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00:00:18and I welcome my guest, Professor Adai Abu
00:00:22politics, and that Kars. Welcome, Professor. Professor,
00:00:25live a normal life first, we want to talk about the first topic
00:00:28in our episode, which is about the reality of Palestinian
00:00:31youth today. When we talk about the reality of Palestinian
00:00:35youth, how can you describe the reality
00:00:38that does not respect the privacy of youth? It is no secret to anyone that
00:00:40the reality is highly complex, and a set of
00:00:43overlapping and intertwined variables are accumulating,
00:00:46extending from economic
00:00:49a guarantee for us to get job pressure and rising levels of poverty and unemployment,
00:00:52especially after October 23. Hundreds of
00:00:56lose the ability thousands of young people are out of work. The Palestinian economy
00:01:00has been damaged in a central and strategic way.
00:01:03There are many daily pressures
00:01:08including, for example, that have affected Palestinian families as a result of unemployment in
00:01:12the interior, and we all know
00:01:15thing is that it has that about 280 thousand workers, or the estimates are 280 thousand workers,
00:01:19have been put out of work in the Palestinian interior
00:01:22after October
00:01:25to think about
00:01:25job opportunities dismissively,
00:01:252007 until today, 2023. This has
00:01:28cast a shadow over Palestinian
00:01:31climate, families
00:01:32Liberation Organization, and on the table of the President, and on the table as a whole, and thus young people, as part of the Palestinian family, have suffered
00:01:36greatly.
00:01:39you have passed a stage This is not the only criterion or variable. There is high mobility
00:01:43limitation. We have 1100
00:01:48persevere. Yes, Israeli checkpoints, between a gate, a checkpoint, an earth
00:01:50mound, and a trench, preventing movement, and this
00:01:54weakens the ability of Palestinian youth to engage in
00:01:57public work and to engage in additional
00:02:01civil spaces, in addition to the limited ability to move from
00:02:05resilience. It has made you a narrow geographical location
00:02:10things. We returned. What I managed to gather from to wider geographical Time is running out. spaces. This means that we put it aside and went down to
00:02:12that Palestinian youth,
00:02:16he passed away in in one way or another, have lost the opportunity to get to
00:02:18know their society
00:02:20the internet, we go initially, and consequently have lost the opportunity
00:02:22to be exposed
00:02:25to the world. So home has become everything. Home
00:02:28has become the last resort they can turn to, and
00:02:32yet other variables related to settler
00:02:35attacks intervene. Yes, Professor Adi, let's talk about
00:02:38the most prominent changes that have occurred
00:02:41in the lives of Palestinian youth over the past
00:02:44years. There have been a number of changes, including
00:02:47the limited civil spaces, and this is not only due to
00:02:51the main factor and the occupation, but there are other
00:02:54factors related to internal alignment,
00:02:58related to the
00:03:01significant limitation and shrinking, I would say, of civil
00:03:05Between two tents, spaces, especially in rural For example, in our areas and areas far from
00:03:08city centers. So if we talk about Jenin, about Tubas, about
00:03:13have you seen? Salfit, about south Hebron, about north Hebron, even there is a very high narrowing of
00:03:17to the tents, civil spaces. Where can a young man go? Where can
00:03:21a young man resort to if he is not politicized, if he is not
00:03:25within a certain political
00:03:29but a memory framework? And this also focuses on girls in particular and young women in particular.
00:03:32So the narrowing of civil spaces is one of the most important
00:03:35variables. Second, again, the high level of unemployment
00:03:39and the high level of poverty and the lack of job opportunities. This
00:03:43has created a state of uncertainty among
00:03:46general anxiety, of course, and this is known scientifically
00:03:51was agricultural as anxiety. And thus, we are living in a state of general
00:03:54anxiety and tension connected
00:03:56opportunity for change. We need to arm ourselves to a state of lack of clarity and uncertainty and ambiguity in the future of Palestine
00:04:00in general, but in the future of Palestinian youth in particular. If you
00:04:04look, since Corona until today, Palestinian youth have lost
00:04:08and there were many clashes in the south. five years of their lives.
00:04:08of 1948 when they left in I mean, I would say
00:04:11that it is not counted from their age if they graduated from high school,
00:04:15and if they actually graduated from university, they practically
00:04:18haven't seen anything in Palestinian life, in civil life.
