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20260808 173000 UTC
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[00:00:35] in
[00:00:57] of
[00:01:07] For thousands of years, humans have been looking to the stars searching for
[00:01:11] answers. Here in New York, scientists continue that
[00:01:13] tradition, getting information from galaxies far, far away in hopes that
[00:01:17] humanity might survive in the future. Gennadi Villavin
[00:01:21] is head of a special astrophysical observatory home to many unique
[00:01:25] telescopes, which means we're in for an interesting
[00:01:28] tour.
[00:01:33] genia, hello, hello, so this is the
[00:01:36] BTA, so tell me what is it, how do we get an image from here? it's not
[00:01:40] like looking into a telescope at
[00:01:42] of home and seeing the moon, what kind of an image can we get here?
[00:01:46] uh, this is the large alt ismoth
[00:01:48] telescope, despite its size, the way
[00:01:52] we capture images of celestial
[00:01:55] of objects, stars, galaxies, quasars and so
[00:01:58] on, with this... telescope is fundamentally the same as
[00:02:02] with amateur telescopes. The unique feature of this
[00:02:06] instrument is its alter zimoth mount. This
[00:02:10] telescope was
[00:02:11] of pioneered in this regard. Up there was the first
[00:02:15] platform where our initial observations took
[00:02:18] place. Collocally, we call it the
[00:02:22] glass, because it looks like a
[00:02:24] glass. Observers used to sit there at one
[00:02:28] time.
[00:02:30] of Nowadays, of course, everything happens
[00:02:33] automatically, an observer is no longer
[00:02:36] needed, but the
[00:02:38] of observer
[00:02:38] of her used to sit there would
[00:02:40] of adjust the coordinates, track stars and so
[00:02:44] of on.
[00:02:58] So this is my 20 years
[00:02:59] of ago so... This is like a time machine in many ways, because the
[00:03:03] light that we're getting here now is from billions of years
[00:03:06] ago,
[00:03:07] what is the furthest back that you've ever been able to capture an image here at this
[00:03:11] telescope?
[00:03:15] As of today, we can say yes, it's
[00:03:19] indeed a time machine, it allows us to look not
[00:03:23] of only far, but also back in time. This
[00:03:27] telescope was
[00:03:28] of prepared specifically for this purpose.
[00:03:38] can look very, very far and
[00:03:41] of into very,
[00:03:43] in of very long ago. what we mean by
[00:03:47] of that is events that happened in the universe
[00:03:48] more than 10 billion years ago. it can also look at the
[00:03:52] distance light has traveled,
[00:03:54] more than 10 billion years. i can't say exactly right now what
[00:03:58] the maximum red shifts we have. obtained
[00:04:00] of for galaxies or quisers are, but it's somewhere around
[00:04:04] five, so that is, I don't know,
[00:04:07] approximately 11 to 12 billion years
[00:04:11] ago, and that means 12 billion light years from here
[00:04:14] accordingly, so there you go, I see we have some movement here, can you tell
[00:04:18] me what's happening, like what are we actually seeing here with this telescope, the
[00:04:22] telescope points a star and rotates its
[00:04:26] axis, the operator gives the command to aim a specific.
[00:04:30] point in the celestial sphere and it starts, now
[00:04:34] it's supposedly aimed at the star, so um, not
[00:04:38] just asteroids, there are other things that can um be dangerous to us here on earth as
[00:04:42] well, such as let's say a pulsar or a quasar close to
[00:04:45] us, um, do you worry about any of that, does any of that keep you up at
[00:04:49] night? don't worry, asas and kizars are
[00:04:53] very far away from us. cazars in fact,
[00:04:57] don't really exist in the present time. Well, maybe
[00:05:01] some
[00:05:01] of the closest ones do. The quasars we see are among the
[00:05:05] most distant objects that existed tens of billions
[00:05:09] of years ago. They show us the active. process of
[00:05:13] galactic disc formation, these are
[00:05:16] young, active galaxy nuclei, that emit
[00:05:19] enormous amounts of energy, but don't
[00:05:23] worry about them, there's nothing to fear, neither
[00:05:27] pulsars nor quazers pose any threat, in
[00:05:30] general, all events related to the collision of large
[00:05:34] objects such as earth, or the solar
[00:05:37] system, while not entirely impossible, are
[00:05:41] extremely rare. and at least for our solar system,
[00:05:45] nothing will threaten us for hundreds of millions of billions
[00:05:49] of years, so I have to ask, you've been studying space your entire
[00:05:52] life, would you like to personally go up into space and be closer to the
[00:05:56] action, and do you think think that there might be a benefit for
[00:06:00] astronomers like yourself to be up there and closer and see
[00:06:03] things for themselves? personally, I do dream of
[00:06:07] space, but I see many interesting things to do
[00:06:11] here as well. Moreover, some things in
[00:06:14] space are fundamentally impossible to achieve.
