ZVEZDA — broadcast
20261105 080000 UTC
411 transcript segments
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Machine transcription. Treat it as a searchable index of what was broadcast, not a verbatim quotation record.

[00:00:00] just
[00:00:00] led
[00:00:08] to Mayakovka, they fed them there,
[00:00:12] watered them, let them rest before the
[00:00:15] parade. This is separately to the question that even in the most
[00:00:19] difficult moments of the war, the Russian person always behaved
[00:00:22] humanely. Dad, I have an important question I want to ask, Alexey
[00:00:26] Konstantinovich, you said about these four years of father's struggle with...
[00:00:48] about Crimea, about the amnesty that was done, he
[00:00:52] always considered that he was a terrible enemy.
[00:00:56] When father was already old, well,
[00:00:58] cadets of the Ministry of Internal Affairs University
[00:01:01] supervised them. They
[00:01:05] came every
[00:01:08] May 9th to congratulate him. I remember
[00:01:11] the scene, I came to my father, the cadets were sitting, and
[00:01:15] it was already 2014, and he was telling them how to
[00:01:19] find
[00:01:30] marks 60 years since the founding of the Research Institute
[00:01:33] of Military History, Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces. Right
[00:01:37] after our program, watch Yuri
[00:01:40] Podkopayev's special report, historical troops about this unique
[00:01:43] institution. We remind you that we have an app, you
[00:01:47] see a QR code on the screen, point your
[00:01:49] camera, follow the link, everything is clear there,
[00:01:53] uh, when everything works out, you know, Zvezda is always near, it's
[00:01:56] already near, and now even more so, and there you can watch all episodes of the open broadcast,
[00:02:00] we remind you that we broadcast twice a day, from Monday to Thursday at
[00:02:04] 9:15 and
[00:02:21] History was appointed a member of the Central Committee of the CPSU, Pavel Zhilin,
[00:02:24] a front-line soldier who went through the entire war. Under him, in the early
[00:02:27] seventies, a separate building for the institute was built
[00:02:30] on Universitetsky Prospekt in Moscow. The construction was under the control
[00:02:34] of the Central Committee of the Party. As they say here, those who had lost by
[00:02:37] that time had already written their history of the Second World War. Now the winners
[00:02:41] had to do it. Historical rarities
[00:02:44] are kept deep in the institute's library,
[00:02:47] for example, captured maps of the General Staff of Hitler's
[00:02:51] Wehrmacht. You won't find such maps on the internet. The trump card of the institute
[00:02:54] is considered to be that people here don't work, they serve. This institute is part of
[00:02:58] the Academy of the General Staff, which means
[00:03:02] putting all cards on the table.
[00:03:24] Captured Wehrmacht maps were stored in the archives of the CPSU Central Committee. They
[00:03:27] were transferred to the institute when 12 volumes on
[00:03:31] World War II were being prepared here. Military
[00:03:34] historians read these arrows and circles like an open
[00:03:38] book. At that historical moment, the main forces
[00:03:41] were concentrated in the border zone,
[00:03:44] in the borderland, and it was not
[00:03:47] difficult for the enemy to strike
[00:03:50] and envelop our groupings. When they were
[00:03:54] transferred to the Institute of Military History, our
[00:03:58] historians first... you saw how
[00:04:01] the enemy's reconnaissance operated. Senior
[00:04:04] researcher at the Institute Vladimir Fesenko folds a captured
[00:04:08] map from forty-one and unfolds a Wehrmacht map from forty-three
[00:04:12] before the Battle of Kursk. This is already a scientific
[00:04:15] work, its beginning. The result of research work at
[00:04:19] the institute is considered to be the publication of a book, which bears not only the author's
[00:04:22] name, but also the name of this citadel, the Institute
[00:04:26] of Military History of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
[00:05:03] His science
[00:05:04] of winning.
