Google Cloud Speech-to-Text API (Chirp) + Gemini 2.5 Flash Non-Thinking. Treat it as a searchable index of what was broadcast, not a quotation record.
00:00:18being a sergeant in the horse guards, participated in a
00:00:21conspiracy that brought Catherine II to power.
00:00:24Like other guardsmen, he was awarded and promoted in rank,
00:00:28and he processed deputies' mandates. He managed the commission and carried out other
00:00:32assignments for the Empress, after which he went as a volunteer to the war
00:00:35with the Turks. Potemkin distinguished himself in the battle of
00:00:38Khotyn, participated in battles at Focșani, Larga
00:00:42and the famous battle of Kagul. On
00:00:45July 27, 1770, Major General Grigory
00:00:49Potemkin was awarded the Order of Saint George Third
00:00:53Degree.
00:01:31Soon, people would speak of him as the most
00:01:34influential person in
00:01:36Russia.
00:01:40Over time, Grigory Orlov again gained access
00:01:43to the Empress, on the rights of a good acquaintance, no
00:01:47more. One day, leaving Catherine, he began
00:01:50to descend the stairs and saw his happy
00:01:54rival
00:01:54ascending.
00:02:01"What's new at court?" Orlov
00:02:04smirked, "Nothing, you are
00:02:08going up, and I am going down."
00:02:12Such is the last of the legends about the great favorites
00:02:15of the great
00:02:16empress.
00:02:20According to some estimates, during Catherine the Second's
00:02:24entire reign, expenses for maintaining her favorites
00:02:27amounted to about 92.
00:02:38accumulated by the end of Catherine's reign, however, these expenses were compensated
00:02:42by the benefit to the
00:02:45country that the most worthy of her
00:02:49beloveds and associates brought. Grigory
00:02:52Potemkin and another Catherine's favorite, Pyotr
00:02:56Zavodovsky, faithfully served the state.
00:03:00Orlova.
00:03:03Alexey Orlov developed and led the famous
00:03:06first Archipelago expedition against the Turkish
00:03:09fleet in the Mediterranean
00:03:11Sea.
00:03:15In the Battle of Chesma, the enemy fleet was completely
00:03:18destroyed. And Alexey gained the right to be called
00:03:22Orlov-Chesmensky.
00:03:24In the same expedition, his brother Fyodor distinguished himself heroically,
00:03:27commanding a ship. After
00:03:31Potemkin's rise, the Orlovs retired.
00:03:33They put their estate in order
00:03:37and successfully engaged in farming. The most
00:03:40famous Russian horse breed in the world, the Orlov
00:03:43Trotter, was bred in Voronezh province at
00:03:47Alexey Orlov's
00:03:48stud farm.
00:03:54Catherine was resting after working with papers when
00:03:58Grigory suddenly appeared.
00:04:01After a short disgrace, he received permission to return to
00:04:03the capital, at that very moment the
00:04:06bell rang, "Whose little dog is this?" Catherine
00:04:10asked in surprise. Orlov,
00:04:12as if nothing had happened, replied, "My
00:04:15wife's."
00:04:17This is how the former favorite informed the empress of
00:04:20his
00:04:21marriage.
00:04:33"It seems that's my fate, to love women
00:04:37whom one cannot love," said
00:04:39Grigory. Cousin Katya Zinovyeva
00:04:43grew up before his eyes, and he always cared for
00:04:47her like a brother. Katya turned 15 when her
00:04:50parents died. Four years later, forty-year-old Grigory
00:04:54found himself hopelessly in love. Katya
00:04:58returned his feelings. Church law forbade
00:05:02marriages between such close relatives,
00:05:05however, Orlov was true to himself. He again
00:05:09decided to break through.
00:05:19It's not surprising that the news of Grigory's marriage
00:05:23to his own cousin turned
00:05:25into a scandal. The Senate's decision was
00:05:28harsh: to separate the newlyweds, send both
00:05:32to monasteries, and declare the marriage
00:05:35invalid.
00:05:41But unexpectedly for everyone, the empress canceled
00:05:44this decision; moreover, she granted
00:05:47the newly-minted Princess Orlova the court title of Lady-in-Waiting
00:05:51and presented her with her
00:05:53portrait. What lay behind this
00:05:57generosity? Friendly affection for a former
00:06:00favorite, a secret sense of guilt, or
00:06:04the understanding that true love in their
00:06:07circle was a rare
00:06:08thing.
00:06:12It happened that the empress's official favorite found a romantic
00:06:16entanglement elsewhere. The monarch's reaction was not
00:06:20unpredictable. Upon learning that Catherine's young beloved,
00:06:23Ivan Rimsky Korsakov, had fallen in love with her
00:06:27friend Praskovya Bruce, the sovereign immediately removed
00:06:30the favorite and the maid of honor from court.
00:06:33However, when another of her favorites, Alexander Dmitriev
00:06:37Mamonov, wished to marry Princess Darya Shcherbatova,
00:06:40the empress herself.
00:06:52The Orlovs rode through Moscow, once
00:06:55saved by Grigory from the plague,
00:06:59but human memory
00:07:01is short.
00:07:03Clods of dirt flew at their carriage. The marriage,
00:07:06disapproved by the church, was also condemned by
00:07:09the people. No one they knew
00:07:13came to their wedding.
00:07:16The Count and Countess raised champagne glasses surrounded
00:07:20by their own serfs.
00:07:31Their quiet happiness turned out to be
00:07:33short-lived.
