Google Cloud Speech-to-Text API (Chirp) + Gemini 2.5 Flash Non-Thinking. Treat it as a searchable index of what was broadcast, not a quotation record.
00:00:38You form the body of those who, at
00:00:41different times of the struggle, starting on
00:00:45me, July 26 of this violent year, bitter, but equally
00:00:48joyful and hopeful of
00:00:501968,
00:00:53constitute our first fallen.
00:00:56The word sounds harsh and bare,
00:01:01but it is the tone in which history speaks. You are the
00:01:04first, others will fall,
00:01:07we will fall
00:01:09more. Before us, in the world and in Mexico, an
00:01:13learned there a certain model of inescapable and resounding dilemma arises: victory or
00:01:16death. Death, even if
00:01:20we remain alive, to our misfortune, will be the night
00:01:25to possess elementary notions of of the soul, the endless tortures,
00:01:28the padlock on the lips, the misery of body and
00:01:31spirit.
00:01:34Let us maintain our iron unity of purposes, our
00:01:37discipline, our mutual solidarity,
00:01:41our combative spirit,
00:01:43sobriety, in firm, resolved and of
00:01:46one piece, in the open struggle and the forced
00:01:49passivity, no less combative and
00:01:52proud of the
00:01:54prisons. In September
00:01:571970, after two and a half years of
00:02:01confinement in Lecumberri prison as a political
00:02:04prisoner, José Revueltas,
00:02:07writer, thinker, Mexican
00:02:10I want to imagine that at that moment what creator, accused by the government of being the instigator of the
00:02:14student movement of 1968,
00:02:18went on a hunger strike, the same
00:02:21one that would finally lead to his death. Once
00:02:24again, Revueltas put his ideas to the test with his
00:02:28own body. Through art, he made a
00:02:32declaration of principles in favor of
00:02:34humanity, against authoritarianism and
00:02:38repression.
00:02:53where part of the sectors of
00:03:56desolation and orphanhood in
00:03:57gobierno, y no vemos eso en
00:04:03Grandson of miners, with a destiny of lucidity and
00:04:07creativity, also of fatality, José
00:04:10Revueltas was born in the midst of the revolution in the arid
00:04:14north of Mexico, on November 20,
00:04:20remember 1914. He was born in Durango, in Durango,
00:04:23Durango, uh, Silvestre and
00:04:26Fermín, the older brothers, had been born
00:04:30in Santiago Papasquiaro. He only lived his childhood
00:04:32there. They came
00:04:36as the moment of to Mexico City because their father was a merchant and settled in a
00:04:41rebellion against what store in La Merced. His mother, Romana
00:04:44Sánchez Arias, had had
00:04:48predestined, had imagined, had divined, had
00:04:52dreamed of the poet girl having a painter
00:04:55child, a musician child, a poet
00:04:58child. Their father died very young, so the older brothers
00:05:02were lucky enough to be able to study
00:05:05Silvestre music and Fermín
00:05:08painting, to be able to study in the United States, that is, to have a good academic background.
00:05:12very That was not the case for José because his father died, so
00:05:16poverty came, because no one could
00:05:19replace him. There is a very
00:05:22interesting anecdote
00:05:25from when my father was
00:05:27a child and one day he
00:05:31got lost. My poor grandmother
00:05:34said, "Where is José? Well,
00:05:37where can he be? Oh my God, look for him in the
00:05:40little store." "No, he
00:05:42went there." "Oh my God, go look for him in the
00:05:46bar, to see if this kid got in there." They go to the
00:05:49bar and they don't
00:05:52find him either. "Well, where can he be, my God?" The grandmother
00:05:55crying, grandmother Romana, and everyone worried,
00:05:59"Well, where can José be?" And someone
00:06:02says, "Go to the
00:06:04library."
00:06:06The kid was there and they see a kid walking by with a
00:06:10little book under his arm and someone asks him, "What are you reading,
00:06:13little José?" Then the
00:06:16child turns around and says, "Lives of saints." That is,
00:06:19this was a reader, but a reader of religious
00:06:22literature who
00:06:26life: you have to die for the ideal. The lives
00:06:29of Christian martyrs are somewhat
00:06:32the antecedent of what his life will be,
00:06:36the life of a martyr of Mexican communism. And
00:06:40he wants to join the communist
00:06:43youth, but he doesn't know how. But there is a
00:06:46demonstration in the center of the city and he tries to
00:06:50join that demonstration that
00:06:53the police repress. So, without being part of the communist
00:06:57youth, he is caught by the guards and
00:07:00taken to the juvenile correctional facility. It is true that at
00:07:0414 years old he entered the reformatory,
00:07:07and later to the Marías
00:07:10Islands. For a middle-class
00:07:13boy, that experience is a
00:07:17shock from which he will produce a lot of revolts.