00:04:22They haven't participated, they haven't engaged because
00:04:26there were many difficulties they faced, perhaps Corona and the war that happened.
00:04:33You die after that. Of course, we are in five years. I mean, these are
00:04:36on the calendar, and here I want
00:04:40to quote this sentence that we
00:04:43pressures have become part need to remove them from our
00:04:44the problem. And thus, calendar. And thus, the main idea is that there has been a
00:04:49with, in your opinion? decline in the ability of the Palestinian
00:04:50the ability to access the internet, people to engage in all areas just as they gained access to of civil work
00:04:53in Palestine, whether
00:04:58is Beit Lahia and the sea. To its And thus, you start political, whether voluntary work, whether economic, whether engagement
00:05:01in the labor market, whether
00:05:04dish. The experience engagement in committees, and so on. And thus, all these pressures
00:05:07have accumulated and resulted in widespread psychological pressures.
00:05:11A huge spectrum of psychological pressures.
00:05:14People don't know how their day will go. In
00:05:17a short day, you have to
00:05:20a short day, you need
00:05:24And our country, the rise in prices,
00:05:27I mean, is astronomical. And thus, if there is
00:05:29a student who is or graduated in
00:05:322020, he has not had the opportunity to
00:05:37at all. Professor Adi, what are the most important issues that concern
00:05:41Palestinian youth today, across all their groups and spectrums?
00:05:45Undoubtedly, at the top of the list for any Palestinian youth
00:05:49is engagement in the labor market, getting
00:05:52a job, getting a job opportunity. And this is not easy,
00:05:56especially with the interruption of the clearing over the past five years.
00:05:59This is not easy at all because you know, the Palestinian Authority, the Palestinian
00:06:03state, is the biggest employer, or the biggest employer. Second, the private sector has suffered a major
00:06:07catastrophe. And thus, the first concern
00:06:11is getting a job opportunity. But there are other concerns related
00:06:14to job opportunities that I consider
00:06:17largely important,
00:06:21opportunities for engagement in public work. And thus,
00:06:24we have a disruption in the democratic process for years.
00:06:28There has been no opportunity for Palestinian youth to engage in public
00:06:31work. Of course, some groups have not resumed
00:06:34the election process from
00:06:37and this is part of the priorities that must be
00:06:41put on the table of the Palestine
00:06:45of the Palestinian government. This optional
00:06:48obstruction of the democratic
00:06:51space is not permissible. In addition to that,
00:06:54young women in particular, Palestinian women, there is a narrow
00:06:58horizon, a narrow space.
00:07:01I mean, there is a decline in their opportunities to engage
00:07:04in a non-employment labor market. And thus,
00:07:08even manual products, even cultural products,
00:07:10even embroidery or
00:07:14part of knitting, even traditional and very
00:07:18light manual industries have disappeared
00:07:22because you're talking about tourism in Bethlehem that has been hit
00:07:25since Corona until today. You're talking about
00:07:28the economy or the exceptional consumption
00:07:31that exceeds basic human needs has disappeared.
00:07:35It's no longer there. And thus, opportunities for women
00:07:39to be in the labor market in a way that differs from
00:07:42the traditional employment framework have largely
00:07:45disappeared. Tens of thousands of women-led projects have been
00:07:48affected in one way or another, and a large
00:07:51number of them have closed down, according to a report by the
00:07:55Ministry of Women Affairs. Tens of thousands of graduates
00:07:59have not had the opportunity to engage in any work
00:08:02space, whether voluntary, paid, or partially paid. Uh-huh.
00:08:06And thus, all these
00:08:08accumulations are pushing Palestinian youth to choose
00:08:12emigration as their first option, leaving the country
00:08:16as their first option, and distancing themselves from public
00:08:19work. There is a general
00:08:22feeling of frustration as a result of the
00:08:25unavailability of these civil spaces, as a result of
00:08:28the unavailability of these opportunities, and so on. Yes,
00:08:31Professor Adnan, let's move to the second topic of our
00:08:35episode, which is about education and work in
00:08:39our current time. Is university education in Palestine still
00:08:42a guarantee for getting a job opportunity for graduates,
00:08:46for example? It is undoubtedly one of the most important criteria,
00:08:49but it is not the only criterion that plays a role in getting a job. Many
00:08:53graduates do not have the opportunity to get a job
00:08:56as a result. What should they do? I mean, we need
00:09:00to arm ourselves, as Edward Said says. If you don't arm yourself
00:09:03with critical thinking, knowledge, and science, there will be no
00:09:09with a set of complementary
00:09:11skills at the university. And thus, today, artificial intelligence
00:09:15plays a role. Today, languages play a role.
