Google Cloud Speech-to-Text API (Chirp) + Gemini 2.5 Flash Non-Thinking. Treat it as a searchable index of what was broadcast, not a quotation record.
00:00:00Content production and even decision-making in some public services,
00:00:04AI is becoming more involved every day. If these
00:00:08systems portray women as less capable, less experienced,
00:00:11and confined to traditional roles, this same image
00:00:15can influence real decisions about women.
00:00:18From job opportunities and visibility
00:00:22in the online space to the image that future generations
00:00:26will have of women's roles in society. If you work
00:00:30in the field of AI or would like to know more about it, send me a message
00:00:33on Instagram and write your
00:00:35comments for me.
00:00:40Click every week on BBC
00:00:42Persian
00:00:49and now on BBC Persian Television
00:00:52documentary.
00:01:14Welcome to Globalala from BBC World Service. In the next
00:01:18half hour, you will watch a selection of our best investigative and field
00:01:22reports. I am Katya Adler, editor of the European
00:01:25section of BBC, and I have come to Greenland to find out why Donald Trump
00:01:29is interested in
00:01:37The use of force has subsided for now, although no definite agreement
00:01:41has been reached. Is this tension an indication that the alliance between
00:01:45Europe and America, an alliance that has been a determining factor in geopolitics for more than
00:01:49a century, is facing an unprecedented threat?
00:01:51Next,
00:01:54in the program, we will see another investigative report about the widespread
00:01:58abuse of Interpol by Russia and other countries. Interpol
00:02:02is an organization that helps police forces around the world to exchange information
00:02:05and pursue international criminals. We have gained exclusive access
00:02:09to confidential documents that show Russia is using Interpol
00:02:13to suppress government critics abroad.
00:02:17We will also take a look at Bosnia and Herzegovina, a country scarred
00:02:20by a horrific war, but where peace has reigned for three
00:02:24decades now. We will see what lessons Europe can learn from this and
00:02:28examine the impact of past conflicts on a young generation that is
00:02:32ready to move beyond old divisions.
00:02:33Greenland
00:02:36is a land of maximums: maximum capital, maximum
00:02:40distance from the world's economic centers, and now maximum
00:02:43geopolitical importance. This
00:02:46ice-covered island is the largest island in the world, but
00:02:49has a very small population, less than 60,000
00:02:52people. The first inhabitants were Vikings in the Middle Ages,
00:02:56but they later disappeared. Then the Inuit
00:03:00came here from North America. This island became
00:03:03a Danish colony in the 18th century, but since
00:03:071979, it has been considered a semi-autonomous
00:03:10territory, while Copenhagen still
00:03:13controls Greenland's security, defense, and foreign policy.
00:03:17During World War II, Greenland became a strategic base
00:03:20for American military forces. During the Cold War,
00:03:24following the confrontation between the US and the Soviet Union, Greenland
00:03:27gained more importance in the Arctic. However, after
00:03:30the collapse of the Soviet Union, Greenland's importance declined,
00:03:34and the country's vast natural resources remained untouched
00:03:38beneath vast layers
00:03:40of ice. But now, Donald Trump has once again
00:03:43placed Greenland in the spotlight of global politics.
00:03:47We really need Greenland for our national security. If
00:03:51we don't have it, a huge gap will be created in our country's security.
00:03:54But why? What is so special about this Arctic island? With the melting
00:03:58of polar ice and the creation of new potential shipping routes,
00:04:02new economic opportunities have emerged in the Arctic region.
00:04:05This has also brought new military vulnerabilities.
00:04:09The United States, Russia, and increasingly China, are
00:04:13vying to exploit these emerging opportunities and prevent others' access,
00:04:16considering their options in the Arctic.
00:04:20As a result, Greenland, with its untouched
00:04:23mineral wealth, now more easily accessible, and its historical,
00:04:27economic, and military ties to the United States, has become
00:04:31an enticing target for Donald Trump. There are very large deposits of
00:04:34rare earth elements here. Usually, a larger share
00:04:38of the heavier types, which are more valuable and important.
00:04:42But the challenge of these reserves is their mineral composition.
00:04:45Of course, I'm not saying it's impossible, but it's clear that it
00:04:48requires more research. However, Donald Trump
00:04:52insists that his need for Greenland is not due to
00:04:55economic motives. There are a lot of
00:04:58rare elements here, but to access
00:05:01them, you have to go through several meters of ice.
00:05:05Of course, this is not the main reason for our need. We need it
00:05:09for national security and international security.
00:05:21This country must have control over its own backyard, or
00:05:25in other words, its sphere of influence.
