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00:00:01has ensured that these seventh century skeletons have been well
00:00:04preserved. So far, 70 graves have been
00:00:08discovered. The Bavarii were Christians and so
00:00:11were buried facing east. But what can we learn from the bones
00:00:15themselves?
00:00:19What we can say so far is that this is probably a female
00:00:22burial. Among the grave goods, we see a
00:00:26belt buckle which is well preserved.
00:00:30And here on the thigh, there was also a small
00:00:32knife.
00:00:35We've seen that in several other female burials as well. A small knife
00:00:39lying on the side.
00:00:42Judging by the grave goods, the Bavarii from Bachhagel were well-to-
00:00:46do people. Many were buried with swords. Women
00:00:49often wore valuable jewelry. Each grave
00:00:52find is documented with a hand- drawn
00:00:55sketch.
00:00:59The bones also indicate that these people were well-
00:01:01nourished.
00:01:04Some of them were surprisingly tall, nearly 1 meter
00:01:0780, though most were a bit
00:01:09shorter.
00:01:14The average height for the women is around 1.60, sometimes slightly
00:01:18less, sometimes slightly more, while for men it's about 10
00:01:21centimeters taller, so 170,
00:01:23172. The artifacts offer a unique
00:01:27glimpse into the past, to when the tribal duchy of Bavaria had
00:01:31just been formed. All of the artifacts are being carefully
00:01:34examined by the State Office for the Preservation of Historical
00:01:37Monuments, including this brooch.
00:01:41It's always fascinating to see the exquisite craftsmanship with which
00:01:44the artisans of that era, the goldsmiths and silversmiths
00:01:47produced these objects. They didn't have glasses or magnifying
00:01:51glasses, and yet these are truly exquisite, beautiful pieces of
00:01:55jewelry.
00:01:59solution, invisible on
00:02:02History comes to life, and I find it fascinating that the longer you look at these
00:02:06artifacts, the more you can glean from them about the jewelry or how they were
00:02:10dressed. We forge a connection to our own
00:02:13ancestors, to our past, and start to
00:02:16understand that they weren't all that different to
00:02:19us.
00:02:22Even then, the people here were connected to the whole world. That's
00:02:26clear from the jewelry found in the graves.
00:02:30The white stones in the brooch likely came from
00:02:33India, but where was the brooch
00:02:35made?
00:02:39I'd suggest that it doesn't come from a workshop here in Bavaria, but more
00:02:42likely further west. We know for instance that the lady was dressed
00:02:46according to the fashion of the time, and this basic
00:02:49pattern follows what we might call a French style, which was prevalent in
00:02:53Paris around
00:02:54600.
00:02:57It was a cosmopolitan population. Settled
00:03:01here after the fall of the Roman Empire, a wide variety
00:03:04of ethnic groups had intermingled, including
00:03:07Romans, Celts, Germanic tribes and
00:03:09Goths.
00:03:12Eventually, this people came to be known as the
00:03:14Bavarians and the region where they lived,
00:03:18Bavaria.
00:03:23Bavaria was, just like today, a key region from which the Alps
00:03:27could be crossed, and that's why it had to be secured. Including.
00:04:00are proud of the discoveries made here. They
00:04:04now know that Bachhagel was settled far earlier than was
00:04:07previously
00:04:08believed.
00:04:12We were first mentioned in historical records in 793
00:04:16AD, and if you look at the archaeological finds, we're actually
00:04:19a quick and quality solution is in much older than
00:04:20that.
00:04:24The archaeologists don't intend to excavate the entire four
00:04:28hectare site.
00:04:31Much of it is to be left alone in order to preserve the relics
00:04:35beneath for future
00:04:37moon. A generations.
00:04:40The longer the artifacts remain in the ground, the better for
00:04:43research. My own curiosity has certainly been
00:04:46satisfied by what we have already found, but my successors
00:04:49may want to know much more, so we need to take a long-term view on it
00:04:53all. Hardly any other
00:04:56archaeological site tells us so much about the people who lived,
00:05:00worked and traded in Bavaria 1,400
00:05:03years ago, the ancestors of the people we
00:05:06today call
00:05:07Bavarians.
00:05:18Do you have a science question? Then send
00:05:21it to us as a video, text or voice message.
00:05:25If we answer it on the show, then we'll send you a little gift as a thank
00:05:28you. So just
00:05:30ask:
00:05:33Is there water on the moon?
00:05:36At first glance, the moon looks a bit like a desert, and for a long
00:05:40time scientists were sure there was no water on
00:05:43it. Now though, we know that there is,
00:05:47but where is it? And could we use
00:05:49it?
