ZVEZDA — broadcast
20260920 093000 UTC
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[00:00:30] at his main threat, as he
[00:00:33] believed, was Hitler's Germany, which
[00:00:37] declared war and
[00:00:40] carried out aerial terror against Great Britain,
[00:00:44] then he fought against it, and
[00:00:47] accordingly he welcomed the Soviet Union as his
[00:00:51] ally, but this welcome was
[00:00:54] a temporary step. Not so long ago in Great Britain,
[00:00:58] secret archives were declassified. Winston Churchill, judging by
[00:01:01] the notes that the English Prime Minister left for internal
[00:01:05] use, it was the Soviet Union that was for Churchill
[00:01:08] a state threatening the security of all
[00:01:11] Europe. A terrible
[00:01:14] catastrophe would have occurred if Russian barbarism had destroyed
[00:01:17] the culture and independence of ancient European
[00:01:20] states. From Winston Churchill's secret memorandum
[00:01:23] of October 1942.
[00:01:27] The inevitable victory of the Soviets
[00:01:30] became obvious already at the beginning of 1943.
[00:01:33] The allies applauded the Soviet
[00:01:36] troops, admired the feat of the soldiers and
[00:01:39] officers in the Battle of Stalingrad. King
[00:01:42] George presented the famous
[00:01:45] sword to the defenders of Stalingrad, which is one of
[00:01:49] the highest achievements of 20th century arms
[00:01:53] art, and which had previously been exhibited in London, and
[00:01:56] Churchill solemnly presented this sword in Tehran.
[00:02:00] Stalin kissed it,
[00:02:03] and it was written there, "To the inhabitants of the city of Steel
[00:02:06] from the grateful British people," and so
[00:02:10] on. And at the same time, Churchill wrote down
[00:02:13] the theses that he would follow until the end
[00:02:16] of the war. Quickly occupy Germany,
[00:02:19] key points, in the north,
[00:02:22] possibly in the south, forces were divided,
[00:02:26] American and British, so
[00:02:29] that... when the Soviet Union entered the territory
[00:02:32] of Germany, all the most important
[00:02:36] and useful areas would be
[00:02:40] captured. Undoubtedly, this
[00:02:43] is an anti-Soviet, this is a hostile
[00:02:46] plan against the Soviet Union, which
[00:02:49] was an ally of both Great Britain and
[00:02:53] the USA in the anti-Hitler coalition. Perhaps,
[00:02:56] this was the true goal of opening
[00:03:00] the second front. Using the Nazi regime against
[00:03:03] Russia was Churchill's obsession. In
[00:03:06] 1943,
[00:03:10] after the turning point in the war, when it was already clear to the world
[00:03:13] that the collapse of the Third Reich was inevitable,
[00:03:16] the headquarters of the Allied forces developed
[00:03:19] a plan codenamed Rankin.
[00:03:22] The main goal of the plan was to preempt the Soviet
[00:03:25] Union in seizing territories controlled by Nazi
[00:03:28] Germany. To push the border of contact between the Anglo-American
[00:03:32] bloc and the Soviet Union
[00:03:35] as far east as possible, so that the Soviet Union
[00:03:38] would advance as little as possible to the west. Russian
[00:03:42] armies will undoubtedly seize all of Austria and enter
[00:03:45] Vienna. If they also seize Berlin, will they not get
[00:03:49] an exaggerated idea that they made
[00:03:52] an overwhelming contribution to our common victory? If
[00:03:56] Berlin is within our reach, we must undoubtedly
[00:04:00] take it. From Churchill's letter to Roosevelt
[00:04:03] on April 1, 1944. In May
[00:04:07] 1944, a month after this letter,
[00:04:11] an event occurred that personally concerned Winston Churchill.
[00:04:14] The participants of this special operation remained silent for
[00:04:18] 70 years, and only recently were the memoirs of
[00:04:21] Konstantin Kvashnin, a Soviet intelligence officer,
[00:04:24] an officer of our mission in Yugoslavia, a man
[00:04:28] to whom Randolph Churchill, the only son of the all-powerful
[00:04:31] British Prime Minister, owed his life,
[00:04:35] published. Randolph Churchill represented the British mission in
[00:04:38] Yugoslavia. He, in fact, maintained communication between the British
[00:04:42] government and Tito. The Yugoslav revolutionary,
[00:04:45] military and party leader, head of the partisan movement in
[00:04:49] Yugoslavia, future general secretary of the Communist Party
[00:04:52] and later the first president of the country. For
[00:04:56] Tito's head, the German command announced an incredible...