[00:06:18] However, I believe that in the future, when space travel
[00:06:22] becomes less costly, all astronomy will move to
[00:06:25] space, perhaps to the moon. Observing space
[00:06:29] from the moon would be very effective. Um, there are some people
[00:06:33] who think that um, astronomy doesn't help us
[00:06:37] in our everyday lives, that it's just something that's going to happen in the
[00:06:40] future. What can you?
[00:07:12] contributions to
[00:07:17] provides
[00:07:20] It technological significant domestic also and global advancements in fields
[00:07:24] and technologies unrelated to
[00:07:27] astronomy. In this sense, astronomy,
[00:07:31] even if it doesn't directly feed us, plays role in
[00:07:35] this process. All fundamental science is
[00:07:39] built on this principle. It's very wrong.
[00:07:51] as a hole, and all technological complexes in the most
[00:07:55] highly developed countries the world, are
[00:07:58] interconnected and related each other,
[00:08:01] so there is a direct practical benefit from
[00:08:04] astronomy.
[00:08:35] so looking beyond our solar system uh we have
[00:08:38] exoplanets uh they exist um
[00:08:42] tell me about those and are you certain that we're going to find life
[00:08:44] there? i think so, but that is
[00:08:48] something that awaits us in the future. life is a
[00:08:52] stage in the evolution the overall chemistry the
[00:08:55] universe, its chemical elements, from the moment of
[00:08:59] birth to the aging of our universe, it becomes more
[00:09:03] and more complex. initially it was just hydrogen, then
[00:09:07] other elements were synthesized and so on. then
[00:09:11] came rock material. organic substances
[00:09:15] and finally life. We know that this process
[00:09:18] occurs uniformly throughout the universe. If
[00:09:22] life exists somewhere, then it exists
[00:09:25] everywhere. It's just matter of finding
[00:09:29] it. Personally, I believe that biological life
[00:09:33] will be discovered on other planets, not
[00:09:36] civilizations, but biological life, some forms of
[00:09:40] life or signs of it.
[00:10:12] hard to believe it would be very similar, it could be some other
[00:10:16] branch of life, but we can only
[00:10:18] speculate, so the
[00:10:21] sun, as it expands, the earth will not survive.
[00:10:25] this as it gets brighter, how long do we have before this happens
[00:10:29] and what can we expect
[00:10:31] to see in this process? don't
[00:10:34] worry, we still have some 5 billion
[00:10:38] years to go without any
[00:10:40] problems.
[00:10:43] and i'm going to ask this because the dark
[00:10:44] project,
[00:10:48] is in essence astronomy the only science that's really going to
[00:10:52] help us survive in the future, because "we need
[00:10:55] to be ready for asteroids coming our way, know when they're coming or
[00:10:59] know how we can manipulate them, you're absolutely right.
[00:11:03] astronomy in this sense has great meaning for our lives
[00:11:07] right now, at this time. this has to do
[00:11:11] with asteroid astronomy as well,
[00:11:14] mean people underestimated just recently, a
[00:11:18] couple of years ago, a massive asteroid blew up near
[00:11:22] Chelabinsk, had it been 10 times bigger. It would have been
[00:11:26] a tragedy. It was actually quite
[00:11:29] intense. No one was killed, but windows were
[00:11:33] shattered, people wounded and so on. And
[00:11:36] we hadn't noticed it. That's our drama as
[00:11:39] astronomers. Estimates vary, but these
[00:11:43] days we only control just few percent of
[00:11:47] outer space. The rest of
[00:11:50] it is its own. If
[00:11:51] an asteroid is far away, we have plenty of time.
[00:12:03] and
[00:12:03] they are easy to overlook. Is there a bit of a paradox?
[00:12:07] I mean, if we can change the course of asteroid, can we be creating more
[00:12:11] problems in the future? I don't know if
[00:12:15] there are going to be more problems, but personally, I think
[00:12:18] what we saw recently, the changing of asteroid's
[00:12:22] trajectory, that's great progress. Really, it gives
[00:12:26] us certain hope that in the future, at some point at least,
[00:12:30] this problem will be solved and will be
[00:12:32] protected.
[00:12:53] This is the 600. it is the size of 40 football fields and
[00:12:57] has about a thous mirrored elements. it was designed to
[00:13:01] capture signals from space listening in to the conversation
[00:13:05] the
[00:13:05] cosmos.
