Intelligence Desk
INTELJuly 17, 2026

Intelligence Desk

Daily geopolitical, defense, and macro intelligence brief, drawn from an eighteen-persona AI analyst roster, with presidential back-tests and historical power-persona lenses.

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Regional Pulse — analyst emphasis (word count) REGIONAL PULSE — ANALYST EMPHASIS (WORD COUNT) Middle East / Gulf 52 w Indo-Pacific 65 w South Asia 45 w Europe 46 w

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Bottom Line AI-generated summary

U.S. forces struck Iran for a sixth consecutive night, with CENTCOM stating the campaign aims to further reduce Iranian military capability. Iran's IRGC claims retaliatory strikes hit U.S. aircraft in Jordan and Qatar; an Iranian drone attack damaged a Kuwait power and desalination plant. Iran's Health Ministry reports 38 killed since the July campaign began.

Written by Anthropic’s Claude. Not edited by a human before publication.

Threat Assessment

Level: HIGH

Active U.S.-Iran military exchange is now in its sixth night, with Iranian retaliatory strikes hitting third-country infrastructure in Kuwait and claiming to target U.S. assets in Jordan and Qatar. Iran is reportedly instructing Hezbollah and allies to prepare for wider conflict. The confluence of direct state-on-state strikes, third-country spillover, and Strait of Hormuz pressure constitutes a live, multi-theater crisis with escalation pathways that remain open.

Top Signal

US Strikes Iran for Sixth Night; IRGC Hits Kuwait Power Plant, Claims Jordan/Qatar Targets Consensus

Why Consensus: Multiple independent sources — U.S. military statements, Iranian state media, Kuwaiti government officials, and international outlets — corroborate the core facts of ongoing strikes and third-country infrastructure damage.

Certainty calls rate how settled the underlying facts are, not how the story is framed. Consensus: independent source types corroborate what happened. Contested: sources disagree on substance, or the story rests largely on one side’s reporting. Developing: thin or single-source coverage, or fast-moving and unconfirmed. Each call is the AI model’s own assessment of the day’s corpus.

U.S. Central Command confirmed strikes against Iran for a sixth consecutive night, framing the campaign as aimed at further degrading Iranian military capability. Iran's IRGC announced 'Operation Nasr,' claiming retaliatory strikes against U.S. fighter jets and aerial refueling aircraft stationed in Jordan and Qatar. An Iranian drone or missile attack damaged a power generation and water desalination plant in Kuwait, with Kuwaiti officials confirming troops were also hurt. Iran's Health Ministry stated U.S. strikes in July have killed at least 38 people and wounded more than 40. Iran is separately reported to be instructing Hezbollah and regional allies to prepare for a wider conflict that could draw in Israel.

Significance: The campaign has now crossed the threshold from a discrete strike operation to a sustained exchange with measurable third-country spillover — Kuwait's power and water infrastructure being the clearest evidence. Iranian instructions to Hezbollah signal the regime is managing escalation ladders, not de-escalating, and the Strait of Hormuz remains the physical chokepoint through which global energy security is threaded. The structural question is no longer whether escalation is possible but whether either party has a defined off-ramp.

Source types are read from each link’s address by fixed rules, not assigned by the model. Primary record marks what a government, court or company itself published; the other types are reporting or commentary about events. A link no rule identifies carries no type rather than a guess.

Consensus Call

The roundtable agrees that the U.S.-Iran exchange has entered a qualitatively different phase with third-country civilian infrastructure now targeted and Iranian proxy mobilization underway — but dissents on whether sustained military pressure without a visible political end-state constitutes strategy or escalation management by default. Marsh holds that financial markets remain functional under current stress but would reprice sharply on a confirmed Hormuz closure or a Fed communication error.

Analyst Roundtable AI analysis

Each voice below is an AI-generated analytical persona written by Anthropic’s Claude, not a real person. Names link to each persona’s dossier on the analyst persona roster.

Dr. Mara Voss Tier 1

Six consecutive nights of strikes without a negotiated pause is not a campaign with a visible political terminus — it is a campaign that has acquired its own momentum. The structural forces here predate this administration: Iran's geographic position astride the Strait of Hormuz, its doctrine of asymmetric forward deterrence through proxies, and the U.S. forward-basing posture in the Gulf that makes American assets in Jordan and Qatar permanent targets. What matters now is whether Washington has a defined political end-state or is simply exhausting Iranian military capacity without a theory of the day after. Iran signaling Hezbollah to prepare for wider conflict is the regime's way of telling Washington that the cost of continued strikes will be denominated in Israeli security, not Iranian infrastructure. That is a meaningful escalation signal, not theater.