[00:05:00] reward of 100,000 Reichsmarks, but despite this, no one
[00:05:03] betrayed him. In the spring of 1944,
[00:05:07] a special operation, Rossel
[00:05:10] Sprung, Knight's Move, was developed. Tito's headquarters and the English
[00:05:14] mission were supposed to be surrounded, to capture
[00:05:17] the Yugoslav marshal, along with him and Randolph
[00:05:20] Churchill. The operation was decided to be carried out by the forces
[00:05:24] of the 50th SS battalion. What is the 50th battalion? These are
[00:05:27] penal battalions. Penal battalions in Germany, just
[00:05:31] like here, were the most
[00:05:34] effective units. These were
[00:05:37] motivated people, in penal battalions, German
[00:05:40] penal battalions.
[00:05:42] crimes, and so that they could atone, so
[00:05:46] to speak, for their crimes, they
[00:05:49] were sent to the most, so to speak, responsible
[00:05:52] places. The operation, sanctioned by Himmler,
[00:05:56] involved the encirclement of Tito's headquarters, his capture or
[00:05:59] destruction. This was supposed to change the course of the war in
[00:06:03] the Balkans. Randolph Churchill and our military missions found themselves in a
[00:06:06] very difficult position, being practically blocked from
[00:06:09] all sides, and indeed. Kvashnin
[00:06:13] actually personally saved
[00:06:16] Churchill. For five days, German
[00:06:20] special forces pursued our representatives through
[00:06:23] the mountains. We were herded through the mountains until June
[00:06:26] 8, like a flock of sheep, walking only at night. It's hard
[00:06:30] to imagine now, but then we were on the march for about 100
[00:06:33] hours, with rare hour-long stops, from the diary of
[00:06:37] Soviet intelligence officer Konstantin Kvashnin. One
[00:06:40] night, the Germans surrounded the group. Oh, there was only one way
[00:06:44] out: down a steep slope. Randolph
[00:06:46] covered Kvashnin. At the most dangerous moment, the son of the English
[00:06:50] prime minister nearly doomed the entire rescue operation to
[00:06:53] failure. Churchill Jr. was always characterized by an excessive
[00:06:57] love for alcoholic beverages, however, on June 8, this weakness
[00:07:01] could have cost not only him his life. At the most unexpected
[00:07:05] moment, a half-drunk Randolph suddenly began to sing, and did not
[00:07:08] react to the order to be silent. We just had to knock him out and...
[00:07:29] Churchill to a safe territory. Should
[00:07:33] and could the British Prime Minister change
[00:07:36] his policy towards the USSR after
[00:07:39] his son was saved by a Soviet intelligence officer?
[00:07:43] The answer to this question was the decision of the British
[00:07:46] Prime Minister to forget about who his son
[00:07:49] owed his life to. For Churchill, the USSR remained
[00:07:53] the main strategic adversary, and the further west
[00:07:56] our troops advanced, the more ambitious Churchill's
[00:08:00] plans to contain the USSR became. He suggested
[00:08:03] to Montgomery that the collected trophy weapons
[00:08:07] be stored in warehouses specifically in Germany, so that they could
[00:08:11] be quickly distributed to German prisoners, if necessary,
[00:08:14] to form some armed formations,
[00:08:18] strike groups from them. Even
[00:08:22] after the fall of the Third Reich, at the demand of the Imperial
[00:08:25] General Staff of Great Britain, in the English zone
[00:08:28] of occupation of Germany, former soldiers and officers of
[00:08:32] the Reich were kept in combat readiness and even
[00:08:35] trained. According to the materials
[00:08:38] I came across in prisoner-of-war camps. The organization of the offensive
[00:09:53] was entrusted to the former commander of the Royal
[00:10:02] Artillery, Brigadier General Geoffrey
[00:10:05] Thompson. The plan envisaged a massive
[00:10:08] offensive by British and American divisions against
[00:10:11] Berlin. beyond its borders. The goal
[00:10:15] was to push back the Soviet Union to the Oder-Neisse
[00:10:17] line, which actually meant conquering, among other things,
[00:10:20] Poland. This is a wild thing, an absolutely wild thing,
[00:10:23] exhausting the circle. A weakened Soviet state
[00:10:27] is facing a new aggression. In Operation
[00:10:31] Unthinkable, it was planned to use over
[00:10:34] 800 tanks. Moreover, Thompson proposed
[00:10:37] using the surviving forces of the Wehrmacht and SS,
[00:10:41] and it was also supposed to include economic levers.