00:07:23saved him from madness, from
00:07:25depression, was Marxism. He knew he had the truth,
00:07:29his brothers had taught him, he had read Marx, he was
00:07:32convinced and that saved him from madness. He says he wrote a
00:07:36very Dostoevskian novel called "El Quebranto"
00:07:39and that he lost it on a train. Writers
00:07:42sometimes also have many stories that are not necessarily
00:07:46true, I don't know, but the truth is
00:07:49that "El Quebranto" later became a short story that became
00:07:53part of his collections of stories and it is a very
00:07:56anguishing story about how the adolescent felt harassed
00:08:00in the reformatory intellectually,
00:08:03sexually
00:08:06and he couldn't respond because he himself felt guilty about
00:08:09something, about secret immoralities
00:08:12existing deep within his being. He
00:08:16didn't have the courage for pretense, for the free
00:08:19and carefree gesture that would save him. He was
00:08:22going to be accused before the tribunal of the world, of the
00:08:26eyes of the people, of the annihilating
00:08:29murmurs.
00:08:32There the fall begins, because afterwards
00:08:36there would be no human force capable of
00:08:37stopping it.
00:08:40I suddenly felt a horrible fear, a
00:08:43desire to shrink until disappearing so that no one would
00:08:47see him,
00:08:49so that no one would suspect his
00:08:51existence. She says that when he was admitted to the
00:08:55reformatory and she and her mother
00:08:58went to visit him, they found him bald, buck-toothed,
00:09:01she says: "My brother was awful, he was very ugly." Of course, she says, because
00:09:05that image of
00:09:08which I see José
00:09:11even made me afraid, and she says that when she returns home,
00:09:15a woman asks her, "Is your brother in jail?"
00:09:19"Yes." "And why did they put him in jail?" She says, "Well, they say
00:09:22for being a communist." So the
00:09:26woman tells her, "Well, he must have done something very bad for them to call him that." It's a country that doesn't accept communists,
00:09:29so to speak, because they think that communism is
00:09:33the worst, evil, Satan, the devil,
00:09:36and for Revueltas it was love and it was Jesus and it was
00:09:40Buddha and it was Krishna, and it was
00:09:43heaven, and it was nothing, and it was the void, and it was
00:09:46poetry. My father's political activism
00:09:49stems from a feeling of
00:09:53he considers
00:09:56an unacceptable reality, but also the
00:10:00cause that must
00:10:03be embraced to fight that reality. It's
00:10:07that when I hear about all the prisons he
00:10:10suffered for
00:10:12his voice, for being aware
00:10:16of a situation and telling it and pointing
00:10:18it out and and giving
00:10:21solutions, it was about... not
00:10:25being afraid. Towards the
00:10:29beginning of the 30s and before Lázaro Cárdenas,
00:10:32it was very easy for militants to be taken to
00:10:35prison, beaten, tortured, sent to the
00:10:39Marías Islands, which were nothing like the supposedly
00:10:42vacation colony they are now. It was a quite quite
00:10:45anguishing penal colony. He says somewhere that he had to,
00:10:49that is, forced labor, he had to carry sacks of
00:10:53salt, you can imagine how
00:10:57heavy it is, and then any wound gets
00:11:01the sap in it, it must be something something awful,
00:11:04a torture. I remember one occasion that particularly
00:11:07impressed in
00:11:10which he said that the group of
00:11:14prisoners was on the Marías Islands, and well,
00:11:18with the gorilla of the moment, right, giving the
00:11:21instructions, and I don't know what happened there.
00:11:25There was a dog there that was barking
00:11:28and the guy decided to hang it in front of all the
00:11:31prisoners, and when my father told this
00:11:35story, suddenly,
00:11:39he would finish telling it and he would
00:11:43fall into a state of total dejection,
00:11:46as if suddenly all that
00:11:50pain, all that
00:11:53monstrosity of the hanging of the dog
00:11:57fell on him. There is a process of
00:11:59structural and thematic condensation in
00:12:03Revueltas that is very important, even the theme that
00:12:07everything is
00:12:07prison.