[00:05:14] such tanks from Norofaminsk
[00:05:16] went into the breakthrough, that's why it's here,
[00:05:19] the machine is originally Czech,
[00:05:23] used by the German army, our sappers
[00:05:26] mined the highway to Akulova, some of these tanks
[00:05:29] were blown to atoms, and the Germans were driven into the lowlands, forced
[00:05:33] to retreat, shelled with artillery, and eventually forced them
[00:05:37] to withdraw, meaning it was a war that was also very tactically
[00:05:40] competent. Senior...
[00:06:42] his organizational skills and writing talent led him to the Institute of Military History,
[00:06:46] where he defended his doctorate on the influence of atmospheric fronts on combat
[00:06:50] operations, including the contribution of military meteorologists to the preparation
[00:06:53] of the main parade of forty-one. How
[00:06:57] Soviet aviation meteorologists developed a forecast
[00:07:00] ten days in advance. This is a military
[00:07:04] labor feat. As a practicing hydrometeorologist, I
[00:07:08] still don't understand how they managed to do it. This brilliant forecast
[00:07:12] came true, and it came true just in time. The expected
[00:07:15] difficult weather conditions occurred literally hours before the parade began.
[00:07:31] This geographical point is
[00:07:35] where the war turned
[00:07:38] back. Let's just say, Vladimirovich, these words
[00:07:41] of yours about Moscow,
[00:07:50] where our ancestors stood to the death, not allowing
[00:07:54] the enemy to break through to the capital. That's how it
[00:07:57] was. And these words at the symbolic milepost
[00:08:01] in front of the main temple of the armed forces were written by leading researcher
[00:08:05] Vladimir Ovchinnikov, and approved by the Minister
[00:08:08] of Defense.
[00:08:17] The company creating the multimedia museum complex "Road of Memory"
[00:08:21] asked the head of the expert group of the Institute of Military
[00:08:24] History to approve every step they took, every
[00:08:27] hall, every exhibit. I am impressed by
[00:08:30] this tankman. Sergeant Grigory on his BT-7 tank
[00:08:33] knocked out 12 enemy tanks. He acted, of course,
[00:08:36] very skillfully, knocked out only three tanks, changed position, another three
[00:08:40] tanks, and thus disabled almost the entire unit. This
[00:08:44] allowed our troops to retreat in an organized manner
[00:08:48] and prepare the defense of the city. And most importantly, he
[00:08:51] went through the entire Great Patriotic War, I see. This part
[00:08:54] of the gallery tells about such people.
[00:08:58] The church involvement of Northern Fleet submariner Vladimir Ovchinnikov
[00:09:01] helped the naval officer on long voyages and came to define
[00:09:05] his specialization at the Institute of Military History. During
[00:09:08] the construction of the main temple of the armed forces, the leading researcher
[00:09:12] essentially became an advisor to the chief architect of the project, Dmitry
[00:09:15] Smirnov. It was not without divine
[00:09:18] providence. The most famous artists and sculptors were involved
[00:09:21] in the work on the temple's design. These are Dashi
[00:09:25] Namdakov, Salavat Shcherbakov, Vasily
[00:09:28] Nesterenko. Here, on the
[00:09:31] icon of the patron of the Navy, Nicholas the Wonderworker, there
[00:09:34] is a mosaic panel above, a story where
[00:09:38] Nicholas the Wonderworker saves a drowning man. I told
[00:09:41] Vasily: "The temple is a military one, hang the St. Andrew's flag on the gaff
[00:09:45] and let him save a Russian sailor." And Vasily
[00:09:48] listened. The main temple of the armed forces was consecrated for
[00:09:52] the 75th anniversary of victory. Five years later, the historical
[00:09:55] special forces were given another state task: to
[00:09:59] help create a new exhibition for May 9th
[00:10:03] in the Central Victory Museum in a couple of months, to make it
[00:10:06] historically accurate
[00:10:07] and modern.
[00:10:16] We already had experience after the creation of the exposition, when the museum director
[00:10:20] offered us to conduct tours on one of the Sundays, to participate in
[00:10:24] tours here.