[00:10:44] Part of the Unthinkable plan was
[00:10:48] to limit supplies to the Soviet
[00:10:50] Union, the most critical, as they
[00:10:54] identified, needs of the Soviet Union in
[00:10:57] rubber and other materials, thus,
[00:11:01] yesterday's ally, the Soviet
[00:11:04] Union, already became an adversary, and
[00:11:07] against it, the development of economic
[00:11:11] sanctions and real military
[00:11:13] actions was already underway. It was assumed that on July 1,
[00:11:16] 1945, Operation Unthinkable against
[00:11:20] the USSR would begin with 47 English
[00:11:23] and American divisions. And 12 German
[00:11:27] divisions, those very ones that the allies kept in reserve
[00:11:30] in Schleswig-Holstein and southern Denmark, would support them. The final goal
[00:11:34] was clearly defined: complete defeat and
[00:11:38] surrender of the USSR, but in the main
[00:11:41] the Prime Minister of Great Britain miscalculated.
[00:11:44] It was assumed that the Soviet Union, the troops were tired, not in
[00:11:47] a state, so to speak, one could say the same about the Anglo-American
[00:11:51] troops. The Soviet Union had impressive
[00:12:25] Marshal Zhukov unexpectedly decided in June
[00:12:28] 1945 to regroup his forces,
[00:12:31] received an order from Moscow to strengthen the defense and
[00:12:35] carefully study the deployment of Western
[00:12:38] Allied troops. From an interview with Professor Erikson
[00:12:41] of Edinburgh University. In
[00:12:44] 2021, journalists of the English edition
[00:12:47] "The Telegraph," while studying materials related to World
[00:12:51] War II, discovered in the national archives Plan
[00:12:54] Unthinkable. To this day, this document with Winston
[00:12:57] Churchill's autograph is kept in a folder titled
[00:13:01] "Russia, a Threat to Western Civilization." But even after
[00:13:05] his closest associates and allies refused to
[00:13:08] participate in Churchill's global military venture, he
[00:13:12] continued to make grand plans against the Soviet
[00:13:15] Union. As already
[00:13:18] in the depths the Chiefs of Staff Committee
[00:13:21] is developing, under Churchill's
[00:13:25] leadership, a document called "The Security
[00:13:29] of the British Empire," which describes as if
[00:13:32] everything that would happen during the Cold War,
[00:13:35] this rigid, impenetrable barrier between the sphere
[00:13:39] of influence of the Soviet Union, and Western Europe - this unification
[00:13:42] of Western Europe under the auspices of the Anglo-Saxons. True,
[00:13:46] he no longer had any real leverage to implement
[00:13:49] it. At the end of July 1945, the all-powerful
[00:13:53] prime minister became
[00:13:56] A cholera epidemic in besieged Stalingrad. The disease
[00:14:00] had already captured the front-line areas and was actively spreading through
[00:14:04] the city. It had to be stopped immediately.
[00:14:07] Is it true that the vaccine that existed at that time turned
[00:14:11] out to be ineffective? And was it really possible to stop
[00:14:14] the epidemic thanks to a revolutionary drug
[00:14:17] created by microbiologist Zinaida Yermolyeva, right in a Stalingrad
[00:14:20] basement? They started making saline bacteriophages
[00:14:23] using beef broth, it's not a fact
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[00:18:46] On July 5, 1945,
[00:18:49] during the elections to the Parliament of Great Britain, the Conservative
[00:18:52] Party, and Winston Churchill suffered a
[00:18:55] defeat. On July 26, Churchill resigned.
[00:18:59] The retired prime minister began writing memoirs and speaking to
[00:19:02] students. On March 5, 1946.
[00:19:06] In Missouri,
[00:19:09] USA. Winston Churchill delivers a speech at
[00:19:12] Westminster College in Fulton. Later it
[00:19:15] would be called the Fulton Speech. It marked a new period in
[00:19:19] relations between the Soviet Union and the West, the Cold
[00:19:23] War.
