TRTWORLD — News 20260808 050000 UTC 445 transcript segments Google Speech-to-Text API Automatic Transcription (Chirp) Data courtesy of The GDELT Project (https://www.gdeltproject.org/), from the Internet Archive TV News Archive. Machine transcription. Treat it as a searchable index of what was broadcast, not a verbatim quotation record. [00:00:09] United in their defense, todkia, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan signed [00:00:13] new pact [00:00:21] Iran and Oman close in a deal to reopen the [00:00:23] of straight off for moves. Washington says it will lift its blockade of Iranian ports [00:00:27] when that happens. Columbia. new right-wing president is sworn [00:00:31] in and immediately backed the [00:00:32] of $1 billion dollar security pledge from the United [00:00:35] States. And Thailand's government promises new gun laws [00:00:39] after a 14-year-old [00:00:40] of shoots dead at least seven people, including five teachers at his [00:00:43] school. [00:00:49] of [00:00:58] of [00:01:04] Hello again, new deal between Turkia, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan has committed them to [00:01:08] the defense of one another as fall out [00:01:10] of from the war on Iran prompts new concerns around the region. The [00:01:14] agreement has been signed in Mecca, it will see closer military [00:01:17] of corporation. It also includes a NATO style collective defense clause, which means [00:01:20] an attack [00:01:21] of on one will be [00:01:22] of considered attack on all. Turquia's president says [00:01:26] the agreement reaffirms the right to self-defense is defined in article. 51 [00:01:30] of the UN charter, he says it's not directed against any country and is [00:01:34] open to the participation of all brotherly nations seeking to promote [00:01:38] peace, prosperity and stability in our region. he says [00:01:41] will resolutely maintain its principal stance on resolving conflicts and [00:01:45] crises through dialogue and diplomacy based on respect for international [00:01:57] arrived in Jidda on Friday, expectations were high that the [00:02:00] trilateral summit with Saudi Cram Prince Muhammad bin Salman [00:02:04] and Pakistani Prime [00:02:06] of Minister Shahbas Sharif would deliver major [00:02:09] breakthrough. Those expectations were quickly [00:02:12] met. The three leaders signed what they called the Mecca Joint [00:02:16] Defense agreement. A landmark pact aimed at deepening military [00:02:20] cooperation and strengthening collective security between their [00:02:26] of countries. The agreement is built on the three countries longstanding historical time. [00:02:30] islamic solidarity and shared strategic [00:02:33] interests. its most significant provision is a collective [00:02:37] defense [00:02:38] de commitment, stating that an armed attack against any one [00:02:41] of the three nations will be regarded as an attack against them [00:02:44] all. it also pleages to deepen defense cooperation across all [00:02:48] of sectors while strengthening collective deterrance with leaders [00:02:52] of saying the partnership is aimed at promoting regional peace, stability [00:02:56] and security. the summit comes as all three count. [00:03:00] seek to expand strategic cooperation and it growing regional [00:03:03] uncertainty. Turkey has been actively involved in [00:03:07] diplomatic efforts over Gaza, while Pakistan has played a [00:03:11] role in mediation between the US and Iran in recent [00:03:14] tensions. Saudi Arabia meanwhile continues to position [00:03:18] itself as key regional diplomatic actor. The new [00:03:22] trilateral framework also builds on growing defense ts between [00:03:25] of Riyadh and Islamabad. Following their strategic mutual [00:03:29] defense. agreement signed last year, the [00:03:33] situation is so fragile, therefore the [00:03:35] Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and the [00:03:39] Turkey just came together just [00:03:43] to keep the statico in the region, at least in [00:03:47] of my opinion, and they just signed this agreement [00:03:51] in Mecca, Mecca is the [00:03:54] a holiest site in Islam, and this also added [00:03:57] have to pact ' based on [00:04:00] military basis. officials say the [00:04:04] agreement marks a significant step in institutionalizing [00:04:08] of security cooperation between the three regional powers with the new [00:04:12] framework expected to [00:04:13] of pave the [00:04:13] of way for closer military coordination and expanded defense [00:04:17] collaboration [00:04:25] riyad has mostly relied on the [00:04:29] Washington will be interesting, [00:04:37] from the White House, the US president Donald Trump departed Washington [00:04:41] DC early Friday evening without coming to cameras, but you can kind of [00:04:44] put this new