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00:00:12You are now watching TAI TV News Channel.
00:00:27Explore scientific knowledge and experience life science. Hello everyone, welcome to
00:00:30Discover Science. I'm Wu Kai Wen. First, we will take you to
00:00:34see Saturn's largest moon, Titan.
00:00:38In Titan's region, there are large areas of night-like lakes,
00:00:41but Titan's lakes are different from Earth's.
00:00:45The liquid inside is not water, but mainly composed of
00:00:48methane. The MIT in the United States has made a heart-shaped
00:00:52wave model to simulate the wave state of this methane lake.
00:00:56The result shows that only a little wind is needed.
00:01:04Saturn has beautiful Saturn rings, and among its many moons,
00:01:08the largest one is this Titan with a thick atmosphere, also known
00:01:12as Titan. Titan's climate
00:01:15and surface environment, I just said it has lakes, right?
00:01:19?
00:01:24It's a fake bowl.
00:01:25。
00:02:00The fake bowls on Titan
00:02:04are basically petroleum.
00:02:07。
00:02:14The lakes on Titan are mainly concentrated in the polar regions, and the largest
00:02:18one is over 1,000 kilometers in diameter. On Titan's surface
00:02:22at about minus 179 degrees Celsius, because the temperature is higher than the freezing point
00:02:26of the main methane component in the lake, the lake is mainly
00:02:30liquid methane. The research team at
00:02:33MIT in the United States applied their planetary wave model
00:02:37to Titan's lakes after considering various conditions and parameters
00:02:41on Titan, to understand its wave state.
00:02:45The result was an interesting discovery. As long as
00:02:48the wind speed is much smaller than the wind speed required to generate
00:02:52waves on Earth's surface, it can generate
00:02:56waves in that area of Titan.
00:03:30We say that Titan's atmosphere is actually very thick,
00:03:33even thicker than Earth's. We talk about aerosols.
00:03:37。
00:03:41The planetary wave model predicts that even a little wind is
00:03:45enough to generate giant waves in Titan's lakes.
00:03:48The main components are methane and ethane.
00:03:52The density of these
00:03:56is lighter than water. It seems,
00:05:00you can see a large area of regularly arranged, dragon-scale-like polygonal
00:05:03patterns. This is not a relic of
00:05:07an alien civilization, but a mysterious mark left by geological evolution.
00:05:11So,
00:06:12in fact, similar polygonal patterns are not the first time they have been
00:06:16discovered on Mars. As early as 2017 and
00:06:192023, similar landforms were photographed separately.
00:06:23Recently, it was on the way to another
00:06:26smaller crater in the Gale Crater, and found a large area
00:06:30of mud-cracked terrain with hexagonal
00:06:34shapes, similar to the one found in 2023.
00:06:37。
00:06:40According to statistics, there are about several thousand cells. So, at first,
00:06:43we had similar similar landforms observed in 2017, and
00:06:47in 2023, we saw a more specific and obvious one.
00:06:51Now, in 2026, we see another
00:06:54similar one. So, we are currently in the process
00:06:58of climbing, so in fact, we have a continuous observation
00:07:02result data. In addition to continuously collecting more
00:07:05data, scientists are also actively analyzing the causes of the hexagonal
00:07:09landforms on Mars. Usually,
00:08:12there may have been a season of
00:08:16existence. There may have been traces of feathers, and dry traces, but so far, we have not found
00:08:20any real water on Mars.
00:08:23Water ice exists, but we cannot see the existence of real water at present. Therefore,
00:08:27we can boldly speculate that there are actually quite large
00:08:31changes on Mars. For a long time, scientists have always hoped to find
00:08:35evidence of life on Mars. Although at this stage, only
00:08:39some elements that life may exist have been observed, such as water.
00:08:51But with the later period providing us with more and more abundant information, we also hope that one day humans can truly unravel this century-old mystery. A meteor
00:08:54exploded over the northeastern United States a few days ago. Many people
00:08:58heard a huge explosion. The United States also confirmed that
00:09:01the meteor entered the atmosphere at a speed of about
00:09:05120,000 kilometers per hour, and then disintegrated in the upper atmosphere,
00:09:09releasing energy equivalent to 300 tons of TNT.
00:09:59as that meteor entered into the atmosphere, it let off this big giant flash of
00:10:03light, and you can see that right off the south shore
00:10:06there. It is also suspected to be caused by earthquakes due to the surface, but
00:14:24At present.
00:15:27The soundless universe always fills humanity with imagination. NASA in the United States has launched a space telescope project, the SOFIA
00:15:31X mission, and will launch it in March 2025.
00:15:35The main mission is to explore the universe.
00:16:09Through infrared observations, we can see that the blue
00:16:13parts are ice within giant molecular clouds
00:16:17in the Milky Way, and the coverage exceeds 600
00:16:21light-years, which is quite vast. Unlike ice on Earth,
00:16:24the composition of these interstellar ice is relatively complex, including
00:16:28water, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methanol, ammonia,
00:16:32and possibly some organic molecules. In fact,
00:16:36ice on Earth.