00:07:35Four years later, Catherine Orlova died of
00:07:38consumption. Unable to bear it.
00:07:58The Orlovs carried the coffin out of the house to place it on
00:08:02the funeral cart,
00:08:04but the horse guard officers asked permission to carry
00:08:08their commander's body themselves to
00:08:11its final
00:08:13resting place.
00:08:20The empress suffered greatly from the death of her
00:08:23beloved, friend, comrade-in-arms,
00:08:27the man who helped her ascend the Russian
00:08:29throne. In 34 years of her
00:08:33reign, Catherine earned the glory of a wise
00:08:36and just ruler. She
00:08:39radically changed the country and, like Peter the Great,
00:08:42received the epithet "the Great." This
00:08:45would not have happened if Catherine had not learned from her youth
00:08:49to surround herself with loyal and talented
00:08:52people, but even relying on male assistance,
00:08:55the empress always kept the final decisions to
00:08:59herself.
00:09:04In honor of her first favorite, Catherine named
00:09:07the famous Indian diamond, which he
00:09:10gave her for her name day in... in 1773.
00:09:14The sovereign ordered it to be crowned on
00:09:18her scepter so that she would never
00:09:21forget what Catherine the Great
00:09:23and the Russian Empire owed
00:09:27the Orlov brothers.
00:09:34In the last days, the palace was in constant turmoil.
00:09:37The sovereign was preparing for a long journey.
00:09:40Embarking on a months-long
00:09:44voyage, Catherine II challenged a long-standing
00:09:48geopolitical adversary, the Ottoman
00:09:50Empire.
00:09:52The empress understood
00:09:55that now was the time to assert Russia's rights to
00:09:58the fertile Black Sea lands, in such a way
00:10:02that the whole world would hear
00:10:06about it.
00:10:10She was not the first woman on the Russian throne, but the glory
00:10:13of her reign overshadows the achievements of many
00:10:16male monarchs. Under her, the already great
00:10:20state gained new territories in the west, south,
00:10:23and north. During her reign,
00:10:27the country's population almost doubled.
00:10:3034 years, 8 months and 8
00:10:33days, Catherine ruled poverty. They
00:10:37which stretched from the Baltic to the Pacific Ocean.
00:10:50Preparing to visit the newly annexed lands,
00:10:53Catherine remembered.
00:11:25And this feeling, as strong as first
00:11:27love, pierced her to the
00:11:30heart.
00:11:37The territory of the Russian state was formed
00:11:40over centuries, its basis was the Moscow
00:11:43tsardom, which arose after the liberation of ancient Russian
00:11:46principalities from the rule of the Golden Horde
00:11:49khans. In the years of Ivan the Terrible's reign,
00:11:52the remnants of the Golden Horde became part of Muscovy. The movement to the
00:11:56East continued under the Romanov dynasty of tsars, by the
00:12:00end of Alexei Mikhailovich's reign, the Moscow
00:12:03tsardom included left-bank
00:12:06Ukraine. Thanks to Peter I's victory
00:12:09in the Northern War with Sweden, Russia gained new lands on
00:12:13the Baltic and was proclaimed
00:12:15an empire. At the beginning of Catherine II's reign,
00:12:19the Russian Empire represented the largest
00:12:21state on the Eurasian continent.
00:12:27But vast territories mean big problems.
00:12:31A multinational population, various climatic
00:12:35conditions, gigantic distances. To
00:12:38deliver an imperial decree to the Far East, messengers needed
00:12:42almost a year. Each region here required its own
00:12:45approach. And each nation had every right to
00:12:49special treatment.
00:12:52They had to learn about each other and learn to live.
00:12:58Upon arriving in Russia, Catherine sharply broke with her
00:13:01past. She learned Russian so well
00:13:04that she spoke it without
00:13:07an accent. She stood for long
00:13:10services in Orthodox churches, grew fond of folk
00:13:14entertainment, led round dances, and organized
00:13:18games of "goreлки." Unlike her husband, the heir to
00:13:21the Russian throne, Fyodorovich,
00:13:25she was interested in her new homeland. Fascinated
00:13:28by the books of French philosophers, she dreamed
00:13:31of bringing enlightenment and just
00:13:34laws to Russia, uniform for nobility and common
00:13:37people.
00:13:44Meanwhile, Grigory Potemkin, the son of a Smolensk nobleman, dedicated his days and nights
00:13:48to his favorite activity, studying. Quickness
00:13:51of mind, a phenomenal memory, and knowledge of languages
00:13:55brought him a gold medal from Moscow University
00:13:58and a trip to St. Petersburg to be presented to Empress
00:14:02Elizabeth Petrovna herself. It seemed
00:14:05that a brilliant academic career awaited the talented
00:14:08young man. However, upon returning to Moscow, Grigory
00:14:11began to appear less and less at classes. The university
00:14:15library did not have as many books as the
00:14:18student would have liked.
00:14:20He ran behind the Ikonospassky.
00:14:23иконоспасский.
00:14:57From everywhere came "Vivat Catherine!" Having overthrown her
00:15:01husband Peter II from the throne, the Empress
00:15:04took command of the troops loyal
00:15:07to her. She rode in the uniform of the Preobrazhensky
00:15:10regiment, but then noticed that her sword lacked
00:15:13the sword knot prescribed by
00:15:15regulations.
00:15:20Suddenly, a certain guards sergeant
00:15:24rode up. He quickly tied a sword knot to the hilt of her
00:15:27sword.
00:15:32"Grigory," the
00:15:34officer introduced himself.
