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00:00:00pozadinu svake priče, budite tamo gdje se odlučuje,
00:00:03umjesto da drugi odlučuju o vama, ja sam Tihomir
00:00:07Ladišić, gledajte
00:00:08N1.
00:00:30feeding grounds or to reproduce, and not just
00:00:33animals migrate, plants spread too, those
00:00:37slower, through seeds carried on the wind or
00:00:40transported by animals and
00:00:43a humans. pathogens can come along for the ride, including the
00:00:47highly dangerous nipper virus which broke out in India
00:00:50early
00:00:512026.
00:00:55Species on the move, this time around on DW
00:00:59Science. Welcome to Tomorrow
00:01:01Today. The University of
00:01:05Marburg is home to one of Germany's four high security
00:01:09laboratories, facilities where research is conducted on
00:01:13dangerous live pathogens such as neipa virus.
00:01:17Alexandra Kupka has studied it for the past 12 years
00:01:20and monitors new outbreaks like
00:01:22a recent one in India. Nepa is one
00:01:26of the most dangerous viruses out there. We estimate its case.
00:02:11of
00:02:20of
00:02:58a
00:03:11of of
00:03:15of
00:03:20of
00:03:39One animal of host identified in the wild is the Asian fruit
00:03:43bat. It sheds neipa virus through excrement and
00:03:46saliva. Some infections in humans have been linked to
00:03:50unboiled date palm juice, direct person to person
00:03:53transmission is also
00:03:55possible.
00:04:00but it's important to mention that Nipa virus is only transmissible
00:04:04through very close contact, catching it
00:04:07of requires contact with saliva or a large volume of droplets,
00:04:11Nipa is not airborn. The search for
00:04:15vaccine is already underway, focused on methods
00:04:18like so-called vector vaccines, where Nipa antigens are delivered
00:04:22into human cells via harmless viruses, causing the
00:04:26immune system to produce antibodies against the dangerous pathogen.
00:05:42whether human to human transmission caused the cases in
00:05:46India, the initial source of infection has yet to be
00:05:49identified, but the search for vaccine remains
00:05:52a
00:05:53priority.
00:05:57great white shocks can go on migration, stretching over
00:06:002,00 km in length, usually returning to the
00:06:04waters where they began the journey, but what if they
00:06:08simply disappear? that's what they did off the coast
00:06:11of cape. down in South Africa, once common there, they have
00:06:15vanished and no one really knows what happened to them.
00:06:19Great Whites are usually solitary animals, and at average
00:06:23length of 4.5 m, they're the largest predator fish
00:06:27on the
00:06:27planet.
00:06:32These divers off the coast of South Africa have one
00:06:35wish, to spot the legendary great white
00:06:39shark. It once lived in these waters. They used
00:06:43to be more common here than anywhere else in the
00:06:57the legendary monsters have disappeared from the coastal waters
00:07:00around Cape Town. These are so-called copper
00:07:04sharks. They too occasionally attack humans, but they're
00:07:08nowhere near as dangerous as great whites.
00:07:13"the shark divers who come here to see the animals are
00:07:15disappointed. once again, not even a glimpse of
00:07:19one. although it
00:07:32from trying yet again, and the bait does lure some
00:07:35predators. we have a shark
00:07:39specy called a bronze whalerers shark uh..."
00:07:42or copper sharks, another name for them, they grow up to about three meters in length, but
00:07:46the average size we have around about two and
00:07:48a half to 2.2 meters. copper sharks
00:07:52are considered vulnerable, but not currently threatened with
00:07:56extinction, and although they also attack humans
00:07:59sometimes, they're viewed as less dangerous than great white
00:08:03sharks.
00:08:08Toby Rogers is also mostly on the lookout for this most
00:08:12famous... of shark species. Over the years, he's
00:08:15tagged more than 200 individual animals. If it
00:08:19detected even one them, this device would sound
00:08:22alarm, but today it emits only
00:08:25static. Even so, nets are still deployed
00:08:29in the seaside town of Fishhook to protect swimmers from marine
00:08:33predators. Officials point out that there have been no shark attacks for
00:08:37years, but say they still can't be ruled out. Five years
00:08:41ago, mostly uh, we were so... It's only now maybe I think for two
00:08:44years, we didn't see at all graduates, we did
00:08:48go out on our research boats, go check of anything, we just get
00:08:51branches. False bay was so named because for
00:08:55centuries sailing ships mistakenly entered it believing it to be a
00:08:59bay farther to the north, shark monitoring goes on here
00:09:03too, mountain watch for
00:09:05bay uh, can
00:09:09you tell me how many b is in order uh?