The U.S. lacks a visible political end-state, and Iran's Hezbollah signaling reframes the cost calculus from Iranian infrastructure damage to Israeli security exposure.

Dissent: I differ from Ritter on the operational question: the degradation of Iranian military capability may be measurable, but capability reduction without regime behavior change produces a weaker but more desperate adversary — not a deterred one. Logistics and order of battle are Ritter's domain; the political consequences of military success are mine.

James Ritter Tier 1

Capability we can measure. Intent we infer. Don't confuse the two. CENTCOM's stated objective — further reducing Iranian military capability — is operationally coherent for a sixth night of strikes. The IRGC's claims of hitting U.S. aircraft in Jordan and Qatar require verification; state-controlled Iranian media habitually overclaims battle damage. What is confirmed and operationally significant is the Kuwait infrastructure strike: that is a deliberate choice to impose costs on a third-party Gulf state that hosts U.S. logistics, which tells us the IRGC is widening its target set under duress. The detonation at Kuwait's power and desalination plant is a message to every Gulf Cooperation Council member about the price of hosting U.S. forces. The CMMC cybersecurity review at DoD — the Pentagon task force just held its first meeting — is a reminder that the digital attack surface on U.S. defense infrastructure is simultaneously under pressure.

Iran deliberately striking Kuwaiti civilian infrastructure is an escalation in target set, designed to pressure Gulf states hosting U.S. forces — not a miscalculation.

Dissent: Voss is correct that capability degradation without a political endgame is strategically incomplete. But from an operational standpoint, the regime's resilience depends on IRGC institutional capacity, and six nights of sustained pressure does degrade that. The disagreement is about sequencing: military pressure first, political settlement second, versus the inverse.

Finch Tier 1

The Kuwait strike is the energy-infrastructure story, not just the geopolitical one. Kuwait runs one of the highest per-capita water desalination dependencies in the world — it is not water-stressed by lack of rainfall alone, it is structurally dependent on desalinated seawater for drinking water. A power plant and desalination facility hit simultaneously is not a symbolic strike; it is a direct attack on the physical layer that keeps a Gulf city habitable. Meanwhile, Pakistan's petroleum minister announced daily fuel price-fixing due to Persian Gulf hostilities — that is the cascade from the Strait of Hormuz into South Asian fuel supply chains in real time. The National Interest's analysis of three futures for the Strait of Hormuz frames the physical chokepoint correctly: this is a strait through which roughly 20% of global oil supply transits, and over four months of instability has already begun repricing the physical infrastructure of the global energy system. European airlines are already reporting higher fuel costs and financial pressure traceable to this conflict.

The Kuwait desalination strike confirms Iran is deliberately targeting energy-water infrastructure as a coercion instrument against Gulf states, with immediate cascading effects on regional supply chains.

Dissent: I push back on any framing that treats the Hormuz situation as primarily diplomatic. The policy assumes a rapid return to pre-conflict energy flows through a strait that has been under pressure for over four months. The infrastructure for rerouting — pipelines, alternative terminals — does not exist at scale. Here's what it would take to build it: years and hundreds of billions of dollars.

Elena Marsh Tier 1

The market is pricing ongoing conflict. The data says the financial system is beginning to fragment under it. The S&P 500 fell Friday led by chipmakers, and Nvidia briefly dropped below Apple in market cap to approximately $4.8 trillion versus Apple's $4.9 trillion — a notable inversion given Nvidia's AI-demand narrative has been the primary engine of index performance. ICI fund flow data this week shows total equity outflows of $9.664 billion, with domestic equity alone shedding $7.113 billion, while bond inflows absorbed $7.132 billion and money market fund assets added $7.893 billion — that is a textbook risk-off rotation. Real GDP for 2026Q1 came in at +2.1% SAAR, a sharp recovery from 2025Q4's +0.5%, but that print predates six nights of Gulf strikes. The gap between the Q1 GDP data and the current geopolitical risk environment is the trade. Netflix's sharp decline — Renaissance Technologies' largest decrease was Netflix at -$673 million — adds a consumer-discretionary signal to what is otherwise a geopolitical-risk selloff.