security pact in kind of that [00:04:48] of category. I think you mentioned a more [00:04:50] of fallout of from this US-Israeli war on Iran as US [00:04:53] of partners in the region now seek new security arrangement. It can [00:04:57] also [00:04:58] of kind of point to questions that this leads to about the [00:05:01] durability of US security guarantees, also questions [00:05:05] about uh Israel's expanding military operations, [00:05:09] and uh, [00:05:09] a it might be even more about reassessing. their [00:05:13] security arrangements then it is about a formal military alliance, [00:05:17] but that of course remains to be seen as this is all very new and [00:05:20] kind of comes back to what we talked about lot in late [00:05:23] february around in march just after the US and Israel [00:05:27] launched this war about did the US consider the [00:05:31] impacts of launching those attacks and launching a war on Iran, did it [00:05:35] consider the impacts to its US allies in the region, and [00:05:39] it appears that uh the answer [00:05:42] is like, [00:05:42] we didn't consider it enough and now this is kind the response to that [00:05:46] and um [00:05:46] so in in practice, in theory rather, this would [00:05:50] be kind of like the NATO article 5 where if attack on one [00:05:54] would be attack on on all, so in theory will [00:05:57] you know in practice will have to see if it plays out that way. by the way, article [00:06:01] 5ive the NATO pact is only been uh invoked just one [00:06:10] we've been hearing from various sources? senior ones in the US [00:06:13] government that deal about the strato for moves and freedom of navigation [00:06:17] there is imminent, but we still haven't heard [00:06:19] anything, [00:06:24] exactly, but we have, we keep hearing from US officials in [00:06:28] absence of the president kind of talking about this, it is imminent, [00:06:32] we've been hearing that all week, and this and we've been here [00:06:35] before, but this does feel like something is [00:06:39] moving forward, there and obviously Iran and... do seem [00:06:43] to be close to finalizing this uh from US officials, we [00:06:46] also know that once they say commercial shipping is restored that the [00:06:50] US will lift the blockade of Iranian ports, that of course also [00:06:54] remains to be seen, that is US leverage, that's economic leverage over Iran, and [00:06:58] then of course we have this some US officials that this is all [00:07:01] performance based, so Rand's commitments to its agreements, [00:07:05] and that is kind of where the flash point has been in the past, and and [00:07:09] the differences and culture differences and differences of... interpretation [00:07:13] and language where that that has caused the flare-ups uh in these [00:07:17] attacks, but look, there is still the US stance that [00:07:21] Iran can't have iron grip on the straight off from moves uh and it [00:07:25] is Iran stance that [00:07:27] it is going to have some type of control, it could even [00:07:30] perhaps charge for commercial shipping that may [00:07:34] not be part of this agreement, but that's something Iran has talked about, so we still have two [00:07:38] sides, the US and Iran at differing opinions about. [00:07:42] the straight off for moves, but yet we have this deal, and so [00:07:46] perhaps this deal will be finalized, and so for the US president, the choice [00:07:50] is accept it uh or not, or walk away from [00:07:54] it and claim victory either way, and just say that let the Europeans [00:07:58] deal with the straight off from mouse, and we've kept Iran from having a nuclear [00:08:02] program, so we've won the war, uh, Donald Trump will need to claim a [00:08:06] win, so it's going to be interesting to see what the US president says [00:08:09] and does once this agreement is finalized. [00:08:13] Akbar Ah a former Pakistani diplomat, he explains how the defense deal [00:08:17] between Turkia, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan could affect the [00:08:20] region. When you look at what's happened, it is a [00:08:24] historic moment, Muslim [00:08:27] commentators, press are already talking [00:08:30] about a possible emergence of a Muslim [00:08:34] NATO, so this this agreement has [00:08:37] tremendous potential, they've got span, that [00:08:41] means from. to Pakistan, you see huge chunk [00:08:44] of Europe and Asia now being covered, you got [00:08:48] population, now they can claim to be nuclear, [00:08:51] the only second nuclear power in that region apart from Israel, [00:08:55] so very significant, at the same time they are serious [00:08:59] problems around and within these nations, there's the [00:09:02] problem of inequality of development of education, [00:09:06] but this gives impitus and new lease of life [00:09:10] to