[00:19:26] An iron curtain had descended across
[00:19:28] the entire continent. Behind this line lay all
[00:19:32] the capitals of the ancient states of Central and
[00:19:35] Eastern Europe. Warsaw,
[00:19:38] Berlin, Prague, Vienna,
[00:19:42] Budapest, Belgrade,
[00:19:45] Bucharest, and Sofia. All
[00:19:48] these famous cities with their surrounding populations are
[00:19:51] within what I must call the Soviet
[00:19:54] sphere.
[00:19:57] And all of them, in one form or another,
[00:20:00] are objects not only of Soviet influence, but of very
[00:20:04] high, in some cases even growing.
[00:20:50] He loved the cognacs of the Soviet
[00:20:53] Union, but
[00:20:56] after the Fulton speech, all this stopped.
[00:20:59] The Fulton speech became the culmination of Winston
[00:21:02] Churchill's hypocritical policy. The former Prime Minister of
[00:21:06] Britain openly called on America and Europe to unite and
[00:21:10] declared that Western countries must have
[00:21:13] complete military superiority over the USSR. While the Third
[00:21:16] Reich existed, it was a common enemy, as soon as the common enemy
[00:21:20] disappeared, then those images of the Soviet Union
[00:21:23] and Bolshevism that existed in Great Britain
[00:21:27] in the 1920s were revived, but
[00:21:30] dropping the iron curtain seemed insufficient to
[00:21:33] Churchill, he needed to destroy
[00:21:37] the Soviet Union as soon as possible and with someone else's
[00:21:40] hands. In files declassified in 2014 by
[00:21:43] the FBI, a sensational document was found. It turned out that as early
[00:21:46] as 1947, Churchill, in a private conversation,
[00:21:50] asked Senator Styles Bridges to persuade US
[00:21:54] President Harry Truman to launch
[00:21:56] a pre-emptive nuclear strike against the USSR. Field Marshal
[00:22:00] Allenbrooke specifically notes that Churchill did mention
[00:22:04] the possibility of using nuclear weapons against the Soviet
[00:22:08] Union. From the late 1940s to the mid-
[00:22:10] 1950s of the 20th century, the Anglo-Saxon world
[00:22:14] literally churned out plans for nuclear bombardments of Soviet
[00:22:18] cities. One of the key ones was
[00:22:40] the United States, thirty of the largest,
[00:22:43] most important from an economic, administrative
[00:22:46] and political point of view for the Soviets.
[00:22:50] Nuclear weapons will be used by both
[00:22:53] sides, other types of weapons of mass destruction,
[00:22:57] radiological, biological and chemical weapons
[00:23:00] may be used by either side, taking into
[00:23:03] account considerations of retaliation and effectiveness.
[00:23:07] Plan Dropshot, Chapter 1, Section 4, Paragraph
[00:23:11] 14. Plan Dropshot consisted of four
[00:23:15] phases. The first phase involved the start of nuclear
[00:23:18] bombardment of the USSR. The second - large-scale offensive
[00:23:22] operations along the entire front line by all branches
[00:23:24] of the armed forces, the third - offensive operations
[00:23:27] until the moment of surrender of
[00:23:30] the USSR. The fourth phase - establishing complete
[00:23:33] control over the Soviet Union. According to
[00:23:36] experts, the implementation of the plan was only stopped by the appearance
[00:23:40] of the atomic weapon in the Soviet Union. This,
[00:23:44] of course, forced our
[00:23:46] leadership to intensively engage in creating. represented
[00:24:33] the main
[00:24:34] threat
[00:24:39] to the Western world, the famous Iron
[00:24:42] Lady is deservedly considered one of
[00:24:45] the ideologues of the collapse of the USSR, which, of course,
[00:24:49] is no accident, if one remembers that her
[00:24:51] political idol was none other than
[00:24:55] Sir Winston
[00:24:56] Churchill.
[00:26:12] July 1942,
[00:26:15] Stalingrad. Intelligence reports from behind the front lines indicated
[00:26:18] that cholera had broken out in German units, and the disease could easily
[00:26:22] spread to Soviet soldiers. There was no time
[00:26:25] for vaccination, and the city was overflowing with evacuees, lacking
[00:26:29] even clean water. If the spread of the disease
[00:26:33] was not stopped immediately, an epidemic was inevitable.