00:05:52Most of the moon's water is found at its south
00:05:55pole. Many craters there have no access to
00:05:58sunlight, and, says NASA, are some of the coldest
00:06:02parts of the entire solar system. The water here
00:06:05is permanent ice. Some has been frozen for 3.5
00:06:09billion years. Temperatures are as low as -240
00:06:12degrees Celsius. The LRO lunar orbiter
00:06:16revealed that there is ice lying just below the surface here,
00:06:20either as solid deposits or mixed with lunar dust, and
00:06:23there's a lot of it. Estimates suggest hundreds of millions
00:06:27of metric tons.
00:06:30There's also water in moon dust, what's known as lunar
00:06:34regolith. NASA's LADEE mission showed that
00:06:37when rocks from space strike the moon's
00:06:40surface,
00:06:42they kick up not only dust, but also traces of water, even in
00:06:46areas subject to sunlight.
00:06:49And they are traces. The Sahara Desert contains around
00:06:52100 times more water than lunar
00:06:54dust.
00:06:59Can we access it? That's something for future lunar
00:07:02missions to find out. Either way, it
00:07:05won't be easy to extract. Temperatures
00:07:08are very low, the terrain is difficult, and it'll take a lot
00:07:12of tech.
00:07:15Water access will be crucial for future lunar
00:07:18missions. It could be treated and turned into drinking
00:07:21water, or broken down into its
00:07:25components, hydrogen and oxygen, using
00:07:28electrolysis.
00:07:30These could be used for breathing or for rocket
00:07:33fuel.
00:07:35Until then, however, astronauts will still have to bring their water with
00:07:39them from Earth.
00:07:47Space exploration is all the rage among Gen Z-ers.
00:07:51That's because it boasts more opportunities than ever
00:07:54before. SpaceX and Blue Origin, as well as numerous
00:07:57satellite startups are stirring things up. It's
00:08:01no longer just government agencies that get to explore up
00:08:04there. The space industry is
00:08:08expanding and attracting
00:08:11talent.
00:08:17With the help of this simulator, Elias Loiselle is training his mining
00:08:21skills. He hopes to one day extract raw materials far
00:08:24away on the moon. Loiselle studies space technologies at the
00:08:28Freiberg University of Mining and Technology in Eastern Germany and has
00:08:32big plans.
00:08:35It would be cool to have the opportunity to go to the moon, but on the other hand, it's also
00:08:39really cool just to be part of developing all of this and to find
00:09:12and robust, like this rover, for example,
00:09:16developed by students here at the university. It moves across the
00:09:20rugged lunar surface, locating, extracting and transporting raw
00:09:24materials. Soon it'll be possible to produce rovers
00:09:27like this on the moon
00:09:28itself.
00:09:323D printing is key. We're already able to print entire cars,
00:09:36and so we want to use this technology to produce rovers directly on the
00:09:40moon using local materials, rather than having
00:09:43to transport every single piece of material we need to the
00:09:49crewed lunar landing is planned for 2028 as
00:09:53part of the Artemis 4 mission. The plan is to
00:09:56then build a lunar station up there. It will be too
00:10:00expensive to restock this base with deliveries from Earth, so
00:10:03astronauts will need to use resources very
00:10:06carefully.
00:10:09Lunar astronauts will have to breathe the same air over and over, drink
00:10:13the same water, eat the same carrots, recycle like
00:10:17crazy, and by finding solutions, we're developing
00:10:19technologies that are useful on Earth too.
00:10:23Data collected by the Artemis 2 mission, which launched in April
00:10:272026, will be used to prepare for the planned crewed
00:10:31lunar landing in
00:10:322028.
00:10:37This is what dwellings on the moon could look
00:10:40like.
00:10:43Together with the European Space Agency, London-based design
00:10:46and architecture firm Hassel has developed a master plan for
00:10:50a modular lunar base in which human beings could work and live
00:10:54long-term. One big challenge is the lunar
00:10:57radiation, so thick walls could be
00:11:00essential. But how to build
00:11:03them? We're not going to bring our own concrete
00:11:07to build shell structures or caves to protect our
00:11:10astronauts. We better use local materials, so therefore
00:11:14we're going to use regolith, which is lunar dust, to
00:11:17create blocks that then what we call tetrapods that
00:11:21we can actually interconnect and create these structures, these shell
00:11:25structures, cave-like structures under which our
00:11:28astronauts can live inside their inflatable
00:11:31habitats. It sounds great and the
00:11:35model looks impressive too, but what about putting it into
00:11:39practice?