00:15:36And now Potemkin rode next to her, next to the woman
00:15:40he would love all his life, next to the empress
00:15:43who now ruled a vast
00:15:46empire.
00:15:52First, the sovereign decided to count the number
00:15:55of subjects to determine the country's tax
00:15:58potential, but there was another
00:16:01reason: Catherine wanted to get to know the
00:16:04people better, for whom she now bore
00:16:08responsibility before God. At that time, for the purpose of conducting revisions, military
00:16:12detachments were sent to villages and cities. They
00:16:15detained people for their recalculation. Often the census
00:16:19was accompanied by beatings and extortions, and residents
00:16:22fled from these events like from
00:16:25fire. Upon learning this, Catherine
00:16:27declared, "I would run too." She ordered not
00:16:31to disturb the people, but to oblige the authorities in villages
00:16:35and cities to draw up registers of the number
00:16:38of inhabitants. The information received was sent to
00:16:41the capital, where the Senate performed a general
00:16:43calculation.
00:16:46By the beginning of Catherine II's reign, the country's
00:16:50population was 19 million
00:16:53people. At the end of her reign, 36
00:16:56million. The last general census in the Russian
00:16:59Empire took place in 1897
00:17:02and determined its population to be
00:23:21Potemkin lost his head, her
00:23:24blue eyes, curls, stature.
00:23:28It was no coincidence that politicians, warriors,
00:23:31and courtiers sought the empress's favor.
00:23:35He also strove to attract her attention,
00:23:39caught her gaze and fell to his knees to kiss
00:23:42her hand,
00:23:45as if she didn't realize the young
00:23:47guardsman,
00:24:20deprived him of his last hope
00:24:22for rapprochement.
00:24:30It all started when Grigory fell ill with
00:24:32a fever, the inflammation spread to
00:24:36his eye, then worse, after improper
00:24:39treatment, the eye completely ceased
00:24:41to see.
00:24:57Grigory
00:24:58Orlov.
00:25:01Potemkin stopped appearing at court. He didn't want
00:25:05Catherine to see him
00:25:06like that.
00:25:10The sovereign herself pulled him out of seclusion,
00:25:13ordering him to appear at
00:25:16court.
00:25:18Of course. he could
00:25:20not refuse,
00:25:26overcoming his embarrassment, he put on a black
00:25:29blindfold and returned to the capital. Even if
00:25:32his romantic dreams were not destined to come true,
00:25:36Potemkin had no right to refuse service to
00:25:38the Fatherland.
00:25:40The Empress appreciated his courage, not every
00:25:44courtier with a reputation for being handsome would risk publicly
00:25:48demonstrating such courage. Moreover,
00:25:51Potemkin was witty, well-read,
00:25:54and ambitious. Catherine confidently entrusted him with the affairs
00:25:58of the Legislative Commission. The Empress placed
00:26:00great hopes on this
00:26:32208 from townspeople, 54 from
00:26:35Cossacks, 79 from peasants. In addition,
00:26:39it included 34 representatives
00:26:42of small peoples, they practically did not speak
00:26:45Russian and had guardians who knew
00:26:48the language.
00:26:52In the Legislative Commission, Potemkin became the guardian
00:26:55of foreign delegates, Muslims, and
00:26:58Buddhists. He taught them European manners, helping
00:27:02them to appear honorably in the assembly, and also
00:27:05to correctly record their mandates in Russian,
00:27:07but not everything went smoothly,
00:27:11sometimes it was necessary to stop hand-to-hand fights among
00:27:14deputies, simply breaking up
00:27:17fights, and it cannot be said that this
00:27:21pugnacious Potemkin was annoyed by this
00:27:23duty.
00:27:29The Russian Empire already in the years of the reign.
00:28:32of stated expectations, its participants could not come to a common
00:28:36opinion on any issue, and after the beginning of the
00:28:39Russo-Turkish War, the meetings were
00:28:41interrupted. By this time, the Empress was convinced that the ideas
00:28:44of popular representation in Russia were not yet
00:28:47taking root. Nevertheless, the results of the commission's work were
00:28:51used 7 years later during the provincial
00:28:54reform. Meanwhile, Catherine II switched
00:28:58to foreign policy issues that
00:29:00required an urgent
00:29:02solution.
00:29:07By order of the sovereign, Grigory Potemkin went to
00:29:11Sweden to deliver important papers for the Russian envoy in
00:29:15Stockholm. In the hall of the royal palace, representatives
00:29:19of the Swedish
00:29:20court gathered.
00:29:24On the walls, among old standards, Grigory
00:29:27also saw Russian ones. A Swedish dignitary proudly
00:29:30announced: "These are the banners
00:29:32that our ancestors took from yours at Narva."
00:29:36Potemkin remembered his father, who fought against
00:29:39the Swedes. Blood rushed to his face.
00:29:42"Ours took lands and cities from yours, which we still
00:29:46possess."
00:29:47владеем.
00:29:57Upon learning of this, Catherine merely
00:29:59smiled, being brilliant.
00:30:14A century and a half before Catherine II's enthronement, the western
00:30:17border of the state ran only 230 km from
00:30:21Moscow. By the mid- 16th century, the lands of Eastern
00:30:24Ukraine and Belarus were already part of the empire.