[00:11:00] The head of the Institute of Military History, Ivan
[00:11:03] Basik, and I are sitting on chairs from Marshal
[00:11:06] Zhukov's office. The colonel is leading historical battles invisible to the world,
[00:11:10] and not only on his own territory, but abroad.
[00:11:14] He recently returned from Vietnam.
[00:11:18] The result of cooperation with Vietnam was a joint Russian-Vietnamese
[00:11:20] work. It will state that the role
[00:11:24] of our advisors, military advisors who participated in
[00:11:27] the war, the role of the Soviet Union, is difficult to overestimate,
[00:11:30] because, of course, Vietnam would not have withstood the American pressure. One of
[00:11:34] the lines of defense of military history here is the study
[00:11:37] of foreign school textbooks. This is how they identify
[00:11:41] where all sorts of historical
[00:11:43] fakes come from. Many countries of the near abroad, former
[00:11:47] Warsaw Pact countries, say that the Soviet army should have
[00:11:51] stopped at the border, at the Romanian border and beyond.
[00:12:25] The institute's department in St. Petersburg is quartered right next to history in
[00:12:29] the General Staff building with a view of Palace
[00:12:32] Square, next to the headquarters of the Leningrad
[00:12:35] Military District, under the dome with the standard
[00:12:38] of the district commander is the General Staff Library,
[00:12:41] established in 1811. There is already a solid
[00:12:45] bookshelf with the works of the department.
[00:12:48] St. Petersburg is so valuable for military history that here
[00:12:52] the institute has its own department. The General
[00:12:55] Staff Library is the most atmospheric in the country and is constantly replenished
[00:12:58] with new books from our researchers. If we talk about
[00:13:02] our already perhaps twenty-volume project Leningrad War
[00:13:05] Blockade, Battle for Leningrad, I would like to highlight the book "Life
[00:13:09] of the City," in which we moved away from military
[00:13:12] operations, we showed the life of citizens
[00:13:15] in the city. One of the articles of this book is called: "We
[00:13:19] ate everything that could be eaten."
[00:13:22] And a subsection of this article.
[00:13:25] Fresh goosefoot in Eliseevsky store. We
[00:13:29] asked St. Petersburg artist Olga
[00:13:32] Zaitseva to draw these plants. Spreading
[00:13:35] goosefoot, shepherd's purse, common
[00:13:38] reed. At the same time, there are plants here that
[00:13:42] could not be eaten. Next up is the work of commanders of the Age
[00:13:45] of Catherine the Great, with Generalissimo Suvorov at
[00:13:48] the head. Moreover, in the biography of our national hero, the final
[00:13:51] word rests with the institute of the Soviet era.
[00:14:25] bureau that the dot in Suvorov's biography has been placed,
[00:14:28] he was born on November 14, 1730.
[00:14:32] In
[00:14:40] the Academy of the General Staff, there is now an increased demand for
[00:14:44] higher military education, which includes fundamental military-historical
[00:14:48] training. The Institute of Military History at this stage
[00:14:51] is doing tremendous work, what does it consist of? It's
[00:14:55] military-historical works. Employees of the Institute of Military History
[00:14:59] today spend the lion's share of their time in archives.
[00:15:02] The materials developed in the archives, they form reference
[00:15:05] materials that are used today not
[00:15:08] only by students, but probably first of all by the faculty
[00:15:12] of the academy, who form educational and methodological materials. These are
[00:15:15] lectures, seminars, group practical
[00:15:18] classes. Students use the developed
[00:15:21] material not only for their self-preparation, but
[00:15:25] also for preparing for exams. Today, our military
[00:15:29] history is developing in a spiral, but
[00:15:33] it is important, it is important that students understand this, but at
[00:15:36] each stage of this development, they see the
[00:15:40] changes that are taking place in the state as a whole, in
[00:15:43] military science as a whole. Doctors
[00:15:46] of historical sciences, leading research institutes of the General Staff, are trained not only for our
[00:15:50] country. Foreign military applicants are currently writing three doctoral
[00:15:53] dissertations at the institute, and four times
[00:15:56] as many master's theses. Here, they know every figure concerning the Great Patriotic
[00:16:00] War. In this sense, their digitalization was carried out
[00:16:03] first here. And in total, our military historians study more than 200
[00:16:06] military conflicts, and this is already after World War II.