[00:13:12] julia, thank you for taking us to your office, as it were,
[00:13:16] appreciate the opportunity to show us this radio telescope. what kind
[00:13:20] of signals do you catch here and what
[00:13:24] kind of? information can you get from them and also have you ever got any signals that you weren't able
[00:13:28] to explain? just like a common
[00:13:31] landbased telescope, raten 600 captures
[00:13:35] non-thermal synchroton emission mostly from celestial
[00:13:39] bodies. for example, the sun, the closest star
[00:13:43] to us emits radio waves, and
[00:13:46] we can observe it. most other objects are extra galactic
[00:13:49] sources or radio waves like galaxies and quasars
[00:13:53] and the signal. from them that the radio telescope
[00:13:57] captures are the non-thermal synchroton radio emission
[00:14:00] of electrons. It's called synchroton emission
[00:14:04] because electrons move along magnetic field lines at
[00:14:08] close to the speed of light. That's the main type of data that
[00:14:12] radio telescope captures. What we observe here are
[00:14:16] hundreds of thousands of space objects that emit radio
[00:14:19] waves. We receive data on their activity, on their
[00:14:23] calm state and on. the evolution the synchrotron
[00:14:26] emission that originates from the central areas of
[00:14:30] galaxies and quasars, mostly it's galaxies and quasars that we
[00:14:34] observe here. now i understand that the sun is getting
[00:14:38] ready for a period of extra
[00:14:41] activity, and what kind of information can your radio telescope
[00:14:45] tell us about what's to come and what can we learn from
[00:14:49] this extra active period
[00:14:51] in the sun? in our daily observations. with
[00:14:55] Rayton 600, we study solar activity in the
[00:14:59] radio frequency band. The key advantage of Rayton
[00:15:03] 600 is that it can work in multiple frequencies. We
[00:15:07] study space objects from 1 to 30 gigahertz and we
[00:15:10] receive this data instantly. As the nearest star
[00:15:14] heated to 6000 degrees Kelvin, the sun is
[00:15:18] the focus of our studies. As we know, the sun is now in its
[00:15:22] 11 year cycle of activity, now.
[00:15:25] data
[00:15:28] now it's at maximum. after many that years
[00:15:30] the at rain
[00:15:32] the key minimum, 600 retrieves and where we have massively improved is
[00:15:36] solar activity for. the
[00:15:39] radio frequency allows us to predict proton
[00:15:43] flares on the sun several days in
[00:15:45] For example, advance. A proton flare is powerful outburst
[00:15:49] of solar particles with a large share of
[00:15:52] protons. Radio frequency data retrieved by
[00:15:56] Rayton 600 allows us to predict such flares
[00:16:00] two or three days in advance. The data is fed to our
[00:16:04] observatory's website where automatic forecasts are.
[00:16:07] least positive or negative? of course, this forecast is
[00:16:11] not 100% accurate,
[00:16:13] but in 80% of events, our flare forecasts are
[00:16:17] confirmed. so these solar flares, these bursts of plasma
[00:16:20] coming from the sun, they're strong enough to cause disruptions in
[00:16:24] communication down here on earth, what can we learn from
[00:16:28] this? what can we do to prepare, and
[00:16:32] mean is humanity in for some sort of chaos because these solar
[00:16:35] storms? Solar
[00:16:38] activity has a significant impact on humans, the atmosphere
[00:16:42] and all communications. How can we protect ourselves
[00:16:46] against this? Here, at Rayton 600, we only
[00:16:50] gather information that helps us understand what's
[00:16:52] coming. As for the measures that protect us from solar
[00:16:56] flares, well, sometimes we're told to stay at
[00:16:59] home.
[00:17:02] Okay, so the ren 600 can capture
[00:17:06] signals from.
[00:17:37] for the benefit of humanity. We all live on earth and it would be
[00:17:41] foolish not to be curious about what's out there. It's the
[00:17:45] first question we ask as humans, we are surrounded by
[00:17:48] colossal energy and enormous energy
[00:17:52] sources. By studying them, we can explore alternative
[00:17:56] ways to produce energy, which is a pressing issue
[00:17:59] given that our planet's resources are
[00:18:02] limited.
[00:18:05] So this is incredibly interesting. Can you show us a little bit more of
[00:18:09] your office, or should I say this
[00:18:10] telescope?
[00:18:32] So that we know of, we have not heard any
[00:18:36] signals from aliens.
[00:19:38] we can receive and process signals within this range, which is
[00:19:42] why we focus on it. modern instruments such as
[00:19:45] ground-based and space observatories aim to increase
[00:19:49] sensitivity to detect very weak signals. it's
[00:19:52] possible that we're searching for something that doesn't exist. it's
[00:19:56] also possible that the signal we're looking for is extremely
[00:20:00] faint, but that is not very likely. it might be
[00:20:04] that there's no one out there for us to find.