all three countries and als three countries have one characteristic which I [00:09:14] want to point out, all three have good favorable [00:09:18] relations, a good report with the president the United States which always [00:09:22] matters in international politics. If you [00:09:25] go back to Professor Mshima, one the leading, probably [00:09:29] the leading political scientis of America, he talks in terms [00:09:33] of great power rivalry, he talks in terms of [00:09:36] four hegemonds, the United States, Russia and China [00:09:40] and India possibly and... who dominate the [00:09:44] world politics and in that context you see what is [00:09:48] happening in the straight of hormos over the last few months, there was [00:09:51] chaos, there was confusion, [00:09:53] there was a lack of leadership and no one seemed to know what was happening [00:09:57] and how to resolve the problem, that's why you [00:10:00] need some international organization which [00:10:04] would attract both parties in in conflict and try to [00:10:08] resolve issues and that is why possibly i'm just conjecting. [00:10:12] "this particular move may develop into a group, because already you [00:10:16] have Egypt wanting to join, you have Malaysia very keen to join, [00:10:20] so if these countries do join up and you have half billion [00:10:24] people, overnight the Muslim world has [00:10:27] hegemmon and if there is hegemmon in the Muslim world you suddenly [00:10:31] have a force that could act as a counterbalance to the [00:10:35] other existing edgemonsk. the UN security council [00:10:38] has expressed concern over escalation of fighting in Yemen, calling on all [00:10:42] parties to avoid actions that could threaten peace. on Friday huthi [00:10:46] missile and drone attack on the displacement camp and the government held city of Marib killed [00:10:50] at least two people, the day before Huti missiles and drone strikes [00:10:54] killed around 60 government troops, there was also separate attack, [00:10:58] 11 people injured inside Saudi Arabia, the hoothies who control [00:11:02] large areas of Yemen, including the capital Sana say soudy led coalition, [00:11:06] it's been fighting for the past 11 years, it's preparing a military [00:11:15] in Yemen is going wider, especially that these continue [00:11:18] their attacks on positions that they say the the belong to the [00:11:22] internationally recognized government, the... They said that these [00:11:26] attacks are preemptive attacks in order to [00:11:30] stop any builds up against them, so far [00:11:33] the the Thursdays was the deadliest attack, [00:11:37] now Friday's attack [00:11:41] according to I witness have targeted a [00:11:44] military camp which is called a Sahn military camp, but also [00:11:48] government sources and and particular health ministry [00:11:52] says that the displaced people have been. injured and killed in [00:11:56] that attack, so far we are witnessing built up of [00:11:59] operations, also attacks by the his in the in the red [00:12:03] sea, they have the have targeted in the gulf of Eden, a [00:12:07] Saudi oil tanker, which was the eighth one, also they have [00:12:11] targeted another one and off the coast the [00:12:15] yumber in Saudi [00:12:16] Arabia, [00:12:23] just few hours ago, Spain and... imposed border controls for anyone arriving from [00:12:27] Italy, there's an escalating EU dispute over irregular [00:12:31] migration. Italy had imposed the same measures anyone arriving from Spain [00:12:35] after a mass influx of migrants into Spanish territory last [00:12:39] week. tens of thousands of undocumented migrants made their way to [00:12:42] Madrid's North African enclave of Selta. The move by Rome was [00:12:46] supported by Finland and Denmark. The Czecho Republic was calling for Spain's [00:12:50] membership the Shengen free travel zone to be suspended. Madrid is [00:12:54] upset with. what it says is lack of solidarity in the face of what it believes [00:12:58] should be a collective responsibility. [00:13:01] abelardo la esperia [00:13:03] is the man he's been sworn in his colombia's new president and just few hours after the [00:13:07] ceremony the US pledged a $1 billion dollar security package for his new [00:13:11] government. esperia is a political novice from the far [00:13:14] right. his administration has been welcomed into the shield the americas a [00:13:18] trump led alliance of latin american nations who have pledged to fight [00:13:21] narcotrafficking. spa only just one [00:13:25] election, his margin of victory, 250,00 votes, [00:13:29] just about one percentage point, so certainly the political divisions in [00:13:33] colombia are [00:13:34] clear. [00:13:39] i am sending a firm message to the colombian people, the time has come [00:13:43] to restore