00:09:18Today, social media plays a role. Today, there
00:09:22are many areas that we need to, I mean, the tools
00:09:25available to young people today to hone their talents,
00:09:29for example, or to enhance their experiences and capabilities
00:09:32to enter the field and the labor market, they undoubtedly have
00:09:36opportunities. Young people today have very high opportunities, I mean,
00:09:40compared to my generation, I mean, I have left the generation of
00:09:43youth, compared to my generation, we did not have these opportunities,
00:09:46but this opportunity comes with a handicap.
00:09:50This opportunity cannot be created
00:09:53and developed without
00:09:59the internet, just as they gained
00:10:02greater challenges arose before them than the challenges
00:10:05I faced, for example. And thus, today, in order
00:10:09to compete in the labor market, and you are competing with Russia.
00:10:26So, today, you are not competing with Palestinians only. As Palestinian
00:10:31with Palestinians. Some jobs, and since I come from civil
00:10:35society, some jobs in civil
00:10:39with the whole world, whether you are talking about design,
00:10:41whether we are talking about
00:10:44social media and content development, whether we are talking about,
00:10:48for example, proposal writing, even research. Today, you are
00:10:51not competing with Palestinians. Work papers. You are not
00:10:55competing with Palestinians. Production. You are not competing with Palestinians.
00:10:58You are competing with an open, wild market in many aspects
00:11:03of Palestinian society. And thus, our armament with
00:11:06skills is a real guarantee for us to get job
00:11:10opportunities. But it is not only
00:11:14opportunities. It is a guarantee for us to be exposed to
00:11:18a wider spectrum of experiences that can really make us
00:11:21more engaged and rooted in our society, more aware
00:11:25of its different aspects, its social aspects, its structural
00:11:28aspects, more capable of influencing and changing our society,
00:11:32more capable of enhancing the resilience of our society.
00:11:35By the way, we are talking about job opportunities
00:11:39regardless of their financial return. We are talking about Palestinian
00:11:42resilience in the face of all the current circumstances. It is
00:11:46not permissible to talk about
00:11:50saying, "No, by God, just bear with it for three or four years."
00:11:54If you bear with it for three or four years without working,
00:11:57it means you have harmed the resilience of the entire Palestinian
00:12:01society. Three or four years means
00:12:04in your life where you should have explored
00:12:07a wide range of things, engaged in a wide range of
00:12:11things, had a presence in a very large number
00:12:14of variables in your society. You have practically
00:12:18bypassed them. You practically haven't had the opportunity to
00:12:21engage in them. And thus, this has made you lose all
00:12:25your passion for influencing and changing and enhancing
00:12:30lose all your passion regarding developing your career.
00:12:34Yes. Personally, it has made
00:12:38you lose all your passion in
00:12:41a set of achievements that you could have achieved
00:12:44at an early age. Okay, let's talk about
00:12:47graduates, university graduates. What are the reasons
00:12:51or factors that make many graduates feel
00:12:55frustrated or face difficulties
00:12:58after graduation, and how can these challenges be dealt
00:13:02with? The first challenge is exposure.
00:13:06How many experiences do you have? How much can you talk
00:13:09about these experiences? Well, we have many, and part of
00:13:12it is structural. I don't just blame the young
00:13:16person, nor do I blame the narrow society he lives in. So,
00:13:19in some universities today, or in some educational institutions,
00:13:22so that I don't blame a specific university,
00:13:25you, as the son of a certain place,
00:13:29study in your school and university and work
00:13:32in the same place. What kind of exposure, what kind
00:13:35of experiences
00:13:38So you haven't seen any experiences. This
00:13:42needs serious attention from the educational
00:13:44policy makers. So, you haven't been exposed to
00:13:48any experience. This is one issue. The second issue
00:13:52is what kind of skills
00:14:03you have acquired from this exposure. Nothing. You have
00:14:07recreated the details of your society
00:14:10completely. You have not been exposed to any different
00:14:13experience, and therefore no
00:14:16corresponding skill has developed in you.