A $9.7 billion equity outflow alongside $7.9 billion into money markets this week signals genuine institutional risk-off, not a noise event — the Q1 GDP rebound is already stale relative to current Gulf conditions.

Dissent: I'm less pessimistic than Calloway on the structural decoupling thesis in the near term: the dollar has not broken, and bond markets are still functioning as a refuge. The stress is real but not yet systemic. What would change my call is a Hormuz closure of more than 72 hours combined with a Fed communication error.

Saul Brenner Tier 1

The sanctions package is the press release. The war is fought in transshipment ports, ghost tankers, and the correspondent-banking plumbing nobody reads. What the Kuwait desalination strike does in the economic-coercion dimension is remind every shadow-fleet operator in the Gulf that the physical risk premium on Iranian oil transshipment has spiked again. Every IRGC escalation step increases the insurance and routing cost of moving sanctioned Iranian crude through Hormuz-adjacent waters. Pakistan fixing fuel prices daily is the downstream signal — it means Islamabad's import procurement desk cannot hold a forward contract because the price curve has become a real-time variable. The Armenia-based TRIPP corridor that the Armenian parliament just approved — with the U.S. holding a 74% stake — is a counter-routing play: the Middle Corridor through the Caucasus becomes more strategically valuable with every night of Hormuz instability. Watch whether that corridor gets hardened or whether Iran's proxy network attempts to complicate it.

Each IRGC escalation step spikes the physical risk premium on Gulf transshipment, accelerating the economic case for alternative corridors like the TRIPP Middle Corridor route through Armenia.

Dissent: Finch is right on the infrastructure gap, but the economic-statecraft dimension runs faster than physical infrastructure: alternative payment rails, routing workarounds, and corridor deals can be operationalized in months, not years. The constraint is political will and security guarantees, not concrete.

Historical Strategy Desk AI analysis

The day’s historical-strategy seat, an AI-generated persona written by Anthropic’s Claude, applies its framework to today’s signal. Its historical parallels come from the model’s general knowledge, not from the sources cited in this brief.

Churchill Grand Strategy

Churchill would recognize the Kuwait infrastructure strike immediately: it is the logic of the Blitz applied to coalition cohesion — not to break the primary adversary but to fracture the alliance sustaining it. His consistent counsel was that the way to hold a coalition under fire is to make the cost of defection visibly higher than the cost of solidarity. The Gulf states now face precisely that calculus. Churchill would also note that six nights of sustained strikes without a declared political objective is air power used as a substitute for strategy — tactically impressive, strategically indeterminate. His doctrine was that force must be connected to a political outcome the adversary can accept; without that, you are not winning, you are simply spending.

Regional Pulse

Middle East / Gulf Consensus

Why Consensus: Kuwaiti government officials, international news outlets, and Israeli-sourced reporting corroborate both the infrastructure strike and the Hezbollah preparedness signaling independently.

Iran's strike on Kuwait's power and desalination infrastructure marks a deliberate expansion of the target set to Gulf Cooperation Council civilian systems, signaling that Tehran is willing to impose costs on third-party states hosting U.S. forces. Iran is simultaneously instructing Hezbollah and regional proxies to prepare for potential wider conflict involving Israel.

Indo-Pacific Developing

Why Developing: The Japan-Vietnam landing craft cooperation is confirmed but details are thin; the China-Russia framing comes from PRC state media, which is primary but partial.

Japan and Vietnam are exploring joint development of fast landing craft amid tightening security ties between Tokyo and Hanoi, a quiet but structurally significant defense-industrial step that indexes to South China Sea threat perceptions. China's Ministry of National Defense separately called for 'objective and rational' views of China-Russia joint military exercises and maritime patrols, signaling Beijing is aware of the optics but not changing posture.

South Asia Consensus

Why Consensus: Both items are confirmed by sourcing from the respective governments; the Pakistan fuel-pricing shift is a direct ministerial announcement.

Pakistan's petroleum minister announced daily fuel price-fixing due to Persian Gulf hostilities — a direct transmission of the U.S.-Iran conflict into Pakistan's consumer economy. India rejected Pakistan's protest over joint India-Japan language condemning cross-border terrorism, maintaining diplomatic pressure while managing its own energy import exposure.