00:11:42Researcher Moritz Stich is helping to develop the building
00:11:45material. Although there are abundant supplies of regolith
00:11:49on the moon, direct regolith isn't
00:11:52necessarily suitable as building material. Regolith is a
00:11:56bit like sand, which means if you melt it, it vitrifies, so it turns to
00:12:00glass like sand. An alternative, however, is to sinter
00:12:03it. Sintering is similar to firing clay. It doesn't
00:12:07completely melt the regolith, but it does make the grains soft enough so that they
00:12:11can bond together. And afterwards you end up with a porous,
00:12:14solid composite material which could be used to make something like bricks for
00:12:18example. Bricks you could then use to build walls
00:12:21with. We also use heat-resistant plastics for
00:12:253D printing and we mix in regolith to boost the overall
00:12:29volume. That way, we can achieve a larger volume and so need to take less
00:12:32plastic with us for
00:12:33printing.
00:12:36With a special high-temperature printer, it's even possible to
00:12:40process pure regolith. It can be
00:12:42used on its own or mixed with plastic. 3D printing
00:12:46has great potential for lunar construction
00:12:48work. NASA conducted tests with large-
00:12:52format printers. One good option is to design lightweight,
00:12:56inflatable structures and then clad them in
00:12:59regolith.
00:13:03And the plan would be to incorporate the assistance of small
00:13:06robots. What at first glance looks like a vacuum cleaner, is
00:13:10actually a mobile 3D printer. It applies
00:13:13regolith layer by layer directly onto the lightweight base
00:13:16structure. All this is still just a vision, but this
00:13:20or something similar could be what living on the moon looks like one
00:13:24day. Humanity is heading off to new realms and
00:13:28this exploratory urge drives researchers
00:13:31too.
00:13:35Ever since I've been working here and regularly seeing the astronauts walking
00:13:38around, I find myself thinking, wow, I'm really working on these
00:13:42frontiers that we're currently pushing back, and working
00:13:46on lunar projects is incredibly inspiring. It fills me with
00:13:49enthusiasm, and I'm so grateful to be allowed to be so close to it all.
00:13:53It's totally crazy. That is totally
00:13:56crazy.
00:14:00Imagine it's the year 3000. What would
00:14:02archaeologists dig up from our time? Very likely, bits
00:14:06of plastic and fragments of synthetic clothing, which are
00:14:09already found in dense layers in the ground, thanks to our
00:14:13appetite for disposable
00:14:14fashion.
00:14:19T-shirts emblazoned with the latest designs, bang on
00:14:22trend, super short distressed look, hot pants,
00:14:25a must- have. The latest fast fashion
00:14:29collections will doubtless have a shorter product life
00:14:32cycle as
00:14:33ever.
00:14:37Friederike von Veelparlo works to improve sustainability
00:14:41in fashion. She says one hurdle is the disposable
00:14:44mindset.
00:14:47What actually happens to the things we buy? If we take a look inside a
00:14:50typical closet, we see a lot of tags still on the clothes,
00:14:53and that means these are all brand new,
00:14:56unworn. This phenomenon accounts for about
00:15:0020% of all clothing produced. And on
00:15:04top of that, roughly 10 to 30% is never even sold in the
00:15:07first place. It's destroyed, burned, disposed of. That
00:15:11means more than half of what we produce goes straight into the
00:15:14trash unused. That in itself is a massive
00:15:18problem.
00:15:25Harmless in comparison to online Chinese sellers like
00:15:28Shein, which are more about ultra-fast
00:15:31fashion.
00:15:37Shorter, things need to be replaced more quickly, and consumption
00:15:41increases. Ever more products are bought, and as a result the mountain of
00:15:45waste generated by this short-lived system continues to
00:15:48grow. At the Federal Environment Agency in
00:15:52Dessau, Eastern Germany, scientists like Karim Zaidi are
00:15:55working on ways to make textiles last longer by
00:15:59creating a digital
00:16:00profile
00:16:03for each garment. Through the digital product passport is obtained.
00:16:07A consumer who wants to buy an item of clothing in a store, for
00:16:10example, can scan a QR code and will
00:16:14directly access a platform where they can retrieve product
00:16:17information. There is a whole range of product information
00:16:21currently being considered. One
00:16:23might be the durability of the fibers used in the
00:16:26textiles. In other words, how long-lasting is the
00:16:29fiber I'm about to buy? Other product
00:16:32information could be the garment's ecological or carbon
00:16:34footprint.