[00:21:02] so you personally, do you hope to find a alien
[00:21:06] life out there
[00:21:07] someday? like
[00:21:11] everyone else on earth, the thought of us being alone in the universe is
[00:21:15] frightening to me, on the other hand, it's also scary to
[00:21:19] think that someone might be close by and could pay us visit.
[00:21:23] Of course, the theory of probability suggests that a universe with
[00:21:27] unknown boundaries, we can't be the only form of
[00:21:30] life. There are most likely other life forms out
[00:21:34] there, which could be less or more advanced than us. It
[00:21:38] would be fascinating to meet and understand them, but like most people,
[00:21:42] I'm also apprehensive about
[00:21:43] it.
[00:21:51] kind
[00:21:51] of goes hand in hand with what you do and what you're studying,
[00:21:54] what is the next era of space exploration in your mind? what do you think is
[00:21:58] the next big step for us? are we on the edge of
[00:22:01] new era in the space race? i
[00:22:05] believe that the next big step in space development will require a
[00:22:09] significant technological leap. ground-based telescopes
[00:22:13] are improving their sensitivity and angular resolution, but
[00:22:16] we can't do this endlessly. that's why space. telescopes are
[00:22:20] crucial. There are currently many space telescope
[00:22:24] missions, including some in our country. They allow us
[00:22:28] to be unconstrained by the atmosphere and increase
[00:22:32] sensitivity or angular resolution when a space
[00:22:35] telescope observes simultaneously with a ground-based
[00:22:38] telescope. The next step is definitely space
[00:22:42] observatories, which I think humans have not yet fully
[00:22:45] mastered. Now
[00:22:49] what is the one thing? that you just have
[00:22:53] trouble wrapping your mind around because you're dealing with huge
[00:22:56] numbers, you're dealing with things that basically people don't
[00:23:00] understand, is there something in your mind that
[00:23:04] just really is hard to understand or
[00:23:06] grasp?
[00:23:13] the most important reason why we study the universe, why we study
[00:23:17] outer space is to investigate it.
[00:23:20] and evolution, this is the main question, we
[00:23:24] study all kinds of objects and their development can point us to
[00:23:27] the history the universe and its growth, how and where did
[00:23:31] everything originate, what was the starting point? there's a
[00:23:35] theory that everything started with the big bang, but what
[00:23:39] was before that, and was there a big bang at all? there are
[00:23:43] many questions, theory and observation do not
[00:23:46] aligne, in order to explain with theory what? we see
[00:23:50] and observe, we need to make lot of assumptions, adjustments and
[00:23:54] introduce various coefficients, which we often do without
[00:23:58] explanation. our primary goal is to understand how
[00:24:02] everything happened and how everything evolves. this is the
[00:24:06] main thing astronomy seeks to answer. if i may
[00:24:09] ask, what really excites you about your job? why do you do
[00:24:13] what you do? the most impressive
[00:24:17] thing about astronomer's work is that: we get to do what we love
[00:24:21] professionally. when we come here, we are first and
[00:24:25] foremost free in our choices. we can
[00:24:28] improvise, and very often we don't have
[00:24:31] to be told what
[00:24:32] to do. we are a state of discovery, and that's
[00:24:35] exciting. as one of our colleagues said, you come
[00:24:39] here, enjoy yourself and get paid for it. it really is a
[00:24:43] pleasure, especially when you succeed, when you discover something
[00:24:47] new or confirm your hypothesis.
[00:25:20] You also need to be a philosopher, you need comprehensive
[00:25:23] approaches, sometimes non-trivial ones. In this
[00:25:27] regard, astronomy is no exception, but it's also
[00:25:30] global because we study very distant objects that we cannot see
[00:25:34] directly. We need to figure out how to observe them, how to
[00:25:38] improve the image and enhance the signal, and this brodens
[00:25:42] our horizons first of all, but also naturally,
[00:25:46] our world view. It's a comprehensive approach.
[00:29:00] to request the kind approval the national general assembly behind
[00:29:03] every decision, every vote, the eyes have it, and
[00:29:07] every heated debate lies the heartbit of
[00:29:10] democracy. This matter is very, very important, idea for rule you out
[00:29:14] of order, welcome to the place where it's all
[00:29:17] unfold,
[00:29:23] every week I take you inside the inner walkins the assembly where
[00:29:27] laws are shaped, decisions are made and the future the
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[00:29:38] and law makers at the national assembly as they uncover the
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[00:30:58] Good evening and thanks for joining.