order, authority and [00:13:45] freedom, attitude towards ending [00:13:49] narcotrafficking, it's radically different to that of his left-wing predecessor, [00:13:53] from colombia, here's Manuel rither: now what's [00:13:57] been happening in the past four years is that the Colombian government has been [00:14:00] attempting peace negotiations with the countries remaining [00:14:04] in rebel groups. so what could happen now? if these [00:14:08] negotiations get all of sudden cancelled [00:14:11] with some the groups that are that were still in talks with the [00:14:15] government, they might react by staging attacks. so it is [00:14:19] somewhat of a tense situation and certainly it's a [00:14:22] 180 degree turn in the Colombia's [00:14:26] Colombian government's security policy and its approach to the [00:14:30] conflict that has been going [00:14:32] on in Colombia for decades. now we have had this [00:14:35] before 15, 20 years ago with a [00:14:39] more hard line approach, what that did at [00:14:42] that time, some people say is [00:14:46] force [00:14:47] you the rebel group at that time to fight guerrillas to sit [00:14:51] down at negotiations, perhaps it place some pressure on the... [00:14:55] to finally sign a peace deal with the government in [00:14:58] 2016, what analys here say, [00:15:02] however, is that you need to have both things, you need to exert pressure [00:15:06] on rebel groups, but you also need to have an avenue of [00:15:09] negotiations, because we're talking about an estimated [00:15:13] 20,00 people in Colombia right now that are [00:15:16] involved in these rebel groups or in these criminal groups [00:15:20] and somehow you need to find a pathway [00:15:24] for them to join. civilian life right, for them to [00:15:27] retire from these groups and and join the rest of [00:15:31] society, and it's quite difficult to [00:15:34] see how you could only achieve that through. [00:16:08] not only in term security but also economically, one must [00:16:12] recognize that it was very polarized election, [00:16:15] one in which two extremes the political spectrum [00:16:19] arrived at the final round, and in which the difference [00:16:23] was less than one%, and that demonstrated [00:16:27] also a thir for change regarding not [00:16:31] only the security policy, but especially regarding the [00:16:35] failures the peace process or... the total peace process [00:16:38] in colombia that was led by the [00:16:42] petrol administration and also the third colombia [00:16:46] had for an outsider the political system to arrive to the [00:16:49] presidency. again, the result was decided by less than [00:16:53] one%. it was very, very [00:16:56] close. um, and [00:16:58] this demonstrates that the opposition is already inforce its campaign [00:17:02] not only [00:17:03] for during the next four years for the presidency in 2030, but also the fact [00:17:07] that... next year there will be local elections, so political parties [00:17:11] are already trying to test out what could their messages be and in [00:17:15] that trying to animate their basis, which is demonstrated by not [00:17:18] only this discourse and this protest are [00:17:22] going today in those transition power, but it's [00:17:26] what yet to come not only in terms of political holding this government [00:17:30] accountable, but also in trying to construct that narrative that [00:17:34] will allow them to contest the regional election. which will happen in [00:17:38] October of next year, at least seven people have been killed in a [00:17:42] mass shooting on the outskirts the Thai capital, Bangkok. Police say [00:17:46] teenage student shot his grandparents before going to school, killing five [00:17:49] teachers and then turning the gun on [00:17:57] take cover at the school in Thailand's Nantaburi province [00:18:01] as gunfire rings out. Police says a 14 [00:18:05] year old fired dozens of R founds a teachers and [00:18:08] students with a handgun taking from family member. He [00:18:12] had also killed his grandparents at home earlier on Friday [00:18:16] morning. I saw students who had been shot, [00:18:20] some in the arm, some in the back, some in the chest. We rushed to get them to [00:18:24] hospital. Thailand has one the highest rates of [00:18:27] civilian gun ownership in Southeast Asia. Several [00:18:31] high-profile shootings in recent years have prompted renewed [00:18:35] debate over gun access and public [00:18:38] safety. I have sent relevant [00:18:41] officials to the area. This is horrible, it shouldn't have happened. This is the [00:18:45] reason why the government does not permit the extension of firearms [00:18:49] possession. This is exactly why. The suspect who shot [00:18:52] himself during the incident has been identified as a student at [00:18:56] the same