Europe Consensus

Why Consensus: Both items are independently sourced and confirmed; the Irish technology story is investigative reporting with named institutional subjects.

Irish state agencies were found to have inadvertently incorporated Russian password technology — a supply chain security story with NATO intelligence implications. Russia continues kinetic operations in Ukraine, with a guided bomb strike injuring three children and an adult in Izium, Kharkiv Oblast on July 17.

Economic, Energy & Maritime Signals

Economic Signal

Equity Funds Shed $9.7B as Gulf Conflict Drives Risk-Off; S&P 500 Heads for Losing Week

ICI data shows $9.664 billion leaving equity funds this week — $7.113 billion from domestic equity, $2.551 billion from world equity — while $7.132 billion flowed into bonds and $7.893 billion into money market funds, now totaling $11.794 trillion in government, retail, and institutional money market assets combined. The S&P 500 fell Friday led by chipmakers, with Nvidia briefly dropping to approximately $4.8 trillion market cap below Apple's $4.9 trillion. The 2026Q1 real GDP print of +2.1% SAAR — a sharp recovery from 2025Q4's +0.5% — is now stale relative to the Gulf conflict risk environment; the gap between that backward-looking data and forward risk pricing is where credit and equity stress will first manifest if Hormuz transit disruption deepens.

Energy Watch

Kuwait Desalination Plant Hit; Pakistan Moves to Daily Fuel Pricing; Hormuz Futures Under Pressure

Iran's strike on a Kuwaiti power generation and desalination facility is the first confirmed physical attack on Gulf civilian energy-water infrastructure in this cycle, and it signals the IRGC is willing to use energy denial as a coercion tool against states hosting U.S. forces. Pakistan's shift to daily fuel price-fixing is a downstream indicator of Hormuz risk being priced into import supply chains in real time — a transmission mechanism from strategic chokepoint to consumer economy that will widen the longer the conflict runs. The National Interest's 'Three Futures of the Strait of Hormuz' framing — published today — correctly identifies that even a reopened strait will reopen into a permanently repriced global energy infrastructure, not a restored pre-conflict baseline.

Maritime Watch

Hormuz Corridor Under Active Pressure; IRGC Claims Naval and Air Targeting in Multi-Theater Exchange

The Strait of Hormuz has been in a state of fragile instability for over four months per the National Interest's analysis, and the current exchange adds a new dimension: Iran's claimed targeting of U.S. aerial refueling aircraft in Jordan and Qatar suggests the IRGC is attempting to degrade the logistics chain sustaining U.S. strike sorties — not merely responding in kind. The destruction of the Chabahar maritime surveillance tower, confirmed in Persian-language BBC reporting, removes an Iranian maritime monitoring asset while the broader naval posture around Hormuz remains contested. The Armenia TRIPP corridor approval is the first concrete alternative routing infrastructure move directly linked to Hormuz instability.

Bias Check

Framing divergence: Iranian state media (PressTV) frames the IRGC strikes as legitimate 'Operation Nasr' retaliatory operations against U.S. military targets, with no civilian casualty acknowledgment. Western and Gulf-aligned outlets (Al-Monitor, Times of Israel, Middle East Monitor) focus on the Kuwait civilian infrastructure damage and the Hezbollah mobilization signal. Left-leaning U.S. outlets (Mother Jones) have redirected attention to Trump's domestic political use of the conflict — specifically the China election-interference speech — framing the military action through a 2026 midterm influence lens. Pakistani media (Dawn) reports the economic burden framing: the petroleum minister described the nation as 'patiently bearing the burden of this war,' centering South Asian civilian cost rather than strategic framing. Fox News leads with the leaked Iranian internal report showing record public anger and majority support for regime change or deep reform — a framing absent from international outlets.

What outlets omitted: No major outlet has reported a verified independent battle damage assessment of IRGC claims regarding U.S. aircraft in Jordan and Qatar — CENTCOM has not confirmed losses, and the IRGC overclaim history warrants skepticism. The humanitarian situation inside Iran — 38 killed and 40+ wounded per Iran's own Health Ministry — is underreported in Western outlets relative to the strategic narrative. The CMMC cybersecurity review pause at DoD (a Pentagon task force just convened its first meeting) is unreported outside defense trade press despite its relevance to U.S. force protection in a cyber-active conflict.