00:14:20I mean, in your opinion, Professor Adi, that
00:14:23the graduate should not stay in the same place
00:14:27and in the same experience, but
00:14:30rather have other opportunities to be exposed to different
00:14:34experiences. And therefore, the big mistake
00:14:37is that we build an educational policy that
00:14:41confines and isolates Palestinian young men
00:14:44and women and makes their lives centered in
00:14:4810 square kilometers or 20 square kilometers
00:14:51from school to university to home to marriage
00:14:55to family to work.
00:14:58So the main idea is that you have
00:15:01a set of skills that you acquire by
00:15:05attending university, but not from the university. You share with a person
00:15:09from Jenin a certain dish.
00:15:12You start to discover that, by God, Mansaf
00:15:15is cooked this
00:15:17way and not that way.
00:15:21talking about an experience.
00:15:24This experience is not about your talk about the
00:15:29is your experience. It is your life.
00:15:33It is your memories. It is how much you
00:15:37interacted over this dish. How much you interacted
00:15:40to design a table and sit at it, and so on. And
00:15:44thus, if this is the case between a person from Hebron
00:15:48and a person from Jenin, what about the case between
00:15:51a person from Hebron and other countries
00:15:54and other cultures? And thus, our isolation
00:15:57from exposure to cultures reinforces radicalization
00:16:01or reinforces fundamentalism and extremism
00:16:04in our societies. And extremism is not just
00:16:08in its religious sense, but also in its
00:16:11social sense. Of course, extremism
00:16:15and extremism and a wide range
00:16:19of aspects. I want to say, and thus,
00:16:23your lack of exposure to experiences makes you lose
00:16:26skills, makes you lose your ability to express
00:16:30these skills, makes you
00:16:33to not have a network that protects you, supports
00:16:37you, introduces you, and so on. It makes you
00:16:41lose your ability to influence, and your voice
00:16:44loses its importance because you practically
00:16:48whatever you can do in your narrow society,
00:16:52you are a storm in a teacup. Okay, what
00:16:55can you influence? But you and the son of
00:16:59Jenin and the son of Ramallah and the son
00:17:03of Jerusalem in a certain interactive
00:17:08you can change, you can influence, and you can
00:17:11create opportunities and create job opportunities.
00:17:14But there are also a large number of variables
00:17:18that we can talk about for hours without stopping.
00:17:21Yes, Professor Adi, in your opinion, what are the most
00:17:25important skills and competencies required by the labor
00:17:29market today, and how can graduates seeking employment
00:17:33enhance their chances of getting jobs and succeeding
00:17:36in their career paths? I think critical
00:17:40thinking or dealing with ideas in an unconventional
00:17:43way is one of the most important things. The point
00:17:47is not what you know, but how you present what
00:17:50you know. That's the most important thing. The point
00:17:54is that all knowledge today, with
00:17:58to Google today and take what we want from
00:18:01it. So, how do you present what you know? This
00:18:03is important. The second
00:18:06thing is technical skills. How many solutions
00:18:10do you have to enhance this knowledge, even
00:18:14if it is minimal, even if it is almost
00:18:18non-existent? How many skills do you have?
00:18:22This enhances your your ability, and so on.
00:18:25Today, we also have other tools. Today,
00:18:29for example, the Ministry reject calling
00:18:32volunteer work, volunteer work. If you
00:18:35want the truth, it means a volunteer.
00:18:41institution, we call
00:18:44him a beneficiary. He benefits from his
00:18:48presence in networks. He benefits from his
00:18:51presence within a group, of course. And therefore,
00:18:55every idea you put in your head,
00:18:58I mean, I based my whole life, for example,
00:19:01on a set of ideas and a set of opinions
00:19:04I heard that might not even be true. And therefore,
00:19:08every skill you acquire a little bit in
00:19:12your personality, in
00:19:15قطعا قطعا والمجتمع الفلسطيني اصبح يعني للاسف
00:19:19of Labor has launched
00:19:22the labor market
00:19:25or the labor market platform. And therefore,
00:19:28this is an important platform, frankly, and it does not
00:19:32address Palestinian society and Palestinian employers
00:19:36specifically. No, it addresses the Gulf, it addresses
00:19:39Europe, it addresses many countries in the world.
00:19:43This is an opportunity. Second, today, you have
00:19:46a set of opportunities available
00:19:50online, which is outsourcing.