00:30:28However, a large number of Orthodox Christians lived on the territory of the neighboring
00:30:31Commonwealth of Poland, who were subjected to discrimination by
00:30:35the Catholic majority. Concerned
00:30:39about the situation of co-religionists, Catherine the Great secured the election
00:30:43of her protégé, Stanislav Poniatowski, to the Polish throne, and then, together with
00:30:46Austria and Prussia, participated in three partitions of the Commonwealth
00:30:49of Poland. The result of these partitions was the annexation of Western Ukrainian,
00:30:52Western Belarusian, and part of Polish lands, as well as Lithuania and
00:30:55Courland, to Russia. Thanks to Catherine's decision, the borders
00:30:59.
00:31:15of Central Russia. Here, travelers were met by
00:31:19stone cities of European type, paved
00:31:22streets, taverns, and hotels. Instead of
00:31:26Orthodox churches, there were Catholic churches or
00:31:29Protestant kirches. But those who lived in the
00:31:32West were often poorer, due to wars, eternal disputes over
00:31:35land among the nobility, and the rebellious
00:31:39spirit that prevailed here. It persisted even
00:31:43after the Polish lands became part of...
00:32:24sought a big, real undertaking, in which
00:32:28he could show all his energy and
00:32:32love. In 1768, the troops of the Crimean Khan
00:32:34made another raid on Russian
00:32:38lands. A new Russo-Turkish
00:32:40war began. And Potemkin went to
00:32:44it as a
00:32:45volunteer.
00:32:51The Crimean Khanate remained one of the last fragments of the Golden
00:32:55Horde. Year after year, the southern borders
00:32:58of Russia, Ukrainian, and Polish lands were subjected
00:33:02to raids by the Khan's cavalry. The Khans
00:33:05plundered, burned, and killed. They took
00:33:08men, women, and children captive, and sold them in
00:33:11the slave market in Kafa, today's
00:33:14Feodosia. Any attempts by Russia to establish itself on
00:33:17the northern shores of the Black Sea led to wars with
00:33:21the Ottoman Empire, because the Crimean Khanate... about frightened
00:33:24Christians, who sought protection with the army
00:33:27convoys, about the pursuit of the fleeing
00:33:31enemy. For the first
00:33:34time, openly, about what awaited her, impatient for a new
00:33:38meeting.
00:33:42After reading, Catherine threw these messages
00:33:46into the fire, but remembered
00:33:48them by heart. In her reply letters,
00:33:52Potemkin felt much more attention than he received
00:33:55while at court.
00:33:58In the war, Grigory Alexandrovich gained not only combat
00:34:01experience, he learned the customs of the Crimean Tatars and local
00:34:05peasants. He saw the luxury of the vizier and
00:34:08the villages devastated by the Ottomans. He saw
00:34:12real life, real people.
00:34:16and not from palace windows or
00:34:18carriages.
00:34:22Fleeing the Russian army, the Khan's dignitaries abandoned their
00:34:25numerous wives from harems. Potemkin
00:34:28sent these women to the Russian borders so they wouldn't starve,
00:34:32and allowed single kerosene men to
00:34:35choose their future wives from among them. In
00:34:38the territory of the Crimean Khanate there were also many
00:34:41Christians, Greeks, and Armenians. The people
00:34:45there lived joyfully, shrewdly, and sometimes
00:34:48cunningly, but invariably active.
00:34:52How grateful this land could become if
00:34:56order were established and peace reigned
00:34:58here?
00:35:01Fertile soil, warm climate of the Black Sea region
00:35:04created excellent conditions for agriculture,
00:35:08and access to the sea would provide
00:35:11conditions for maritime trade and protection of the southern borders.
00:35:29"The Empress loves him and awaits
00:35:32him in St. Petersburg." By that time, the war with the Ottoman Empire,
00:35:36extremely successful for Russia, was coming to an
00:35:39end. Crowned with the glory of a talented
00:35:43commander. to return to the capital with a heavy heart.
00:36:12Dreams came true overnight.
00:36:15His dreams of an unattainable beloved
00:36:18woman, her dreams of
00:36:21a determined and intelligent
00:36:23man.
00:37:03The Empress found in Grigory not only a faithful executor of her
00:37:06plans, but also a wise advisor.
00:37:09She confessed to Potemkin.
00:37:13In everything I see fervent diligence and your vast
00:37:16sense. And this diligence had something to
00:37:19apply itself to. Six months after the victory over the Turks,
00:37:23the Empress suppressed the largest mass in Russian history.
00:37:31Now it was necessary to correct mistakes in the state
00:37:34structure in order to protect the country from new
00:37:37rebellions.
00:37:44National Unity Day,
00:37:47a festive concert, live broadcast from Nizhny
00:37:51Novgorod. Today on
00:37:54the first.
00:38:14With a VTB card, it's easy to be the queen of
00:38:16shopping. All VTB clients get a discount of up to
00:38:206% on any order with VTB.
00:38:24It's easy to be with VTB. For cheese in Pyaterochka.
00:38:27Hard, tender, piquant, everyone will find their own! Maasdam cheese
00:38:3086.99 per 100g. Pyaterochka
00:38:34helps out. I see a sore throat, Loratricin!
00:38:38Loratricin is a triple formula in one tablet to
00:38:41fight sore throat. Loratricin, salvation for a sore
00:38:45throat.
00:38:48Sale 11:11 Ozon, stylish, profitable! Choose
00:38:52clothes and shoes with discounts of up to 90%.