Watch Next

  • CENTCOM damage assessment or denial of IRGC claims regarding U.S. aircraft in Jordan and Qatar — confirmation or refutation will materially affect the escalation calculus
  • Any Hezbollah or Iranian proxy kinetic action against Israeli targets, which would trigger a multi-front escalation scenario
  • Kuwait government response and GCC emergency session signaling — whether Gulf states seek diplomatic off-ramp or harden toward collective defense posture
  • Oil price and Hormuz transit insurance premium moves over the next 48 hours as the sixth-night strike effects are priced
  • Trump administration's formal response to IRGC claims and any congressional authorization debate — the counterterrorism strategy released today (Lawfare) and HR 2414 (referred to House Energy and Commerce 2025-03-27) set the legislative backdrop
  • South African Reserve Bank repo rate decision on July 21 — a data point on EM central bank response to commodity-price volatility from Gulf conflict
  • FEC independent expenditure trajectory: current cycle at $7.054 million (down 71.7% week-over-week), with Wesleyan Media Project flagging midterm ad discussion revolving around Trump — watch whether Gulf conflict accelerates or disrupts political ad spend patterns

Presidential Back-tests AI analysis

AI back-tests: the model applies each figure’s documented decision-making framework to today’s sources. These are not the figures’ own words, and the historical parallels come from the model’s general knowledge, not from the sources cited in this brief.

Dwight D. Eisenhower 1953-1961

Eisenhower terminated the Korean War within six months of taking office precisely because he understood that open-ended military campaigns without political endpoints consume national power without producing durable security. His 1953 'New Look' doctrine deliberately substituted air power and nuclear deterrence for sustained ground commitment — but always paired with a political framework the adversary could accept. Six nights of strikes against Iran without a stated negotiating position or ceasefire architecture would have alarmed him: the military instrument is being used, but the diplomatic instrument is not visibly engaged in parallel. Eisenhower also warned against the military-industrial complex's tendency to define success in operational rather than political terms — a warning that applies directly to a campaign measured in sortie counts rather than Iranian behavioral change.

Richard Nixon 1969-1974

Nixon's triangulation playbook would immediately recognize the China-Iran-Russia triangle as the operative strategic geometry. His 1972 opening to China worked precisely because it exploited Sino-Soviet rivalry to give Beijing an incentive to constrain Soviet adventurism. The analogous move here would be a back-channel to Beijing: Chinese economic exposure to Hormuz disruption — China is the world's largest oil importer — creates a structural incentive for Beijing to pressure Tehran toward de-escalation. Nixon would not make this move publicly; he would make it through Kissinger-style backchannel, and he would offer Beijing something concrete in return. The Mother Jones framing of Trump's China election-interference speech as a 'fake national emergency' is analytically beside the point: from a Nixonian lens, the question is whether the China card is being played for strategic leverage or domestic theater.

Franklin D. Roosevelt 1933-1945

Roosevelt's first instinct would be coalition management: the Kuwait strike is Iran testing whether GCC solidarity with the U.S. can be fractured. His Lend-Lease logic applied here would be to immediately and visibly extend security guarantees to Kuwait and other Gulf states — not because they need the hardware, but because the signal of solidarity is itself deterrent. FDR also understood that economic mobilization and military mobilization must run in parallel: the ICI outflows and S&P decline are the early economic signal that markets are pricing in a sustained conflict the real economy has not yet absorbed. His response in 1940-41 was to begin industrial mobilization before formal entry; the analogous move today is to address energy supply chain resilience before the Hormuz closure scenario becomes fact.

Ronald Reagan 1981-1989

Reagan's 1987 Kuwaiti tanker re-flagging operation is the direct historical parallel: faced with Iranian attacks on Gulf shipping that threatened to fracture the GCC's relationship with Washington, he used visible U.S. naval presence and direct military response to Iranian provocations to demonstrate that the cost of attacking U.S.-protected assets exceeded the strategic benefit. The key difference is that Reagan paired military presence with economic pressure — the Iran-Iraq war context gave him leverage Iran no longer has. The leaked Iranian internal report showing record public anger and majority support for regime change or deep reform is the kind of internal vulnerability Reagan's team would have immediately sought to exploit through information operations and support for opposition networks — 'peace through strength' always had a subversion component.