00:19:53And therefore, you practically
00:19:57can compete with an American for
00:20:00a job in America here. And therefore, how much
00:20:04skill do I have in using these platforms? This is
00:20:08important. Professor Hady, we have run out of
00:20:12time, but we want to talk quickly
00:20:14about the psychological pressures faced by young
00:20:18people today. Psychological
00:20:21of the lives of Palestinian youth. How can they be dealt
00:20:26I think one of the most important things
00:20:30is for there to be groups, I mean, we call
00:20:33them reference points or referral
00:20:35points. Either a reference group or
00:20:39a referral group. We should organize ourselves
00:20:42in a certain way to have a group of
00:20:46positive friends and acquaintances with whom I can
00:20:49vent and talk about these pressures and fears.
00:20:53Psychological pressures are part of Palestinian life today.
00:20:56In fact, if there are no psychological pressures, we
00:20:59might imagine there's a problem, that we're addicted to psychological
00:21:03pressure, and this is true.
00:21:06has become chronic. So I
00:21:10need a group for venting, and I need this group
00:21:13to tell me, I mean, another group that I can
00:21:17talk to about my problems, about my grievances.
00:21:21Talking about mental health has become more acceptable
00:21:24among young people today. Absolutely, absolutely. And Palestinian
00:21:28society has, unfortunately, become ready to accept
00:21:31the idea of mental health
00:21:35as a result of the pressures. We didn't have
00:21:38this kind of pressure in the past, and therefore
00:21:42there was no need, and we used to reject
00:21:46it. Today, there is a positive
00:21:50reconciliation with the idea of mental
00:21:53health and its importance and its impact on our
00:21:57existence, our lives, our health, and
00:22:01our interaction. And the negative
00:22:05become a demand. It has become, I mean, a mandatory
00:22:09path that I have to deal with. And therefore,
00:22:12the state of anxiety, the state of uncertainty
00:22:16or lack of certainty, the state of unclear
00:22:19horizons, all these have become areas
00:22:23that make us tense, that make us anxious
00:22:26in our daily lives. I don't know if I'll get
00:22:30to work. I don't know al-Nar on al-Mu'arrajat,
00:22:33a group of settlers will attack me or not. Will
00:22:37Karamelo checkpoint turn me back? The amount
00:22:40of pressure is enormous. And therefore, we
00:22:44are required to think about enhancing our resilience
00:22:47to these pressures, not our flexibility or our adaptation
00:22:51to these pressures, but our resilience towards them.
00:22:56We just need a final word from you, the message
00:32:05So, it is time for us today
00:32:08to think collectively as Palestinians
00:32:12in a real space that is capable
00:32:16of allowing everyone among us to express
00:32:29their voice in a positive way,
00:32:32without judgment, without exclusion,
00:32:35without excommunication, and so on,
00:32:40a basket of solutions. This
00:32:42basket of solutions involves young men,
00:32:46involves Palestinian young women in
00:32:49their society, provides them
00:32:51with job opportunities,
00:32:54and I benefit from their presence
00:32:57in strengthening my ability to
00:33:03we thank you very much, Professor
00:33:06Adi Abu Karsh, Director General of
00:33:09the Palestinian Empowerment and Local
00:33:13Development Organization. Thank you very
00:33:16much for being with us. Thank
00:33:19you. Thank you. Here we conclude
00:33:23our episode of Voice of Youth.
00:33:26Every issue discussed and every idea
00:33:30presented confirms that empowering
00:33:34youth is not limited job opportunities
00:33:37or education, but rather begins
00:33:40with listening to them and believing
00:33:44in their capabilities and involving them
00:33:47in decision-making and creating an
00:33:50environment that gives them the opportunity
00:33:54to innovate and succeed.
00:33:58For youth are not
00:34:01just the future of this nation,
00:34:05but rather
00:34:07its present and its renewed
00:34:10strength, and investing in youth is
00:34:14an investment in the future of
00:34:17Palestine. Goodbye.
00:34:20there is no difference between the Nakba
00:34:24of yesterday and the Nakba of today. From
00:34:28Hurbiya to Gaza, and from the orchards
00:34:32the story unfolds with one pain
00:34:35and one dream: return.
00:34:39The homeland is not just geography,
00:34:44walking on two feet. And every
00:34:47tent has a story, and every
00:34:51story has a key waiting
00:34:55here. Time is not measured
00:34:58in seasons, but in tragedies.