00:38:56For loved ones! You always want to give more, open up even more
00:39:00opportunities with a rate of 14.5%
00:39:03per annum on a deposit at Dom RF Bank. At Magnit, we are
00:39:06maximally lowering prices. Maheev Greek mayonnaise sauce
00:39:10499. In stores with delivery. More discounts with
00:39:14the Magnit app. Prostatitis causes frequent urges to
00:39:17urinate, pain and burning in the groin. It's time to solve the problem, not
00:39:21avoid it. Vitoprost helps relieve inflammation and improve
00:39:24blood microcirculation in the prostate, and also contributes.
00:42:16"Catherine paid special attention to carrying out the provincial
00:42:20reform. For the first time, Russia was divided into provinces by
00:42:23Peter II. Their number increased over
00:42:26the years. Nevertheless, each of the provinces occupied
00:42:30too large a territory. The vast state remained
00:42:33fragmented into giant regions, without taking into account the nationalities
00:42:37and linguistic features living there."
00:43:10Near the border, governor-generalships
00:43:13or, in Russian style, vice-royalties arose.
00:43:16Catherine, unlike Peter the Great, did not like foreign words,
00:43:20in state usage she implanted
00:43:23Russian ones.
00:43:28Pugachev's rebellion left a significant part of the
00:43:32empire in ruins.
00:43:34It was necessary to rebuild the destroyed cities,
00:43:38factories, fortresses. The questions
00:46:10were resolved,
00:46:15she melted in his
00:46:18embrace,
00:46:24but even surrendering to her passion, she did not allow feelings to
00:46:28prevail
00:46:29over reason.
00:46:33When it came to state matters,
00:46:36Catherine always had the final say:
00:46:42The number of these questions increased over
00:46:45the years, including the fight against abuses by
00:46:48officials, the administration of national outskirts,
00:46:52and the construction of new
00:46:54roads.
00:47:00As early as 1730, the government began
00:47:04to develop the Siberian tract, a road from Moscow
00:47:08to Baikal, and further to China in the Far
00:47:11East. The tract also gave a new impetus to trade with
00:47:14China, from where tea was supplied to Russia. The southern
00:47:18branch of the Siberian tract would later be called: The Great Tea.
00:48:22before the choice Potemkin or their loyalty?
00:49:08Then Catherine made an extraordinary
00:49:11maneuver.
00:49:13She distanced Grigory Alexandrovich,
00:49:17but before parting, she secretly married
00:49:19him.
00:49:23Over time, Catherine's heart would be occupied by other,
00:49:26younger, though less talented
00:49:29protégés. Potemkin would demonstratively
00:49:33keep his distance from them, showing no sign of his
00:49:36jealousy, and for now, having retained his
00:49:39peace in the Winter Palace, he left St. Petersburg with mixed
00:49:43feelings. His path lay south, to
00:49:47Novorossiya.
00:49:50Novorossiya, formerly a wild field - a vast region of
00:49:54the Northern Black Sea coast, which passed to the Russian Empire as a
00:49:58result of the Russo-Turkish wars. Serbian,
00:50:01Hungarian and Bulgarian colonists began to settle
00:50:04it in the mid-16th century. However, the mass
00:50:07development of the region unfolded already in the era of
00:50:10Catherine II, who also gave it the name
00:50:14Novorossiya, by analogy with Great Russia and
00:50:17Little Russia.
00:50:20With Potemkin's arrival here, new cities began to
00:50:24grow. He laid the foundation for the administrative center of
00:50:27Novorossiya, Ekaterinoslav, the future
00:50:30Dnepropetrovsk, now Dnipro, for
00:50:33the construction of which he approved an estimate of
00:50:35137,140 rubles and
00:50:3932.5 kopecks. These
00:50:42kopecks amused Catherine, but Potemkin
00:50:45insisted: that is the exact estimate.
00:50:48To the south, the construction of Kherson with a shipyard began.
00:50:52The fortress city was built from local stone, wood and
00:50:56iron were delivered along the Dnieper. Residents
00:50:59were obliged to maintain gardens and vegetable gardens to feed
00:51:03themselves and the military.
00:51:17And again, messengers rushed to St. Petersburg, and
00:51:20then back south.
00:51:36As to her beloved husband, the Empress sent
00:51:39Grigory either a fur coat or
00:51:41felt boots.
00:51:43He, in turn, pampered her with trophy
00:51:46presents, Turkish coffee or elegant
00:51:50oriental trinkets.
00:52:06A rare day passed without a letter from
00:52:08Novorossiya.
00:52:12Potemkin informed Catherine about the construction of cities and
00:52:15ships, about his new home in
00:52:18Kremenchuk, about the southern
00:52:20lands.
00:52:27And she, reading the estimates and reports, heard
00:52:31her Grisha, who again wrote to her about love.
00:52:37He had so many plans and ideas that his subordinates often
00:52:41complained to the prince: "We don't
00:52:43have enough people."
00:52:46Potemkin had to send 2,000 people from his
00:52:50estates.
00:52:57Runaway peasants flocked here to the south,
00:53:00because the principle "from
00:53:02Novorossiya" applied as before.
00:53:37In Kherson, eucalyptus trees were specially planted to purify
00:53:41the air from swampy rot. The trees
00:53:43survived until the 1930s.
00:53:47Potemkin named cities after his beloved woman, and
00:53:51gave the first ship of the Black Sea Fleet the name
00:53:54"Glory to Catherine." And he was already
00:53:56preparing to present the Empress with the main gift of his
00:54:00life. The endless azure sea, fertile
00:54:03lands.
00:54:08Under the terms of the Kuchuk-Kainarji
00:54:12peace treaty concluded in 1774, the Ottoman
00:54:16Empire renounced its Crimean possessions.