school. We rushed up and found that [00:19:00] the perpetrator had shot himself in the right side the head and [00:19:04] collapsed. When we got up there [00:19:06] we checked his pulse. still had one, so we started [00:19:09] CPR. As soon as we saw signs during CPR, we had the [00:19:13] team bring a board up to carry him to the hospital. That [00:19:17] rescue worker says his own daughter attends this school and he [00:19:21] raised there after hearing reports of gun fire. For many [00:19:24] families, hours of waiting ended with the worst [00:19:28] possible news. It is second shooting at tine [00:19:32] school this year. In February, teacher was killed and a [00:19:35] student injured an attack. in the south, as [00:19:38] investigators search for motive, the attack is again [00:19:42] raising questions over firearm axes and whether [00:19:46] more can be done to prevent young people from carrying [00:19:49] out deadly [00:20:00] high school in Nontuby throughout the evening, police vehicles [00:20:04] come and go as investigators go into the building. continuing [00:20:08] to search for evidence, search for possible motive for this [00:20:11] shooting. It unfolded at around 9:30 this morning and went on for [00:20:15] around an hour as the 14-year-old youth went from [00:20:19] classroom to classroom targeting teachers, um, several [00:20:23] teachers died, lot of students were injured, some them critically, there's been [00:20:27] an appeal for blood donations, ano blood donations [00:20:30] for some the critically ill in hospital, now the prime [00:20:34] minister Anatin Chinvadakon visited [00:20:37] the site [00:20:37] this afternoon. He said he was shocked and saddened by the news, he couldn't [00:20:41] believe how this could happen here in Thailand. There was a shooting a [00:20:45] school in February, so the second this year, he said this is the [00:20:48] reason why he has... tightened the gun registration laws [00:20:52] and he said he wants to make them even tighter. the education [00:20:55] secretary called for increase security and all schools across [00:20:59] Thailand. he said there needs to be uh security guards on the [00:21:03] doors checking people as they go in, and the school here has cancelled all [00:21:07] lessons, has shut the school down for the next five [00:21:14] puples have been gathering, looking visibly shocked talking about the day's [00:21:17] events. rounding up some. the other main stories [00:21:21] this hour: in the U.S. Donald Trump has called [00:21:23] an appeals court ruling that his block construction of his $400 million dollar [00:21:27] white house ball room a national disgrace. The court is ruled the president [00:21:31] can't proceed with the project without getting approval from congress. Trump says [00:21:35] he'll be appealing to the Supreme Court. Thousands of [00:21:38] demonstrations in Pakistan have been holding rallies against fuel taxes. The [00:21:42] government implemented aggressive price hikes in July, critics say the measure [00:21:46] harms poorer citizens and protest. [00:21:50] Buenosires against new property bill backed by Argentina's president Javier [00:21:53] Miley. The bill aims to change how rural land can be used. It will [00:21:57] also introduce new limits on [00:21:59] the government's ability to seize private [00:22:01] property. Almost five years ago Bosnia [00:22:05] Herzegovina criminalized genocidal denial and the glorification of convicted [00:22:08] war criminals. Groups representing the victims the Ukaslav wars [00:22:12] the 1990s say thousands of complaints are still [00:22:15] unresolved, but there's a new digital platform that's hoping it can [00:22:19] press the. [00:22:25] public display celebrating convicted war criminals and social media [00:22:29] post denying the genocide will now be [00:22:32] recorded by new initiative in Bosnia and [00:22:35] Herzegovina. Such acts can constitute criminal offenses under the [00:22:39] country's criminal code. A new platform, register [00:22:42] 145A is documenting complaints and [00:22:46] allowing citizens to submit evidence they believe violates the... [00:23:20] say the problem is no longer documenting alleged offenses, but [00:23:24] the pace at which cases move through the judicial [00:23:27] system. they argue lengthy delays, risk [00:23:30] underminding confidence in the judicial system, and [00:23:34] discourage victims from reporting future [00:23:36] cases. [00:23:39] it is clear that the courts of Bosnia and Herzegovina still do not [00:23:43] understand their role and responsibility when it comes to persecuting [00:23:46] those committed war crimes as well as those who denied. [00:23:50] genocide or glorify convicted war criminals, someone must be [00:23:54] held accountable and the judiciary must begin doing its