00:35:01Life in the past was when the country
00:35:06land. Your grandfather would go to the land,
00:35:10plow and plant wheat and barley
00:35:13and vegetables. They would take
00:35:17them to the markets, from shelling from planes from
00:35:21tanks as well
00:35:54Harbiya, Harbiya, its area is 23 thousand
00:35:57dunams, its population is equivalent to
00:35:592900 and some more. It is famous
00:36:03for citrus oranges, agricultural land
00:36:05and farming. To its west is the sea.
00:36:09To its south
00:36:13east are Barabara and Beit Jargerj. To its north is Deir
00:36:16Saneed and Al-Khasas.
00:36:20Villages are like other villages. I mean, they were comfortable,
00:36:24good, there were no problems like these days.
00:36:28And the hatred and resentment and distress, all of this is due to the occupation.
00:36:31Regarding what my grandfather used to tell me in the old days, they lived in
00:36:35peace and kindness. Their lives were really very
00:36:39simple. They were very simple, kind people
00:36:43who minded their own business.
00:37:09The beginnings of their displacement, I mean, it really started with problems that began from within,
00:37:12an internal strife within the country. From the countries, I mean,
00:37:16take it from the north, let's start from Jaffa, a part of
00:37:19Jaffa, and here the problems began that the Khubs began to move to the rest of the villages,
00:37:23going down to Zadud and going down to Yabna and going down to Barabara and going down to
00:37:27Hamama, and people would inform others. I mean, I remember my father told me
00:37:31that people from Beit Lahia arrived at our village and we stayed there for a week and didn't
00:37:34leave until people
00:37:37were forced to flee to Gaza. And Gaza was empty.
00:37:41I mean, the areas, I mean, Gaza City, our city, was from
00:37:44Al-Samir and Al-Daraj neighborhood of Al-Daraj up to the first police station.
00:37:48This is the original Gaza, and the rest, all to the west,
00:37:52is sand. I mean, I remember this whole Al-Abbas area
00:37:55was sand. Here, our area from the Al-Rumman area, I am
00:37:59Dar Al-Assila and Abaoud, and it goes to Sheikh Radwan until the first project.
00:38:02This is empty sand. The issue of
00:38:06migration was a struggle, a difficult and bitter struggle.
00:38:10Their displacement was difficult. I mean, they say we left the country hoping
00:38:14to return in a week, two days, three days. They didn't take
00:38:17these things, hoping to return, meaning two, three, four days.
00:38:20Things took them until today. I mean, I remember he told me that
00:38:24after four days, a city descended in
00:38:27the Beit Lahia area, from Beit Lahia. He came a little further
00:38:30and told me
00:38:34the country and gathered some
00:38:37belongings, I tried to bring with me, and still hoping that
00:38:41we would return. And despite that, may God have mercy on him,
00:38:431983, late 1982.
00:38:47He passed away. The key to the house is there, and he told them, "Don't forget
00:38:51the land deeds and the children's deeds are there, and the country's deeds are there.
00:38:54Don't forget."
00:38:56And here we are, in what we are in today. And we have been displaced another
00:39:00displacement, and we came with what
00:39:01we
00:39:05are in.
00:39:42They made a truce and told us to return to
00:39:45Gaza. During our journey to Gaza, there were no
00:39:49means of transportation. We were afraid at first to return
00:39:52or not to return, whether the houses were fine or not fine, what happened and what didn't happen.
00:39:56And we returned by sea, by Salah, by Rasheed
00:39:59Street. And as we were returning, there was
00:40:03also massive destruction,
00:40:07especially in the north of Gaza City. The north was very, very much affected during this
00:40:10war, this war. The war of October 7th greatly
00:40:14affected the northern region. It greatly affected it.
00:40:17From the demolition of houses, the demolition of homes. And we returned to our homes, and we also
00:40:21continued to suffer the same suffering, but currently, the suffering of the
00:40:25people of the tents, I mean, young man, you are like a boat in a sea
00:40:28between high waves, you don't know where to go, because this
00:40:32calamity befell us and reminded us of the calamity
00:40:361948. This is harder.
00:40:39I felt the pain they went through. I mean, how much he used to tell
00:40:43us when we were children, it's true, but this trust
00:40:47burned me more, and I remembered how they left, and they left
00:40:51with a small child like this at your age, whether it was a boy or a girl. It was
00:40:54a bitter thing, and they had to
00:40:57go. So, by law, they had to leave. I didn't change it.