00:54:19The Crimean Khanate became an independent state.
00:54:23However, this state of affairs did not suit anyone, neither
00:54:27Empress Catherine, nor the Turkish Sultan, nor
00:54:30the Crimean nobility. A hotbed of instability persisted in
00:54:34Crimea, peacefully
00:54:41joining the peninsula to
00:54:42Russia.
00:54:46And Grigory Alexandrovich found a solution. With Catherine's
00:54:49consent, he organized the resettlement of Christians
00:54:53inhabiting the Crimean Khanate. Wagons with settlers,
00:54:56with those who until now
00:55:00filled the Khan's treasury, blacksmiths,
00:55:03stretched towards Russian territory.
00:55:15In November 1782, Sahin Giray
00:55:27signed an abdication, left Crimea, and his
00:55:30khanate ceased
00:55:32to exist.
00:55:35In the manifesto on the annexation of Crimea, Catherine II
00:55:38promised the local residents "to sacredly and unshakably, for
00:55:41herself and the successors of our throne, maintain them as
00:55:45equals with our natural subjects, protect
00:55:48and defend their persons, property, temples and
00:55:52their natural faith." However, this
00:55:55manifesto remained secret for several months.
00:55:58The Empress feared a new war with the Ottoman Empire and
00:56:02the interference of European powers. By her
00:56:06order, the document was kept under lock and key, in an iron-bound
00:56:09wooden box. Only after
00:56:13Grigory Alexandrovich Potemkin received the oath of
00:56:16Tatar elders' loyalty to the Russian Empress,
00:56:20it was time to promulgate the manifesto. From now on,
00:56:23the territory of the Crimean Khanate was declared part of the Russian
00:56:27Empire and received the name of Taurida
00:56:31Governorate. At the same time, the king. Catherine
00:56:42with a request to accept his kingdom under Russian patronage. In
00:56:461783, the Treaty of Georgievsk was concluded,
00:56:50according to which Eastern Georgia
00:56:53recognized the protectorate of Russia, and Catherine
00:56:56acted as a guarantor of its independence and integrity.
00:57:00The treaty equalized the rights of Georgian and Russian
00:57:03nobles, allowing trade ties. The further
00:57:07expansion of Russia into the Caucasus would be handled by Catherine's
00:57:10successors, Emperors Alexander I and Nicholas
00:57:14I.
00:57:17In the meantime, Potemkin, who received the title of Prince of Taurida,
00:57:21began active settlement of Crimea. The main part of
00:57:25the settlers consisted of residents of Russian lands, as
00:57:28well as Kalmyks, nomadic Nogais, Bulgarians,
00:57:31Moldovans, Greeks, Armenians. In addition to former
00:57:35подданных османской империи, здесь появились выходцы из
00:57:38Европы. Карсиканцы, польские
00:57:41евреи, албанцы, поляки,
00:57:43Шведы.
00:57:47During the time that the newly acquired southern
00:57:51territories were being developed, Catherine had several
00:57:54favorites. In his letters, Grigory Alexandrovich
00:57:57invariably sent greetings to her next chosen one.
00:58:01The Empress, however, jealously followed the new romances of her
00:58:05Grisha. Upon learning that he had started
00:58:08a relationship with Ekaterina Sinyavina, the Empress immediately
00:58:11married her off to the ambassador to England, Count
00:58:14Vorontsov. And sent her abroad.
00:58:18Later, the Prince had a romance with the Greek woman Sophia
00:58:21Glyavone, the future Countess Pototskaya, to whom Catherine was
00:58:25favorably disposed. And although Potemkin was never without
00:58:29female attention, their spiritual closeness with Catherine
00:58:33was difficult to replace, and, no less
00:58:36importantly, their views on state
00:58:38structure
00:58:40remained united.
00:58:47throughout the Russian Empire, religious tolerance and respect for
00:58:50national characteristics
00:58:53prevailed. In local schools, teaching was not only
00:58:57in Russian, but also in Greek, Tatar, and Italian
00:59:00languages. Here, not only Christian
00:59:04churches, but also new mosques were built. At Potemkin's
00:59:07request, the Quran was printed for Tatar mullahs,
00:59:10which had not been reissued by the last Khan. And
00:59:14the Tatar aristocracy received the privileges of the Russian.
00:59:47Not cheap, Potemkin's opponents gossiped that large
00:59:51funds allocated for the development of the Black Sea region
00:59:54were wasted, but Catherine rejected all these
00:59:58accusations, she did not for a minute doubt the
01:00:01honesty of her friend. Already
01:00:04after the death of Potemkin and Catherine, Emperor Paul
01:00:08I appointed two Senate revisions of Grigory Alexandrovich's
01:00:11financial activities. Their result was the full
01:00:15exoneration of the Serene Prince.
01:00:17Moreover, the treasury remained indebted to his heirs,
01:00:21since Potemkin often spent his own money, without
01:00:25waiting for the promised
01:00:26appropriations.
01:00:30The decision to personally visit the new southern possession
01:00:34had been maturing in Catherine's mind for several years. Now
01:00:37the time had finally come, everyone, both allies and
01:00:41enemies, must see that Russia
01:00:44had firmly established itself on the Black Sea.
01:00:50From St. Petersburg, the route lay towards
01:00:53Kyiv.
01:00:55Here, accompanied by high-ranking dignitaries and
01:00:59foreign ambassadors, Catherine boarded
01:01:02the Dnieper galley, followed by an entire
01:01:06flotilla. Amid shouts and cannon fire,
01:01:09golden brocade sails unfurled.