00:05:28With this same viewpoint, the Trump
00:05:31administration launched military operations in Venezuela and threatened
00:05:35countries like Cuba, Mexico, and even Greenland,
00:05:38a region that is politically part of Europe but geographically
00:05:42located in North America. This new doctrine practically rejects
00:05:46the global order based on cooperation between countries
00:05:49that was formed after World War II, an order exemplified
00:05:53by the United Nations or NATO. This has truly worried
00:05:57America's traditional allies.
00:06:00It seems that every day we are reminded
00:06:03that we are living in an era of great power
00:06:07competition. The order based
00:06:11on
00:06:21So, is the EU-US alliance in trouble? Undoubtedly, this alliance
00:06:25is being tested more than ever before. Donald Trump's view
00:06:28of international relations differs from that of his predecessors
00:06:32over the past century. Although there is a powerful
00:06:36isolationist current within the Republican Party,
00:06:39many influential figures around Trump want to maintain
00:06:43a strong alliance with Europe. After the recent symbolic deployment
00:06:47of a small number of European forces to Greenland
00:06:50and reciprocal threats to impose heavy tariffs on trade between
00:06:53the US and Europe, an agreement is now being considered
00:06:57that aims to increase the US presence on the island.
00:07:01A great deal. Could Donald Trump's harsh rhetoric
00:07:05simply be his particular negotiating style?
00:07:07Nevertheless, this tension, following previous disputes over
00:07:11Ukraine, tariffs, NATO, and Russian expansionism,
00:07:15has dealt another blow to this alliance. Donald Trump will not be president
00:07:19forever. European leaders hope that the post-World War
00:07:22II order has not completely disappeared. But in this changing
00:07:26world, where great powers like the US, China,
00:07:29Russia, India, and others compete on the global
00:07:33stage, it is hard to imagine that relations between
00:07:37Europe and the US will return to their previous
00:07:40state.
00:07:43Now let's watch an exclusive report. For about 100 years, Interpol
00:07:47has been helping countries to pursue criminals around
00:07:50the world. The strength of this organization is information sharing and issuing
00:07:54alert notices that can lead to the arrest of individuals
00:07:58in different countries. But the BBC has gained access to a series of leaked
00:08:01files from within the organization that show autocratic regimes
00:08:05like Russia are widely abusing Interpol.
00:08:08With the continuation of the war in Ukraine, it is also claimed.
00:08:43Before that, I openly said that Putin
00:08:45is a criminal.
00:08:50But then gradually, I felt that they were increasing
00:08:54the pressure. Those were my last days in Russia,
00:08:57and I decided to
00:09:00leave.
00:09:04Yevgen Lavrenchuk, a prominent Ukrainian director, managed
00:09:08a theater group in Moscow until 2014.
00:09:11A few years after leaving
00:09:14Russia, his name was placed on Interpol's wanted list.
00:09:17At the end of 2021, he was arrested
00:09:21during a seemingly ordinary business
00:09:24trip. I had a flight
00:09:28from Tel Aviv to Lviv. We had a stop
00:09:30in Naples. During passport control,
00:09:34they stopped me and
00:09:36arrested me. Someone came
00:09:39who was the only one who spoke English.
00:10:18encouraged students to take out loans to help cover
00:10:22the costs of his theater's repairs. Russia claims.
00:11:36Distinguishing real cases from innocent individuals
00:11:40is difficult. Like Italy, Interpol also refused
00:11:43to comment on the nature of Eugene's criminal case.
00:11:46However, due to doubts about the political motivations
00:11:50behind the case, it cancelled Russia's request.
00:11:54Why did Interpol conclude that it could not trust
00:11:57Russia? Interpol is not a global police force; rather,
00:12:01it acts as an intermediary between police forces,
00:12:04similar to a large messaging system. A country
00:12:08can target individuals through Interpol in various ways.
00:12:12It can issue a red notice like in Eugene's case.
00:12:15This type of notice is sent directly to specific countries,
00:12:19asking them to identify the individual and
00:12:23in a way.
00:12:26It can also ask Interpol to issue a red notice,
00:12:30which warns all member countries to take similar action.
00:12:33Interpol has several protective mechanisms
00:12:36to prevent abuse. One of these mechanisms is the Commission
00:12:39for the Control of Interpol's Files (CCF). It is an independent
00:12:43body within Interpol that reviews complaints from individuals
00:12:46who have been subject to a notice to assess their legitimacy.
00:12:50However, critics warn that even with these
00:12:54mechanisms, some cases still pass through these filters,
00:12:57and some countries use Interpol to target journalists,
00:13:01activists, and business rivals. For years, Interpol
00:13:05has been accused of a lack of transparency and only publishing minimal
00:13:08information about red notices and diffusion notices.
00:13:12But now, for the first time, someone from within
00:13:16the organization has decided to provide evidence
00:13:19about how Interpol works and which countries are abusing
00:13:23its systems. I have been working
00:13:27for Interpol for quite some time. I cannot say
00:13:30they are transparent because they are really not. Everything
00:13:33is based on the need to know, which sometimes becomes
00:13:37truly strange because it's problematic in itself.