00:12:13No one can resist the influence and the need is felt to
00:12:17go towards the sea, from the beach as if to an old
00:12:21god, not to hear words or
00:12:25rumors, but to hear nothing and remain in the
00:12:28darkness, where sky and water are divined
00:12:31and all memories are
00:12:34also divined, absent
00:12:37love, fruitless life,
00:12:40useless longings
00:12:43and inglorious
00:12:45efforts.
00:12:52It was a Saturday afternoon at the weekly Communist
00:12:56Party dance, where Olivia and José met forever. The
00:13:00fruit would be three children.
00:13:03A man who thought,
00:13:07lived, wrote, acted,
00:13:10loved, at the same time and simultaneously from the same
00:13:13axis, from the same center, from the same self. He was
00:13:17warm, he was affectionate, he
00:13:20was not harsh,
00:13:24no, he had a very fraternal
00:13:27attitude, and one day my aunt Consuelo
00:13:31and my uncle
00:13:33José were there, "Hey, these guys speak German, why don't we speak
00:13:37Tepehuano, if it's our language?" "Well, yeah,
00:13:41right?"
00:13:43They invent Tepehuano and it was all laughter and everything, "If
00:13:47you are speaking Tepehuano, which is our language, you speak German,
00:13:50we speak Tepehuano." My mother
00:13:54told me about the embarrassing
00:13:57episodes she experienced with him, no. My father,
00:14:01suddenly, the revolutionary notices that next to
00:14:04him is Don Pedro
00:14:08Corcuera, and my mother tells me that he says:
00:14:11"Ah, so here we have
00:14:14Don Pedro Corcuera, right?" And my
00:14:18mother says, "Well, let's see if he really has blue
00:14:20blood." And my father lunges and bites
00:14:24his ear.
00:14:29The love that exists
00:14:32between José, Silvestre and
00:14:35Fermín is something
00:14:39completely
00:14:42they knew each other, they knew who each
00:14:45one was, so they
00:14:49loved each other deeply.
00:14:51Silvestre is even in some of the stories, in some of José's
00:14:57stories, as a paternal
00:15:00figure.
00:15:03He was 15 years older, my father was orphaned very early
00:15:06on, and
00:15:09he had a fraternal love for him, but
00:15:13a very great one. Silvestre is even in some of the
00:15:16stories, in some of José's stories,
00:15:20as that character who
00:15:22tries to reveal a music. that tries to reveal
00:15:26a secret language, no, that secret
00:15:28language that is the belonging of
00:15:32every great artist and they vindicated that
00:15:35kind of... popular
00:15:39nature well, they were
00:15:42naturally communist anti-bourgeois
00:15:46fighters. There is a letter that his brother
00:15:49Silvestre wrote, and in this letter his brother makes
00:15:53declarations completely, that is, when one writes to a brother,
00:15:56one speaks in a completely frank manner, that is, one cannot think that it is
00:16:00a way to say things and everything, that is, he says no,
00:16:03I am, I see reality and that reality I will
00:16:07transmit. In 1935,
00:16:11an amnesty from President Cárdenas freed Revueltas from his
00:16:15confinement in the Marías Islands. He immediately left for
00:16:19Moscow, to the Congress of the Communist
00:16:21International. Deeply impressed by the light
00:16:25that Soviet youth radiated to the world, José
00:16:29received the news of the death of Fermín, his painter brother,
00:16:32at 33 years old. It would not be long before
00:16:36Silvestre, the talented musician,
00:16:39also followed a similar fateful
00:16:41destiny. When José
00:16:45Revueltas arrives at Silvestre's deathbed, his brother's, and when
00:16:49he sees him agonizing, he says that José's reaction is one of
00:16:53desperation, and he goes crazy, he starts breaking everything,
00:16:56he starts breaking everything, rebelling against that
00:16:59fatal destiny against his brother, and he screams "why
00:17:03him, why him?", and he breaks everything around him.
00:18:01typewriter while going to give her
00:18:04classes and... my
00:18:08father, when my mother brought it to him and said: "Look,
00:18:11José, your typewriter!"
00:18:14Ugh, he sat down and started writing "Human Mourning".