01:01:13The Empress anticipated becoming acquainted with the pearl
01:01:16of Russia.
01:01:47that soon these lands would begin to bring Russia the greatest
01:01:50profit. But what was seen was so much like
01:01:54a miracle that many did not believe in its success
01:01:58and later began to talk about the so-called Potemkin
01:02:01villages. The expression "Potemkin villages"
01:02:05means a false appearance of well-being. It was first
01:02:09introduced by the Saxon envoy to the Russian court,
01:02:12Georg von Gelbig. He himself did not
01:02:15participate in the journey, but believed that the settlement on the banks of the Dnieper
01:02:19consisted of painted cardboard shields, and that peasants were supposedly
01:02:23brought from other provinces along with herds and
01:02:26driven along the river from place to place.
01:02:30Although this absurd tale has been repeatedly refuted,
01:02:33it has long been entrenched in the mass consciousness.
01:02:48Kherson stunned Catherine. On
01:02:51the site of a recent desert, a city grew, with a
01:02:54fortress, barracks, shipyards, a port,
01:02:57an admiralty and an arsenal. Many
01:03:01inhabitants, a bustling
01:03:02bazaar.
01:03:06Even Austrian Emperor Joseph I, who
01:03:09joined the voyage in Kremenchuk and endlessly
01:03:12criticized Potemkin's projects, exclaimed in surprise,
01:03:15"Now this
01:03:19is something."
01:03:33Before the Empress's eyes, three ships of the Black Sea
01:03:37military fleet were launched. Catherine
01:03:40looked enthusiastically at Potemkin, to whom
01:03:44this glance was dearer than all his victories.
01:04:00In the Inkerman Palace in Sevastopol, a rich
01:04:03table was set, but due to tightly drawn curtains, the hall
01:04:07was in semi-darkness. Potemkin was preparing the main
01:04:10surprise for his beloved woman. The Empress
01:04:13entered with her retinue. At the prince's signal, the curtains
01:04:16were drawn back. Everyone froze. The eyes
01:04:20of those present beheld Sevastopol
01:04:23harbor.
01:05:12The Black Sea Fleet was created jointly by all
01:05:15of Russia. Ships were built at the Voronezh and
01:05:18Kherson shipyards. Belarusian peasants supplied them with
01:05:22canvas and ropes. Tula and
01:05:25Ural workers cast cannons and
01:05:27manufactured weapons. Hundreds of workers from near
01:05:31and far provinces worked in Sevastopol.
01:05:35Catherine II understood that the southern
01:05:38borders of the country would soon have to be defended again.
01:05:52Meanwhile, the Empress set off on her return
01:05:55journey, gazing at the colorful southern
01:05:59landscapes. Catherine immersed herself in her
01:06:02thoughts. Once, when she first came to this
01:06:06country, she was struck by its might
01:06:09and power. Now she had become a true
01:06:12autocrat, mistress of a vast empire, which she
01:06:16expanded more than anyone else among Russian rulers.
01:06:40Years passed, decades,
01:06:44Catherine the Great's views changed, but
01:06:47one thing remained
01:06:49unchanged:
01:06:53her love for this immense land, whose
01:06:57name is Russia.
01:08:00Stalin, you know,
01:08:03too well even. Why doesn't mom buy
01:08:06candy, she doesn't have money, what did I tell you, don't
01:08:10come out for 2 years, I asked."
01:08:44Millions of people across the country face different types of
01:08:48pain. Pentalgin works against pain, wherever it is.
01:08:52Pentalgin, let's do without pain. Free Ozon
01:08:55Bank card in new designs, you can pay with it anywhere
01:08:59you want. And you can also make a card in different designs a credit card at any
01:09:03time with a grace period of up to 140 days. Free card or
01:09:06Ozon Bank sticker in a new design. Link it to any
01:09:09account. And you can also pay for purchases.
01:09:14Every business starts with a person. First I cooked myself, then
01:09:18the team started to expand, but when customers
01:09:20become more numerous, you can't always keep up with
01:09:24demand. With support, development doesn't
01:09:27stop, we expand further. Support measures, benefits for
01:09:31those whose business is taste and benefit, national projects of
01:09:34Russia.
01:09:37Sale 11:11 Ozon, stylish, profitable, choose
01:09:41clothes.
01:10:21made favorite categories
01:10:25personal, choose from what you really love and
01:10:28get up to
01:10:2930%
01:10:31cashback, X5 Club, it seems,
01:10:36everyone is simply delighted.
01:10:3911:11, everyone for discounts on WB, silver ring.
01:10:43for 799 rubles. Phosphogliv - two components, double
01:10:46action. The enhanced formula helps restore liver cells and
01:10:50eliminate the main cause of their destruction. Phosphogliv in economical
01:10:53packaging, 96 capsules.
01:11:06Whistle all you want, no superstitions when you have
01:11:09a savings account with Alpha Only. Get it!
01:11:47Richard, royal tea! Sinupret
01:11:50warns, if a runny nose is not treated, it can
01:11:53drag on and drag on and drag on.
01:11:57Sinupret extract - an enhanced formula with an increased concentration
01:12:00of active substances, helps reduce swelling and remove
01:12:03secretions, reducing nasal congestion. Sinupret, don't
01:12:07delay with
01:12:08a runny nose.