00:13:41For over a year, the BBC has collaborated with reporters from the French
00:13:45media outlet Disclose. This
00:13:47source provided us with these documents
00:13:51after observing the low level of transparency within the organization.
00:13:55They have some internal statistics and are aware of the overall
00:13:59situation. That's why they place certain countries
00:14:03under restrictions to prevent abuse. Interpol can
00:14:06impose corrective measures against countries and
00:14:09add additional scrutiny to its red notices and diffusions.
00:14:13This usually doesn't become public, but in March
00:14:172024, Interpol confirmed that due to the war
00:14:20in Ukraine, such restrictions had been imposed on Russia.
00:14:24I think they want.
00:14:38The source provided us with a list of complaints from individuals wanted by Interpol, individuals
00:14:41whose complaints had been reviewed by the CCF. In cases
00:14:45where the issuing country is known, Russia has the highest
00:14:48number of complaints related to its red notices and diffusions.
00:14:52This situation has persisted for the past 11
00:14:55years. Russia also tops the list of red notices
00:14:59and diffusions that have been cancelled. More than half of these cases
00:15:02are ultimately cancelled due to violations of Interpol's rules.
00:15:06The BBC managed
00:15:10to trace some of the individuals on this list, individuals
00:15:14who had been targeted by Russia's red notices and diffusions.
00:15:18Cases that were later found to violate Interpol's
00:15:22rules, including individuals.
00:16:06use of products.
00:16:20There was also an ethical issue; no one wanted
00:16:23to be involved, even indirectly, in producing something that
00:16:26kills people. Igor says his refusal
00:16:29of this request, and also having a Ukrainian
00:16:33wife, led to the nationalization of his companies and the initiation of an investigation
00:16:37against him on charges of crime.
00:16:44After Navalny, everyone realized it was better to flee,
00:16:47even if you were completely in the right and the law
00:16:51was on your side. Despite living in France, Igor was still concerned
00:16:54about being targeted. He contacted Interpol and was informed
00:16:58that Moscow had issued a red notice against him. This was
00:17:02despite the organization announcing after the invasion of Ukraine
00:17:06that it would apply stricter scrutiny to Russia's requests.
00:17:10He decided to challenge this notice through the CCF,
00:17:13arguing that there was a political motive behind it. Russia
00:17:17still has the right to be a member of Interpol,
00:17:20and by pressing a button, it can register anything
00:17:24and accuse you of a crime. This means they can pursue you and
00:17:27put more pressure on you worldwide. In the spring
00:17:31of 2024, after nearly two years on the wanted
00:17:34list, the CCF ruled that Igor's case
00:17:38was primarily political in nature. The body stated
00:17:41that the information provided by Russia was general and formulaic,
00:17:45and sufficient explanation for the alleged crime was not
00:17:49provided. Despite the cancellation of the notice, Igor says
00:17:52being on the wanted list has completely changed his life. When your name
00:17:56appears on a red notice, your life completely
00:18:00changes. You have two ways to go. You either go
00:18:03to the police and say: "I am in the Interpol system," then you will definitely
00:18:07be arrested and go to prison. Or you don't introduce yourself,
00:18:11but then you can't rent a house. Your bank account will also be completely
00:18:15closed. Everything will be locked. At any moment, they might stop you, ask for
00:18:19documents, and you end up in prison. It's better not to live
00:18:23with children or family because they might raid your
00:18:27house at any moment. That's why
00:18:27you feel trapped
00:18:31like a mouse. So, has Interpol realized
00:18:35it has a problem? The organization publicly states that
00:18:39the oversight and balancing mechanisms put in place over the years
00:18:43have resolved many problems. However, the BBC has obtained
00:18:46another set of documents, including confidential memos
00:18:50and emails between Interpol's internal enforcement bodies.
00:18:54These documents also include reports that show statistics
00:18:57on the number of Russian notices and diffusions that passed
00:19:00initial scrutiny in 2024. Despite the implementation
00:19:04of stricter vetting, Interpol initially approved
00:19:07about 90% of Russia's requests. However, reports show
00:19:11that when the CCF reviewed complaints related to Russia's
00:19:14requests, it still cancelled about half of them due
00:19:18to violations of the rules. The documents also state
00:19:21that Interpol has expressed serious concerns to Russia
00:19:25about its deliberate abuse of the organization's systems
00:19:29and has cited instances of clear rule violations.
00:19:32Therefore, after years of abuse by Russia
00:19:35and failure.