00:17:12In fact, this is not the first time humans have detected so-called interstellar ice.
00:17:16The previous Hubble Space Telescope
00:17:19and the retired Spitzer Space Telescope also detected
00:17:23ice molecules in the Milky Way. But SOFIA
00:17:27X is the first one specifically used for large-scale spectroscopic
00:17:30sky surveys, and an infrared mission that searches
00:17:34for such molecules across the entire sky.
00:17:38Other telescopes, like JWST, can also clearly see
00:17:41the interstellar ice parts, but
00:17:44its observation range is very small, a bit like using a flashlight
00:17:48to illuminate something. But this time, the breakthrough of Spherix
00:17:52is that it has a whole-sky observation concept. It observes
00:17:56a whole patch of sky at once. So it allows us to clearly see
00:17:59the large-scale distribution of this interstellar ice.
00:18:03Saphere X can observe the sky in 102 colors.
00:18:06Each color represents different wavelengths of infrared light,
00:18:10thus providing scientists with unique information about galaxies,
00:18:14stars, planetary formation, and other cosmic
00:18:18features. By the end of 2025, Spher X had completed its first
00:18:22full-sky infrared cosmic map, depicting the positions
00:18:25of hundreds of millions of galaxies in 3D. But
00:18:29because of Sphera
00:18:31app,
00:18:34that comprehensive scanning of some areas in the Milky Way.
00:18:38Where the content of interstellar ice, or the so-called
00:18:42abundance of interstellar ice molecules, is higher.
00:18:45After it scans out these places, it uses infrared
00:18:49to create a full galaxy
00:18:53image of the Milky Way. Through Spherix's infrared observations, we
00:18:57can see things invisible to the naked eye, such as its basic
00:19:01chemistry. We can see ice, dust,
00:19:04or other organic matter.
00:19:37It also shows that in the densest
00:19:41dust regions, the abundance of ice is also the highest. This also supports
00:19:45the mainstream theory, which is that interstellar ice forms on the surface of tiny dust
00:19:49particles and is protected by a dense dust environment,
00:19:53from the destructive effects of strong ultraviolet radiation from stars.
00:19:57However, these discoveries are just the beginning of this mission.
00:20:00Future observations by Spher X will provide scientists with powerful
00:20:04tools to continue exploring the various unsolved mysteries
00:23:50Welcome back to Discover Science. Many people who are sick and taking medicine
00:23:54are most afraid of smelling the bitter taste of medicine powder.
00:23:58At this time, capsules become the best
00:24:02choice. But do you know that its function is not only to
00:24:05mask the taste of medicine, but also to protect the medicine from being prematurely
00:24:09destroyed, and to react at the appropriate time? What are the raw materials
00:24:13of these capsules? And how are they decomposed and absorbed by the human body?
00:24:17Let's take a look together.
00:24:50Although capsules look like plastic, they have nothing to do with plastic.
00:24:54In fact, the most common material for capsules is gelatin,
00:24:57which is a natural substance extracted from animal skin, bones,
00:25:01or cartilage. That gelatin
00:25:05usually comes from pig bones, pig skin,
00:25:09and cowhide. But if there are only these things, it cannot
00:25:13be used directly. It needs to be processed. Scientists extract
00:25:16collagen from animals. After that, after cleaning,
00:25:20boiling, concentrating, drying, and grinding,
00:25:24an odorless gelatin powder can be obtained.
00:25:28Dissolve it in hot water, and it will become a solution.
00:25:31After cooling, it will become an elastic gelatinous substance.
00:25:35Animal gelatin with these characteristics is usually made
00:25:39into two common types of capsules. Like
00:25:42our animal gelatin.
00:25:44。
00:26:59HPMC capsules also have the greatest
00:27:03value, which is that they can be used to further modify
00:27:07so-called enteric drugs.
00:27:28It is relatively stable until our deeper intestines
00:27:31are completely.
00:28:33It is actually very simple to verify that acids help decompose
00:28:37capsules. If the same capsule is thrown into water, the softening
00:28:40and decomposition speed is slow. But if acid is added to the water cup,
00:28:44the decomposition speed of the capsule can be greatly increased.
00:28:48Capsules, which are closely related to people's lives, actually hide interesting
00:28:52chemical principles.
00:28:54Today, in the program, we learned about Titan, Saturn's moon.
00:28:58It is Saturn's largest moon, and also the only one in the solar system
00:29:02besides.
00:30:12You are now watching TAI TV News Channel.
00:30:27Explore scientific knowledge, experience life science. Hello everyone, welcome to
00:30:30Discover Science. I am.
00:30:41It is mainly related to the tumbling flow that appears below the dam. Professor Wu Zuo of the Institute
00:30:45of Marine Science, Central University, analyzed through experiments that when
00:30:49the water flows rapidly downstream to a slower
00:30:53water area, a phenomenon will occur at the intersection of the two.
00:30:57At this time, in the water moon area.