job, [00:23:57] ultimately, the only solution is comprehensive reform of [00:24:01] Bosnia and Herzegovina's judicial system, which has become deeply [00:24:05] problematic. For campaigners, the challenge [00:24:09] now is ensuring those laws are enforced [00:24:11] consistently. They say register [00:24:14] 145A is intended to make alleged [00:24:17] violations harder to ignore. but whether that leads to [00:24:21] faster prosecution will depend on the courts and [00:24:24] prosecutors. victims groups say many [00:24:28] complaints filed even before register 145 [00:24:32] was launched have remained unresolved for years. they warn that [00:24:36] continued delays, risks undermining public confidence in [00:24:40] Bosnia and Herzegovina's justice system and weakening trust that [00:24:43] the law will be enforced. Semir Sejovic, TRT [00:24:47] World, Behaj, Bosnia and Hercegovina. [00:24:52] "childhood is meant to be innocent, fun, full of play and learning at [00:24:55] home and at school. In Gaza, many children are bearing [00:24:59] responsibilities that really are meant for adults, working to support their [00:25:02] families because the loss their fathers. From Gaza, [00:25:11] more than nine months of sease fire, which exists in name, only many [00:25:14] families in Gaza remained displaced and without a stable source of [00:25:18] income. According to UNICEF, more than 56,000 [00:25:22] children have lost one of both parents or primary [00:25:26] caregivers during Israel's war on the enclave, while [00:25:30] hundreds of thousands continue to face severe disruptions to their [00:25:34] education and daily lives. For many these families, the [00:25:38] death of father has meant the loss the households only [00:25:41] bread winner, forcing children to shoulder responsibilities [00:25:45] far beyond their years. One them is 13 year [00:25:49] old. Karim Abufr. Instead of carrying school books, Karim [00:25:53] sells chilled water in his camp, using a small solar [00:25:57] powered cooler. He turns simple idea into a [00:26:01] way to support his family. "my father was killed during the [00:26:05] war so had to help my family, my grandparents and everyone who [00:26:08] depends on me. i'm the only one supporting them. i collect [00:26:12] food from the community kitchen and provide for my family. i have to [00:26:16] leave school because no longer have time to study. other children are [00:26:20] still in school, but i was forced to give up my education to help my [00:26:23] family. is restrictions on humanitarian aid have also left [00:26:27] families with increasingly limited [00:26:29] options. mother of four [00:26:33] children and since my husband's death, we have had no [00:26:37] source of income. Karim, my elder son, has taken on [00:26:41] the responsibility of supporting his younger siblings. for thousands [00:26:45] of children in Gaza, the seasfire has not brought an end to hardship. [00:26:49] nine months on families are still facing displacement, poverty and [00:26:53] the pain of losing loved ones. 10 year old [00:26:57] Muhammad Abdul Salam now spends his days working a [00:27:00] traditional clay oven instead of a [00:27:10] We have no source of income and no money to rely on, so I had [00:27:14] to send my son to work at the clay oven here in the camp, [00:27:18] even if he earns $2 a day, it helps us buy vegetables and [00:27:22] basic food. I'm responsible for six family members and [00:27:26] Muhammad, my eldest son, is the one helping provide for our [00:27:29] family. With more than 600. [00:27:32] 37,000 children out of formal education, many are [00:27:36] losing not only their classrooms, but the chance to experience [00:27:40] a normal [00:27:47] do have look at our website, lots of analysis for you there uh [00:27:51] feature in our bulletins, plus more, [00:30:13] Turkia, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan have signed a landmark defense pact in [00:30:17] Mecca, pledging attack on one will be treated as an attack on [00:30:20] all. The Turkish President, Richard Tayp Erduan says the deal reaffirms the [00:30:24] right to self-defense and is not aim to any country. The agreement has [00:30:28] been made as tensions have grown across the region since the start the US Isready. [00:30:32] on Iran. Tehran is saying it's agreed to propose shipping [00:30:36] route through the straight to for moves with Oman, a possible step towards reopening the [00:30:40] vital energy corridor. Sources in Washington say deal is [00:30:44] expected soon. Iran's blockaded this rate, the reason for the recent [00:30:48] resumption of that strikes, with the US saying once the waterway is [00:30:51] reopened, it will end the American blockade of Iran's [00:30:54] ports. The UN security council has expressed concern [00:30:58] over the ongoing escalation in.