00:09:12f that's copy okay and uh how many
00:09:16serfers? i got about 35
00:09:19surfs in the water. okay, you any got any
00:09:23sightings? uh, we have no sightings at the
00:09:27moment. okay, um, copy there, thank
00:09:30you. when the
00:09:34sea is rough, the marine predators can't be
00:09:37spotted. from up here, dennis chicodze observes
00:09:41the water. In commerce surf, the sharks can be clearly
00:09:45identified. They swim just below the surface and are
00:09:48always there. Most people they think if
00:09:51you have to for spot a shark, you need to see the find first, but remember they are
00:09:55hunters, the they are hunting, when you're hunting, you don't show yourself
00:09:59out that I'm here, so they normally underne under under the water, so we
00:10:03look for shadows and movement. South
00:10:06Africa,
00:10:55off at shark spotters seeks not just to protect people, but the animals
00:10:59as well. Sarah Boris says Cape Town's great
00:11:02Whites have moved elsewhere. Recent research that we've
00:11:06been part of suggests that rather than reduction in population, there's just been an
00:11:10eastward shift along the South African coastline. And so
00:11:14it um, since 2017 we've seen quite a dramatic reduction
00:11:18in white shark activity in false bay and also just further along the coast
00:11:22in Hansbye. Killer Wales could... the reason
00:11:25why hunting in groups they attack the sharks aiming for
00:11:29their livers which are rich in fat and oil. this great
00:11:33white was killed by orkas quickly and
00:11:36efficiently. the two killers in question are the ones called
00:11:40port and starbard. um and we think that these two individuals started
00:11:44hunting them back then
00:11:45um and what it that has led to is immediate abandonment um
00:11:49of uh the white shocks from those certain areas. so areas like false bay,
00:11:52khansway and most recently muscle bay. "the
00:11:56great white shark is considered an endangered
00:11:59species. its numbers are threatened not just by killer
00:12:03whales, but also over fishing by humans. but
00:12:07just maybe one day they'll return to false bay. in
00:12:11the seaside town of fishhook, the mesh in the shark nets is now
00:12:15so fine that the marine predators can no longer become
00:12:18entangled. the nets still go up though, because
00:12:22better safe than sorry."
00:12:28By the way, great white sharks probably don't take this route
00:12:32from the Red Sea into the Mediterranean. The water in
00:12:35the Suwez canal is simply too hot and salty, but the
00:12:39venomous lion fish has no problem with those extreme
00:12:43conditions. In reefs in the warming waters the
00:12:46Mediterranean, it's starting to displace native species
00:12:49in Greece and effort is underway to do something about the
00:12:53invader by turning it into.
00:12:57The fishermen of Kilada take to the sea
00:13:00from their small harbor village on the Pelopanese Peninsula in
00:13:03Greece. Their usual catch includes Seabream and
00:13:07Octopus, but more and more often their nets are bringing up
00:13:11animals that don't belong here, what are known as invasive
00:13:15species, like the red lion fish, originally from
00:13:19Asia. With sea temperatures rising, it's migrated through
00:13:23the suez canal into the Mediterranean.
00:14:25heat stored in the oceans has reached a new high. due
00:14:29to the greenhouse effect, the earth absorbs more the sun's
00:14:32energy, then it releases back into space. oceans take
00:14:36up 91% of that energy, 5% is absorbed by
00:14:40land, 3% melts ice, and 1%
00:14:43contributes to atmospheric warming. and that poses a
00:14:47threat. tropical cyclones like one that hit Mozambique, are
00:14:51growing more intense. warmer water is fueling such...
00:15:03the way ahead must be grounded in science, common sense and the
00:15:07courage to act. in Greece, a chef has
00:15:11already trying to help. Elias kiazoli has
00:15:14declared war on the lion fish by turning it into a
00:15:17delicacy. the meat is safe eat because the poison is
00:15:21confined to the spines.
00:15:38any other predators, so everyone's a winner,
00:15:42including our stomachs. efforts like that should help
00:15:46drive down numbers of lionfish on the Greek coast, but as
00:15:50long as sea temperatures continue to rise, invasive
00:15:53species will continue to
00:15:55spread.
00:15:59now to invasive plant found practically
00:16:02everywhere, water highints. they can completely
00:16:06cover lakes in tropics forming dense floating
00:16:09carpets, the plant is textbook example of a
00:16:13species introduced by humans that spirals out of control
00:16:17in new biospheres, spreading rapidly because it has
00:16:21no natural enemies. indigenous to south america,
00:16:25water highens have become a serious plague worldwide over the
00:16:28past 150 years. in india, scientist
00:16:32is trying to do something about them. this
00:16:36is the story of Ecologist Sushmita Krishnan who turns water
00:16:40hiasins into biodegradable paper. It's a
00:16:43win win because although attractive, water hiasents are
00:16:47extremely fast growing and highly invasive. Originally
00:16:51introduced to India from South America, they quickly clog lakes and
00:16:54wetlands damaging existing
00:16:56ecosystems. A pond in the village of Allore
00:17:00in Tamil Nadu. Farmer Muttu used to rely on the water
00:17:04source to irrigate his fields, but now It's been completely
00:17:08overtaken by water
00:17:09hence.