[00:16:10] This system is used by all military command bodies, all
[00:16:14] military educational institutions of the Ministry of Defense. The institute's
[00:16:17] electronic encyclopedia on military affairs in detail
[00:16:21] analyzes even Operation Cactus, in which Indian special forces
[00:16:24] helped the Maldives restore peace and prosperity in
[00:16:28] their coral state. Readers
[00:16:31] of these secret materials are far from only military historians.
[00:16:34] The first to appreciate the merits of this system was the Chief of the General
[00:16:38] Staff, who reviewed, so
[00:16:42] to speak, our developments, and we received approval. According to
[00:16:46] the head of the Institute of Military History, they are now deeply
[00:16:49] immersed in the study of the special military operation. In turn,
[00:16:53] our soldiers can immerse themselves in a military history textbook
[00:16:57] published by the departmental research institute in three versions: for
[00:17:00] soldiers, for cadets, and for officers. In the conclusion
[00:17:04] of the volume for cadets, it is stated: in peaceful years,
[00:17:07] people begin to think that the past has nothing to do
[00:17:11] with them. The exacerbation of political struggle
[00:17:14] forces every person, sometimes against their own
[00:17:18] will, to live in history and create history, and
[00:17:21] this is directly relevant to cadets, future
[00:17:24] officers of the Russian army.
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[00:22:21] The world has been at war for the fourth year, a war of intelligence agencies is underway, from
[00:22:25] the center, Soviet intelligence officers receive an order: to find out about
[00:22:28] ongoing developments of a weapon of unprecedented power.
[00:22:32] A source of information in Great Britain could be nuclear physicist
[00:22:35] Allan May. Good evening, may I
[00:22:39] speak to Mr. Allan,
[00:22:41] speaking.
[00:22:44] It's a pleasure to hear you, Mr. May. I have a letter for you
[00:22:47] from your friend from Moscow. I
[00:22:50] would like to deliver it to you personally.
[00:22:54] What friend? Do you remember in
[00:22:57] 1939, you came to the Soviet Union
[00:23:01] and met with Russian physicists there?
[00:23:04] Well, this letter is from one of them. You used to correspond with him often.
[00:23:07] He asked me to deliver it to him
[00:23:11] personally. Excuse me, I don't know
[00:23:14] you at all. The situation
[00:23:16] is such now, as you said.
[00:23:51] England is gripped by spy mania, posters on
[00:23:54] every street remind that the enemy can be everywhere,
[00:23:58] neighbors watch each other, the police watch
[00:24:01] foreigners, and any extra word can cost
[00:24:04] freedom.
[00:24:07] In such an environment, an illegal has no right to make a mistake. To
[00:24:11] obtain the necessary information, courage
[00:24:13] is not enough, ingenuity
[00:24:16] is needed.
[00:24:21] Sometimes the most reliable way to learn a secret
[00:24:24] is just to drop in for a cup of tea.
[00:24:38] Good evening, Mr. May, what a heavy
[00:24:42] rain. Good evening,
[00:24:44] Mr.
[00:24:46] With your permission, England.
[00:24:52] So where is the letter? Here
[00:24:53] it is.
[00:24:57] Thank you. Will you allow me to wash
[00:25:00] my hands? The passing cars are so
[00:25:02] careless. Yes, yes, of course, Mr. Renson,
[00:25:06] take off your coat.
[00:25:14] Where did you get such luxurious coated paper?
[00:25:16] They found something better in Moscow.
[00:25:21] We have a war now, and such paper is impossible to find
[00:25:24] anywhere.