[00:26:36] Cholera is an acute infection that affects
[00:26:40] a person within a few days, and sometimes even hours,
[00:26:43] can lead to death, and despite the fact
[00:26:47] that a vaccine for this disease was developed back in the late 19th
[00:26:50] century, it only works for about half a year, after
[00:26:54] which a person can become re-infected.
[00:26:57] At the same time, the pathogen itself
[00:27:00] cannot be completely destroyed; it continues to remain in water bodies and
[00:27:04] becomes active in unsanitary conditions.
[00:27:08] In the summer of 1942, near Stalingrad, fierce
[00:27:10] battles were taking place, a huge number of fallen
[00:27:14] soldiers remained at the battle sites. Soon,
[00:27:17] the Germans began to develop various infectious
[00:27:21] diseases, among which was
[00:27:25] cholera.
[00:27:28] Stalingrad at that time was intensively preparing for defense. Hundreds of thousands
[00:27:31] of soldiers passed through the city to the front, and
[00:27:35] continuously, steamers and railway trains with
[00:27:38] cargo and evacuees departed from it to Astrakhan and
[00:27:41] Saratov. In a matter of days, the epidemic could spread to
[00:27:45] neighboring cities and
[00:27:46] regions.
[00:27:50] Cholera spreads very quickly, through
[00:27:53] contaminated food, water, through contact with
[00:27:56] an infected person. Within a few weeks,
[00:27:59] the infection could claim lives.
[00:28:02] of people, both civilians and military, and
[00:28:06] hospitals were already overcrowded
[00:28:08] with wounded, which sounded like a death sentence for
[00:28:11] Stalingrad. To prevent an epidemic, the People's Commissariat
[00:28:14] of Health of the USSR urgently sent Professor
[00:28:18] Zinaida Yermolyeva, a microbiologist,
[00:28:22] to the city on the Volga, and today we have
[00:28:24] to find out: is it true that the vaccine that existed at that time
[00:28:28] was powerless against cholera in Stalingrad?
[00:28:32] Did the Germans really destroy all the drugs for the deadly
[00:28:36] disease that were sent to the city on the Volga?
[00:28:40] Well, and did Zinaida Yermolyeva manage
[00:28:43] to develop a revolutionary drug
[00:28:47] in the basement? This is Raratkeshchan and the program is not
[00:28:50] a fact. Now we will
[00:28:52] find out everything.
[00:28:57] Large-scale measures to combat the epidemic. Everyone without
[00:29:00] exception in Stalingrad, and that's over a million
[00:29:03] people were given cholera
[00:29:06] bacteriophage, the risk of the disease spreading in
[00:29:10] Stalingrad was not there was no time for this, and new
[00:29:13] challenges for doctors: dressings and
[00:29:16] antiseptics did not
[00:29:18] help.
[00:29:23] Cholera has been known since the 6th century BC through monuments of
[00:29:26] ancient culture. Its symptoms were described in
[00:29:29] ancient Indian Sanskrit manuscripts, where the disease
[00:29:33] was called the great plague. The toxin, that is, the poison, which
[00:29:37] the cholera vibrio secretes, affects the human
[00:29:40] intestine, in a short time leads to severe
[00:29:43] dehydration. At that time, they had not yet learned
[00:29:46] how to treat cholera, and it caused panic among
[00:29:50] people. They did not know how and tried to run away from its
[00:29:53] source, as a result of which infected people spread
[00:29:56] the pathogen even
[00:29:58] faster.
[00:30:00] The microorganism that causes the disease
[00:30:03] was discovered in 1883 by the German
[00:30:07] scientist Robert Koch, who called
[00:30:10] it the cholera comma
[00:30:13] because of its curved shape.
[00:30:17] Primarily, people get cholera; the infection
[00:30:21] affects everyone without exception, but depending on
[00:30:24] immunity, the disease progresses differently.
[00:30:27] To prevent the spread
[00:30:30] of infection, it is extremely important
[00:30:33] to detect it in time, isolate the sick person, and start their
[00:30:37] treatment.
[00:30:40] To combat cholera in July 1942,
[00:30:43] microbiologist Zinaida Yermolyeva flew from Moscow. There was no time
[00:30:47] to prepare, so the professor took with her only the most
[00:30:50] necessary diagnostic preparations and serums. Yermolyeva
[00:30:53] went to Stalingrad by military transport
[00:30:57] aircraft. The front line then ran not far from...