many countries,
[00:26:15] obviously, including Sweden. According to the
[00:26:18] OECD, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development,
[00:26:21] the Club of Rich Countries,
[00:26:25] PISA tests, as they are called, are tests for
[00:26:28] 15-year-old students that are taken in more than 80 countries.
[00:26:32] They had been falling even before the
[00:26:35] pandemic, but they suffered an unprecedented
[00:26:38] drop between 2018 and
[00:26:41] 2022. Of course, part of that was the
[00:26:44] pandemic, because many children could not go to class
[00:26:48] for months and obviously lost schooling.
[00:26:52] But the problem, as I just said, came from before, and
[00:26:57] tablets as a pillar of teaching say
[00:27:01] that laptops had a lot to do with the
[00:27:03] drop in school performance, because many
[00:27:07] students who had them in class were distracted,
[00:27:11] used them to chat on social networks, both in class
[00:27:14] and at home. So what is the solution?
[00:27:17] Probably, as the Harvard University professor,
[00:27:21] Emiliana Vegas, told us in today's interview, young
[00:27:24] children learn more with paper books than with digital
[00:27:28] tablets. Reading and writing are
[00:27:30] actions that require
[00:27:34] an attitude, that is, an
[00:27:37] action, and many times that allows
[00:27:40] them to remember things better than passively
[00:27:44] looking at a screen. And
[00:27:49] high school,
[00:27:51] the ideal is for tablets to be used partially
[00:27:55] and for specific uses.
[00:27:58] She gave us the example that when schools, for example, don't have English
[00:28:02] teachers, well, tablets can fulfill
[00:28:05] that function. So, as she told
[00:28:08] us, perhaps it's not a bad idea to do what
[00:28:12] Sweden is doing, not to eliminate school
[00:28:15] tablets, but to use
[00:28:17] them selectively and with limited times, both in
[00:28:20] schools and in homes. I wouldn't be
[00:28:23] surprised if many more countries follow in Sweden's
[00:28:26] footsteps, and return to encouraging the use of pen and
[00:28:30] paper, as before. Well,
[00:28:33] we've run out of time for today. If you you missed a part of this program and want
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[00:28:44] will send you every week this
[00:28:47] program and my columns, thank you, until next
[00:28:50] week,
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[00:29:25] UAD, the Argentinian University that trains you to
[00:29:28] succeed in the world, with
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[00:29:45] Build your future at UAD, a great
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[00:29:51] ? Surveys show that there is a wave of dissatisfaction
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[00:29:58] to get out of the pit, journalist
[00:30:02] Andrés. Openheimer shares novel strategies to
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[00:30:19] We are CNN, the world leader in news.
[00:30:37] Hello, how are you, I'm José Antonio Montenegro this is Globo
[00:30:40] Economía today dedicating our time to
[00:30:44] electrification and specifically to how despite the
[00:30:47] very strong onslaught that is.