Historical Power Lenses AI analysis

Sun Tzu ~544-496 BC

Sun Tzu's operational signature is victory without battle — the supreme art is to subdue the enemy without fighting. Iran's strike on Kuwait's desalination plant is a masterclass in indirect pressure: the IRGC is not trying to defeat Kuwait militarily, it is trying to make Kuwait's leadership calculate that hosting U.S. forces is more expensive than accommodating Iranian demands. This is the 'attack the alliances' principle applied to civilian infrastructure. The American response — sustained nightly strikes — is the inverse of Sun Tzu's method: it is destroying capability without breaking will, and six nights of strikes with 38 confirmed Iranian deaths and an IRGC that is still launching cross-border attacks suggests the will has not broken. Sun Tzu would ask: what is the off-ramp Iran can take without losing face, and has Washington constructed it?

Cleopatra VII 69-30 BC

Cleopatra's strategic situation — a smaller power navigating great power competition by making herself indispensable to one side — is the template for Kuwait, the UAE, and Qatar right now. Each is a small state with enormous economic leverage (energy, logistics, basing) caught between U.S. military power and Iranian regional reach. Cleopatra's error was ultimately overcommitting to one great power without a contingency. Kuwait has now had its civilian infrastructure struck; its calculus on U.S. security guarantees versus Iranian deterrence is being recalculated in real time. The historical lesson is that small states in this position must be seen to extract something concrete from the great power they are backing — not just absorb the costs of alignment.

Machiavelli 1469-1527

Machiavelli would read the leaked Iranian internal report — showing record public anger and majority support for regime change — as the central strategic fact, not the military exchange. His counsel in The Prince is unambiguous: a prince who is hated by his own people has lost the war regardless of the battlefield. The IRGC's widening of the target set to Kuwait civilian infrastructure, and its instructions to Hezbollah, are the acts of a regime that is managing internal legitimacy collapse by externalizing conflict. Machiavelli would advise Washington to do nothing that allows Tehran to redirect popular anger outward: the optimal strategy is to apply enough pressure to sustain the internal legitimacy crisis without triggering the nationalist rally effect that comes from visible civilian casualties. The 38 confirmed dead is the number to watch.

J.P. Morgan 1837-1913

Morgan's 1907 crisis management playbook is relevant to the financial dimension: when systemic risk is visible and contagion is plausible, the intervention that matters is the one that prevents the confidence collapse, not the one that addresses the underlying imbalance. The ICI equity outflows of $9.664 billion and money market accumulation signal that institutional money is moving defensively but has not yet broken into a disorderly exit. Morgan would note that the energy-price spike from Hormuz disruption is the financial system's primary transmission mechanism — it hits corporate margins, consumer purchasing power, and central bank inflation calculations simultaneously. The Fed's current posture and the CFTC's newly published 'Margin Requirements for Uncleared Swaps for Swap Dealers and Major Swap Participants' rule (published July 17) are the regulatory plumbing that will either contain or amplify the financial stress from a prolonged Gulf conflict.

Independent Model's Lens Picks — Kimi

A separate AI model (Kimi) independently picked the historical figures it finds most relevant to today's top signal, without seeing the lenses above. A “✓ both models” tag marks figures both models chose independently. Supporting signal only — it does not change the analysis above.

Diego Maradona 1980s-1990s

Maradona's leadership and performances in football provide a historical context for understanding Messi's achievements and the national pride they inspire.

Pele 1950s-1970s

Pele's career and impact on football can be compared to Messi's, as both have faced criticism and high expectations in their careers.

Muhammad Ali 1960s-1980s

Ali's defiance against critics and his ability to back up his words with actions is a parallel to Messi's response to detractors.

Sources Cited

22 sources — show

Lean labels: L Left · LC Lean-Left · C Center · RC Lean-Right · R Right · INTL International · GOV Government. INTL: Geography, not a left/right position: the prompts ask for a cross-section spanning left, right, center, international and government sources. GOV: A source type, not a political position. The model assigns it, and has applied it to state-affiliated media; the source-type label is derived separately from the URL. Lean codes on a brief's citations are assigned by the model that wrote the brief: an estimate, not an editorial rating. Where this site’s own outlet profile or domain rule gives a different label, that label is shown and the model’s follows in parentheses.

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