00:20:07I need to, they should be happy that they were never in my
00:20:11situation. They should be happy that they can go out freely
00:20:14without being suddenly arrested by Interpol
00:20:17for being wanted and thrown to the ground. So
00:20:20they shouldn't feel sorry for me, but those who
00:20:24find themselves in a situation like mine should learn
00:20:27from my experience.
00:20:29In response
00:20:34to our investigation, Interpol announced:
00:21:22We go to Bosnia and Herzegovina, a country once torn apart
00:21:26by war and ethnic conflicts, but unbelievably, peace
00:21:30has reigned there for about 30 years now. Grigor Atanassian
00:21:33from BBC Russian Service went to Bosnia to speak with a new generation
00:21:37determined to put past differences behind them.
00:21:40This
00:21:48road leads to Banja Luka, the administrative and political
00:21:52center of Republika Srpska, an autonomous
00:21:54Serb-populated region in Bosnia
00:21:57and Herzegovina. Every year, people gather
00:22:01here to celebrate Serb culture and history and commemorate
00:22:05their heroes.
00:22:12Among them, a familiar yet notorious figure
00:22:16is also seen.
00:22:23The Serb is now serving a life sentence for crimes against
00:22:26humanity during the Bosnian War in the early 1990s.
00:22:29This war was very violent and fragmented the region.
00:22:33Bosnian Serbs fought
00:22:35against Bosnian
00:22:40Muslims and Croats. More than 100,000
00:22:43people were killed and about 2 million others,
00:22:46nearly half of the population, were displaced.
00:22:50This war ended
00:22:52in 1995
00:22:59with a peace agreement brokered
00:23:01by the United States. The Republic of Bosnia,
00:23:04Croatia, and Serbia reached a peace
00:23:08agreement to end the Bosnian War, the end of the worst
00:23:12conflict in Europe since World
00:23:15War II. This agreement Bosnia.
00:23:18Muslims and Croats,
00:23:28and Republika Srpska, where Serbs reside.
00:23:32This peace agreement is still in force today.
00:23:35But many Bosnian Serbs and their political
00:23:39leaders are highly dissatisfied with it and speak
00:23:42of secession from Bosnia. Milorad Dodik
00:23:45is the most powerful politician in Republika
00:23:49Srpska and the leader of the ruling party.
00:23:53Bosnia and Herzegovina
00:23:55is a country that came into existence as a result
00:23:59of a political agreement.
00:24:02This agreement was imposed from the outside,
00:24:06mostly by the Clinton administration. It was not
00:24:09the will of the Serb people, but we were forced
00:24:12to accept it. Now one of the parties,
00:24:15namely Republika
00:24:17Srpska, wants to.
00:24:59It will exist even after that. This country is a unified
00:25:01country and will remain so. Nothing
00:25:05is divisible and will not be divided.
00:25:08Bosnia and Herzegovina is a stable and strong
00:25:11country. However, throughout the country, many
00:25:15young people live far from the prevailing ethnic divisions
00:25:19in Bosnian politics.
00:25:21I am very happy to be a Serb. I am proud
00:25:25of our history, but this does not mean I should hate
00:25:29other nations. Nina Regoje teaches
00:25:32Serbian folk dance in the town of Trnovo near
00:25:36Sarajevo. Here too, Bosniaks, Serbs,
00:25:38and Croats live together.
00:25:42Nina is a Serb, and her friend Eldin is a Bosnian Muslim.
00:25:46During the war, their fathers fought
00:25:50on opposing sides. I don't feel any difference
00:25:53between nations. I mean,
00:25:56there's no difference between
00:26:00... I lost two of my uncles in the war,
00:26:14and it always reminds me of the cost
00:26:18of conflict. So many people and so many
00:26:21families were in pain and suffering. You have
00:26:25to kill the person who was your neighbor
00:26:28yesterday, or they kill you. For what? After 30
00:26:32years since the end of the Bosnian War, Bosnia is still
00:26:35at peace, and while politicians debate the future
00:26:39of the country, many young people firmly believe
00:26:42that past differences should not define the future. Republika
00:26:46Srpska is my homeland. Republika Srpska is within
00:26:49Bosnia, so Bosnia is also my homeland.
00:26:53That's it.
00:26:56Thank you for being with me
00:27:03in Greenland. Until the next episode of Globalala next week,
00:27:07goodbye.
00:27:08Jürgen Habermas
00:30:23Headlines: Attention is focused on the imminent
00:30:26announcement of an agreement between Iran and Oman for the reopening
00:30:30of the Strait of Hormuz, under the shadow of Trump's
00:30:34threats. Tehran says it will control the entry
00:30:37of many parts of the exit of vessels. This is designed
00:30:41in such a way that both on the entry
00:30:44route and in parts of the exit route,
00:30:47commercial ships will actually pass through
00:30:51Iran's territorial waters. I didn't think this
00:30:54country's society could continue.