00:17:13Back when I was in school, this water was very clean. We used to catch
00:17:17fish here, this area was once farmland and people would bathe in the
00:17:21pond, but now the water is black and
00:17:25polluted.
00:17:30Water hiasons infestations can cause oxygen depletion in water
00:17:33bodies, increase water loss and create breeding grounds. for
00:17:37mosquitoes, even when dead, water hiasins release
00:17:41harmful substances that reduce water
00:17:43quality. the
00:17:47international union for conservation of nature has classified water
00:17:51hyasins as the world's first aquatic invasive
00:17:53species. a single plant can produce 2000
00:17:57seeds. under favorable conditions, up to 700 tons
00:18:01of waterhyacin can grow per hectare of land. if
00:18:04this continues unchecked, oxygen levels in the... water body drops
00:18:08significantly killing fish populations, this results
00:18:12economic and ecological losses economic
00:18:15loss, ecological
00:18:18loss. the 24 year old
00:18:21ecologist works with the national college in tiruchilapalli in the south of
00:18:25tamil nadu to tackle this
00:18:26problem. so
00:18:29first first we remove the water hyasins
00:18:33from the water, then we chop, grind and extract.
00:19:07only completely plant based sushmita says that one
00:19:11kg of water hasinth can produce 35 a4 sheets of
00:19:15paper. students at the
00:19:19national college learn how to do it step by
00:19:21step.
00:19:27sushmita's technology can be shared with self help groups. they can be
00:19:31taught how to collect water even if they only have limited
00:19:35resources.
00:19:39They can also learn how to process it and turn it into different
00:19:42grades of material grades of material
00:19:46convert students can acquire this knowledge and then pass it to
00:19:50villages or communities helping them generate
00:19:53income.
00:19:57Sushmita hopes that all of India's water bodies will one day be healthy
00:20:01again and with her idea she helps to transform a
00:20:04harmful invasive species into a... useful
00:20:08resource
00:20:12on rice farms in Asia, water buffalo are
00:20:16indispensable work animals. In Europe, they've been
00:20:19deliberately introduced for a specific purpose,
00:20:23landscape management. In marshy areas, they help
00:20:27promote biodiversity by creating access routes in overgrown
00:20:30wetlands and feeding on water plants like reads. That
00:20:34makes them especially interesting for managing.
00:20:45Christian Mayer and his wife Regina Schmidt want to work on
00:20:49some fencing.
00:21:29long ago crops were planted on these fields, then they grew too
00:21:33wet and were turned into pasture land, since the rewedding with
00:21:37the ground extremely damp, we really can't put normal cattle on them
00:21:41anymore, because they develop serious problems with their
00:21:44hooves, but the water buffalo love it, they need these wet
00:21:48areas, that's where they feel at home.
00:21:49because
00:22:00they're smaller and lighter than other breeds, they cope
00:22:03better with wet ground. there are
00:22:07few xmore ponies as well, they also have
00:22:11no problem grazing on wet pastures. on the marshy
00:22:15ground, the mix of different types of livestock also
00:22:19benefits.
00:22:31tearing, horses by biting. This creates different
00:22:34soil structures through different growth patterns of grasses and other
00:22:38plants, and that increases
00:22:40biodiversity. Maya's
00:22:44grazing program is being monitored by scientists from the
00:22:47nearby Peetland Science center. Their most important
00:22:51collaborators, the Water
00:22:53Buffalo. Some are
00:22:56equipped with GPS trackers, so we can track their movement patterns
00:23:00and also see whether the buffalo have an impact on greenhouse gas
00:23:04emissions. The researchers have
00:23:08also erected so-called Eddy Covariance Flux Tower on the
00:23:11rewetted Peetland. It's sensors measure weather
00:23:15data like temperature and wind speed, but also levels of
00:23:19CO2. methane and nitrous
00:23:21oxide. what we're seeing here is greenhouse
00:23:25gas flux in real time, 10 herz, that means 10 measurements
00:23:29per second. this is the methane flux.
00:23:33for over three years, this data has for the first
00:23:36time allowed the scientists to assess the climate effects
00:23:40of grazing water buffalo on wet
00:23:43grassland.
00:23:48in unserem bisherigen.
00:24:20about the whole idea, how would he manage newly rewedd
00:24:24land? what would he need to watch out for with the water buffalo? and
00:24:27would there even be a market for their meat in the region? all
00:24:31existential
00:24:32questions.
00:24:37the water buffalo live and gray outside all year round,
00:24:41our animals are basically born on this meadow and die
00:24:44on it, and that's the best thing for the animal and for meat quality. you can't
00:24:48produce higher quality meat.
00:25:20also manage wet pastures for breeding purposes and eight to 10 animals
00:25:24go into our farm shop for direct
00:25:26marketing. on Christian Meyer and
00:25:29Regina Schmidd's farm, 58 water buffalo
00:25:33now live on 73 hectares of rewedded
00:25:37pasture
00:25:38land.
00:28:58It's not often I