00:16:37And here's how it works: production origin, material
00:16:41mix, recyclability. Just scan the QR code and
00:16:45the digital label opens up on your phone, making the garment
00:16:49a traceable product with its own individual
00:16:51identity.
00:16:55We hope that the digital product passport will make products more
00:16:59durable, more robust, and easier to repair,
00:17:02that the raw
00:17:05materials in them can be reused.
00:17:37be made in a very simple way, it's just cut, folded over
00:17:41once and then sewn along the edge. It
00:17:44is possible to do this better.
00:17:48Here at Berlin's University of Applied Sciences,
00:17:51Elisabeth Epinger investigates the sustainability of
00:17:54fibers and textiles by putting them to the test in the
00:17:57laboratory.
00:18:00Most fast fashion items are not made to
00:18:02last. It takes just a few test cycles
00:18:06to reveal weaknesses.
00:19:07But we barely notice such differences when we shop. We've
00:19:11forgotten, says Epinger, how to recognize true
00:19:14quality.
00:19:19When we look at the textile sector, it's clear that things are getting
00:19:22worse.
00:19:24And it's not just brands associated with ultra-fast fashion that are doing
00:19:28it. We see the same trend in higher price segments as
00:19:31well.
00:19:34It's far from the case that higher prices mean
00:19:37quality, and no matter how much it costs,
00:19:41isn't fashion by its very nature
00:19:43fleeting.
00:19:45Sustainable fashion, like that sold in this Slow Fashion store in
00:19:49central Berlin, remains a niche concept, and even if
00:19:53consumers are given more information about how a garment is made, will they
00:19:56actually use it? And how much does this information influence
00:20:00purchasing decisions anyway?
00:20:04Oliver McConnell, innovation strategist and fashion expert, has
00:20:07his reservations about the digital product
00:20:10passport.
00:20:14We see the appealing aspects of fast fashion, the trendy styles, the
00:20:17instant gratification, and so the question we really need to ask
00:20:21is, how do we bring immediate reward to sustainable
00:20:24clothing? You could, for example, say that if you
00:20:28buy fair fashion, you get climate points, which you could
00:20:32then redeem for cheaper electricity or to otherwise
00:20:35cut your household budget. A kind of
00:20:38payback program where you get immediate reward for
00:20:42doing your bit to improve the climate.
00:20:46You are committed to making the climate better. better.
00:21:26Following a preparatory and introductory phase beginning in
00:21:292027, the digital product passport for
00:21:32textiles in the EU is set to come into effect in
00:21:352028.
00:21:43Archaeological discoveries,
00:21:47water on the moon and building a lunar base.
00:21:51We'll be back soon with more stories from the world of
00:21:54science. See you then tomorrow today. Take care.
00:22:25In the central part of the day, we follow current events for you, with
00:22:29exclusive interlocutors, find out the answers to the right
00:22:32questions firsthand.
00:22:33From
00:22:43October 10 to 16, every evening
00:22:46at 9:00 on Cinemanija.
00:22:51Žarko Laušević in the movie Smrdljiva
00:22:54Bajka.
00:22:58Paul Sorvino in the comedic drama, Once
00:23:01Upon a Time in
00:23:02Queens.
00:23:08Comedic thriller drama,
00:23:10Parasite.
00:23:18Eva Green in the action drama
00:23:20Proxima.
00:23:25Benedict Cumberbatch in the comedic drama The Third
00:23:28Star.
00:23:34Romantic drama Leap
00:23:36Year.
00:23:43Johnny Depp in the historical biographical drama
00:23:46The Libertine.
00:23:50More movies, more hits.
00:23:53Cinemanija.
00:24:00Probotanik, a healthy family. This was
00:24:03me, daily struggle with disposable razors and
00:24:06irritations. Day after day, until I said,
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00:24:17comfort every day. Switch to Gillette. Look at it and forget
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00:24:24compromise, a smart
00:24:25investment.
00:24:29There are people who, in what already
00:24:32exists, see what else can
00:24:35become.
00:24:38People who know that great things start
00:24:42from the smallest
00:24:43details.
00:24:47And people who never stop
00:24:50wondering what
00:24:52if.
00:24:5690 years of Alkaloid, health above
00:24:59all.
00:25:02To be ready to face challenges is an art. When life
00:25:06serves something unexpected,
00:30:30Many new movies have arrived in world cinemas in the past
00:30:34seven days, and only some of them managed to make it onto
00:30:38our list, the highest- grossing ones. Welcome
00:30:41to Movie Top 10 channel N1. This
00:30:45is how the current American box office list looks.
00:30:59From...