00:18:18In "Human Mourning," José
00:18:22Revueltas first conducts a literary
00:18:25experiment that had almost not been done in Mexico,
00:18:28with narrative voices, with time
00:18:32and with space, the use of language, my God, no,
00:18:35this use of, for example, biblical texts, pre-Hispanic
00:18:39issues that he does not use as a believer, of course,
00:18:43nor, but he uses them with an adjective
00:18:46purpose, I would say, they give intensity to the text. It is taken
00:18:49for granted that we all come from the Mexican Revolution, that we are
00:18:53children of that social movement, but at the same
00:18:56time that revolution has already given everything it could
00:18:59give and that what lies ahead is a new
00:19:03revolution of another type. That
00:19:06novel. I would still add a third element, it is the
00:19:10indispensable antecedent for Rulfo's
00:19:13"Pedro Páramo" to be written. Well, to finish, "Human Mourning"
00:19:16wins the prize, the prize, what at that time was the
00:19:20prize, the equivalent of the national literature prize, so
00:19:23Revueltas, a very famous writer, begins to
00:19:27work in cinema, he begins to make
00:19:31reports, there is a beautiful one about Paricutin.
00:19:34Revueltas gathers perhaps one of the most
00:19:38intense and most
00:19:41critical and most reflective prose, not
00:19:44only as a narrator, but also as a theoretician, as a theoretician of
00:19:48literature, as a political theoretician and even
00:19:51as a historical essayist. I
00:19:57"In the Palm of Your Hand," for example, with Arturo
00:20:01de Córdoba, directed by Gavaldón, which is a
00:20:05critique of the bourgeois class. Ordinary,
00:20:08I remember "The Kneeling Goddess" with María
00:20:12Félix, who is splendid, also by
00:20:15Gavaldón. I remember "Rosauro
00:20:18Castro" with Pedro Armendáriz, it's another magnificent film, in short,
00:20:22Pepe worked a lot in Mexican cinema, in the golden
00:20:26age of Mexican cinema, Pepe covers
00:20:29it and he covers it as an official of the union of cinematographic
00:20:33industry workers where he tries to
00:20:38implement a democratic model for the union, which he did not
00:20:41achieve, but it was ultimately a
00:20:45great impulse to Mexican creators, to
00:20:49Julio Bracho, all of them. Pepe had a great
00:20:52influence on this model
00:20:55with Gabriel Figueroa, with all of them, no, with Juan de la Cabada
00:20:59as a unionist, no, with Buñuel too, in short,
00:21:03Pepe also covers that space in the
00:21:06construction of Mexican
00:21:08cinema.
00:21:12We continue,
00:21:19a woman. High society will see how her
00:21:22world of appearances crumbles before the revelation of a
00:21:25terrible truth. We all carry within us a divine spark of
00:21:29service. I bring you to present your grandson, a son of
00:21:33Ernesto, what a shame, madam, I come this morning to thank
00:21:37you. Let's see, for how much did they come?
00:21:40Cinema 14 presents "The Cultured
00:21:43Lady", Sunday 12:10
00:21:46hours.
00:21:51This Monday at 12:30 p.m. on "How do I do it?",
00:21:54let's learn everything necessary to handle any emergency
00:21:58with first aid. First aid procedures are
00:22:01therapeutic procedures that we can apply to victims of
00:22:05accident or sudden illness, they are intended
00:22:08to preserve the patient's life, not to improve
00:22:11their state of health,
00:22:15medical techniques on channel
00:22:1814.
00:23:01first critics of communism that we have in Mexico,
00:23:05then Octavio Paz claims that primacy
00:23:08or that first place, but I am not so sure
00:23:12that that is true, because already in
00:23:161949 in his novel "Los días terrenales"
00:23:20we find an argument articulated
00:23:23criticizing the dogmatic deviations of the Mexican
00:23:27Communist Party, that is, Revueltas becomes a critical
00:23:31communist, which earned him the wrath of all his
00:23:34comrades, some in good faith and many in very bad
00:23:37faith. What Gregorio, the hero of
00:23:41this novel, says towards the end, when he tells
00:23:44Fidel that the revolution does not seek to make
00:23:47men happy, the revolution
00:23:50is about taking away hope from human beings, and all the
00:23:54dogmatic communists
00:23:56fall upon him.