[00:25:29] This letter crossed all of Europe. You must admit,
[00:25:32] on newspaper, it might not have
[00:25:34] made it. Thank
[00:25:37] you. The toilet is the second door
[00:25:40] on the right.
[00:25:49] Dear Allan, I hope this letter finds you in good
[00:25:52] health and good spirits. This is
[00:25:55] a difficult time for all of us, and I often think about
[00:25:59] how you are doing in England.
[00:26:03] Thank you, Mr. Menich, thank you very much.
[00:26:06] Russel is my friend, he is a very pleasant person
[00:26:09] and a brilliant scientist.
[00:26:12] I completely agree with you. I would be glad to
[00:26:15] answer him, but I'm afraid that the letter won't reach
[00:26:18] the addressee. They write that it is very
[00:26:22] difficult in Russia now. War is going on. Now
[00:26:25] it's difficult not only in
[00:26:26] Russia.
[00:26:32] made a lot of noise, really?
[00:26:36] Yes, how
[00:26:37] interesting.
[00:26:40] Would you like some tea with carrot cake? You can tell me
[00:26:43] about it then. I wouldn't refuse.
[00:27:01] Yes, in Russia now...
[00:27:38] But we cannot allow Germany to create
[00:27:41] an atomic bomb before Great Britain and
[00:27:44] the USSR. Progressive British scientists
[00:27:47] can do what Churchill denies
[00:27:50] to the allies. Then they will outpace
[00:27:53] Hitler. Who are you really?
[00:27:56] деле?
[00:28:01] I am from Russia. And the Soviet people are those
[00:28:05] who want to defeat
[00:28:07] Nazism.
[00:28:15] But what can
[00:28:16] I do?
[00:28:19] You can share what you have and know best
[00:28:23] of all, the secrets of creating new
[00:28:26] weapons.
[00:28:30] Soon, the physicist, who received
[00:28:33] the code name Alec, began to transmit
[00:28:36] crucial information about experiments
[00:29:09] to his resident. Military intelligence officer Jan Chernyak was one of those who obtained
[00:29:12] information about the start of work on creating an atomic bomb in
[00:29:15] Great Britain. Allan May provided him with information about
[00:29:19] the results of research conducted by scientists at a secret
[00:29:23] laboratory in 1942-43.
[00:29:26] These materials were studied by academician
[00:29:30] Kurchatov himself. In total, military intelligence officers
[00:29:33] managed to obtain about 6,000 pages
[00:29:36] of secret documents about atomic projects in Britain,
[00:29:40] the USA, and other countries, as well as samples
[00:29:43] of equipment. By the end
[00:29:46] of 1945,
[00:29:48] Jan Chernyak, on assignment from the center, was
[00:29:52] in Great Britain as an illegal intelligence officer. Before
[00:29:55] sending Jan on
[00:29:58] his mission, the center assigned him the pseudonym Jen.
[00:30:03] It was under this operational name that he would enter
[00:30:07] history. Jan Chernyak is considered one of the most
[00:30:10] talented and successful illegal agents. He created
[00:30:14] the best intelligence network in the history of military intelligence in Europe. He was born
[00:30:17] on April 6,
[00:30:20] 1909 in what was then
[00:30:23] the Austro-Hungarian province of Bukovina. He
[00:30:27] was born in Chernivtsi, grew up in an orphanage,
[00:30:30] his parents perished in the fire of the civil
[00:30:33] war.
[00:30:35] The future intelligence officer successfully graduated from school and the Prague Higher
[00:30:39] Technical School, where he received an engineering
[00:30:42] degree. He entered the Berlin Polytechnic
[00:30:45] Institute. At the same time, he became so fascinated by the ideas of equality
[00:30:49] and justice that he joined the Communist Party
[00:30:52] of Germany.
[00:30:54] In the thirties, the Soviet Union was famous throughout
[00:30:58] the whole planet, it was the most pro...