00:24:00So it's something, it's something terrifying for him, it was a very great suffering,
00:24:04no. However, he does not give up, they
00:24:07accused him of being a traitor, a
00:24:11bourgeois, a seller, "You are no longer
00:24:14part of the Revueltas family." Eruda, his
00:24:17friend, tells him, "You are
00:24:20betraying the inheritance of Silvestre, the
00:24:24impeccable." And all that must have hurt my
00:24:27uncle. Let's see, I'm going to say something that in a certain way is a heresy,
00:24:31but of course his comrades were right when they told him: "Hey, don't write those
00:24:35things, no." You had to write
00:24:38typical socialist realist novels with the booming working
00:24:42class and the damned bourgeoisie and the damned
00:24:47Revueltas's work. Yes, I think it is a profoundly
00:24:51subversive work, profoundly
00:24:54denunciatory, but it denounces
00:24:57human life. So Revueltas finds
00:25:00himself completely alone, there he cannot
00:25:04resist, so he says, "Well, as a tactic, I'd better withdraw
00:25:08my novel to continue
00:25:11campaigning in the left, to
00:25:15remain in the left, because I cannot meet with the fascists,
00:25:18it is completely unthinkable, and
00:25:22I am going to try to analyze this problem," and that's what he does, he
00:25:25dedicated himself for 7 years to studying
00:25:29all the criticisms that had been made to him and he fully immersed himself in
00:25:32ethics, in aesthetics, in
00:25:34philosophy, and from there emerged his book "Cuestionamientos
00:25:38e intenciones," which is a whole series of studies where he
00:25:42studied like a scolded child because he had done his homework
00:25:46wrong and he discovers within his curiosity to know why
00:25:50it was wrong, it was at the same time full of
00:25:53sensational
00:25:55humor.
00:25:58To a man who, as Campa used to say,
00:26:02was anguished to infinity, there is that
00:26:05other dramatic part of his life, which
00:26:08is the burden of alcoholism,
00:26:11that same, that same terrible
00:26:14presence that is in his brothers, both in
00:26:18Silvestre and in Fermín, and
00:26:21which for me is nothing more than a release
00:26:24from this saturation of
00:26:27terrible events and from that luminous consciousness that
00:26:31they have, of the social, of the
00:26:35political. He probably drank to suffer because
00:26:38it went against his own work, against his own
00:26:42ability to make himself understood, to make himself
00:26:45known. He drank because he carried a
00:26:48world, his greatest saint was Saint
00:26:52Christopher, that saint who carries the world and the
00:26:55child and a staff and crosses a river, not knowing
00:26:59if he will be able to cross or not. The...
00:27:32rural environment where he moved both to give it a voice,
00:27:36but also to record it. I was
00:27:39a witness to how my father wrote, in the
00:27:43most absolute
00:27:46the most profound
00:27:48meticulousness, in the most conscious
00:27:51meticulousness, and he also had periods where I
00:27:55remember he would lock himself in his studio and not leave for a
00:27:58week, writing morning, noon, and night. He
00:28:02is truly a born writer, that is, it came to him. He could
00:28:06write day and night in an
00:28:09incredible way, no. His first wife, Olivia
00:28:12Peralta, says he would leave him at his desk writing as if
00:28:16hypnotized, she would leave him his coffee, his milk,
00:28:20his... he could write 48 hours without
00:28:24stopping, entering a very severe,
00:28:27extremely conscious
00:28:29state.
00:28:32And it was, I think it was
00:28:36truly him.
00:28:40On one occasion I approached him and when he saw me, it was as if I
00:28:44were a complete stranger, no. He resigned himself to
00:28:48a world where there were betrayals and
00:28:52a world also
00:28:55the Mexican left had
00:28:58gone to the other side and
00:29:01another part continued
00:29:04to be dogmatic, which my father, in that condition that I
00:29:08perceive in him, of an essentially rebellious
00:29:10man, a dogmatism that resulted for him each
00:29:14increasingly unacceptable, and José Rivueltas
00:29:18was so at the forefront of the demands he
00:29:22represented, that even the communist party
00:29:25at the time did not resist its own
00:29:29arguments and had to separate.
00:29:33but he kept going, he was still a fighter and he kept
00:29:37looking for his space
00:29:40and that's why he created the Spartacus
00:29:44Leninist Marxist League, a new generation
00:29:46appears and that's going to give him
00:29:50fresh air, there are movements like that in revolts
00:29:53which is very rare as a personality
00:29:56because if he fights with his
00:29:58generation they stay like that, either in the party.
00:30:02They were Stalinists or they went to the PRI, they
00:30:06became bureaucrats and all and he continues
00:30:09his struggle so he finds himself completely alone, but a new
00:30:13generation comes, young people who support him, he
00:30:16thought that criticism had been cloistered
00:30:19in the parties specifically in the
00:30:23communist party, first in the peasant workers' party
00:30:26later and that cloistered criticism
00:30:30was liberated when we formed the Spartacus Leninist League,
00:30:34which he characterized
00:30:39the liberation of criticism. It wasn't long
00:30:42before Revueltas once again encountered a void at the
00:30:46forefront, needing to escape once more from the
00:30:49petrified condition that was created with the generation of a
00:30:53doctrine. They don't agree on
00:30:56some ideological matter and well.