01:12:23This is a mucolytic of the latest generation, which helps treat deep cough and remove phlegm, without affecting the
01:12:26gastrointestinal tract. Elmucin, all inclusive in the treatment of wet cough.
01:12:30Transfer your pension to Sber. Open
01:12:33a profitable deposit, Pension Maximum, with enhanced protection and get
01:12:37what you don't expect. Free examination at Sber
01:12:41Health and a chance to win.
01:13:18victorious wars and annexed new
01:13:22lands to the empire, wrote laws and conducted reforms. The Senate
01:13:25bestowed upon her the title Mother
01:13:29of the Fatherland, but in the eyes of some
01:13:32subjects, she still remained a German woman,
01:13:35who illegally seized
01:13:37the throne.
01:13:42And the moment will come when
01:13:45Empress Catherine the Great will face
01:13:48the greatest
01:13:50rebellion
01:13:52in Russian history.
01:14:02Catherine II came to power as a result of a palace
01:14:06coup, overthrowing her husband, Emperor Peter
01:14:09III, from the throne.
01:14:11II.
01:14:18Many believed that the coup was being carried out in favor of her
01:14:21son, Paul Petrovich, and that the mother would be
01:14:25regent until his majority.
01:14:28However, Catherine preferred to crown herself as
01:14:31Empress.
01:14:40As a result, a party of Paul's supporters formed at court,
01:14:43led by the heir's tutor, Vice-Chancellor Nikita
01:14:47Panin.
01:14:49Панин.
01:14:56They were waiting for an opportunity to change power again.
01:15:13Catherine Alexeevna understood that her position was very
01:15:17precarious.
01:15:30Everything was complicated by the fact that for 20 years now, a man had been secretly
01:15:33held in Schliesselburg prison,
01:15:37who in documents was listed as a notorious
01:15:41prisoner.
01:15:45This was Ivan Antonovich, the legitimate
01:15:48Russian emperor, overthrown from the throne in
01:15:52infancy.
01:15:59Ivan Antonovich, or Ivan IV, who was called the "Iron
01:16:03Mask" of Russian history, was the great-grandson of Tsar Ivan I,
01:16:07the elder brother of Peter I. He received the right to
01:16:10the throne long before his birth,
01:16:13when Empress Anna Ioannovna officially
01:16:17appointed her as yet unborn son of her
01:16:20niece Anna Leopoldovna as her heir. In
01:16:23October 1741.
01:17:14She decided that he could be placed in a distant monastery, especially since the prisoner expressed a propensity for monasticism. Ivan Antonovich himself posed no danger to her,
01:17:16but he could easily become
01:17:19a dangerous weapon in the hands of ill-wishers.
01:17:23Therefore, Catherine ordered
01:17:27the guard to be strengthened and repeated Elizabeth Petrovna's
01:17:30secret instruction: in case of an attempt
01:17:34to free the prisoner, do not surrender him alive.
01:17:38On the night of July
01:17:414th to 5th, 1764,
01:17:44in Shlisselburg,
01:17:47Second Lieutenant Mirovich incited the soldiers of the guard
01:17:51detachment and attempted to free
01:17:53the prisoner. Unable to stop Mirovich, the
01:17:57guards officers carried out the secret instruction. When
01:18:00Mirovich broke into the casemate, Ivan Antonovich was already
01:18:04dead.
01:18:08Vasily Mirovich, second lieutenant of the Smolensk Infantry Regiment,
01:18:12came from Little Russian, of an ancient but impoverished family
01:18:16and was distinguished by his sickly ambition. In
01:18:191763, he requested a transfer to serve in
01:18:23Shlisselburg, intending to stage a coup.
01:18:26Mirovich planned to free Ioann Antonovich,
01:18:29present him to the guards as sovereign, then enthrone him,
01:18:33deposing
01:18:34Catherine.
01:19:37to the highest dignitaries, including himself.
01:19:40But Catherine refused
01:19:44to establish a state council. She was not going
01:19:47to limit her autocratic power. Now
01:19:51this power was no longer threatened, at least
01:19:54in the coming years until the heir
01:19:57came of age.
01:20:149 years after Mirovich's rebellion, a thousand versts
01:20:17from the capital in Kazan, a prisoner, the Don Cossack
01:20:20Yemelyan Pugachev, escaped from prison.
01:20:34returning from the Turkish war to his native stanitsa.
01:20:44He had already tried many times to go in search of a better life, now to the Terek, now to the Kuban, until he ended up in
01:20:46prison.
01:20:49There was no way he could return home. There was
01:20:53only one thing left: to gather a gang, about thirty
01:20:56brave men, and rampage through the Orenburg province.
01:20:59Glorious loot could
01:21:01be taken,
01:21:04and then go far away, even to Turkey. With
01:21:08a lot of money, life is good everywhere.
01:21:26In the summer of 1773,
01:21:29after 2 months of wandering, Yemelyan
01:21:32Pugachev appeared near the Yaik
01:21:35town.
01:21:39He settled at the inn of Cossack Abalyaev.
01:21:58Having taken a closer look at the owner, he asked him to bring
01:22:01reliable people for an important
01:22:04matter.
01:22:08and declared to the Cossacks that he, the sovereign Peter
01:22:12Fyodorovich, miraculously saved from death, was the Emperor
01:22:15of All Russia.
01:22:20Emperor Peter III, at birth Karl Peter
01:22:24Ulrich Holstein, grandson of Peter I, son of his
01:22:27eldest daughter Anna. Born in Germany,
01:22:31as a teenager, he was brought to Russia and proclaimed heir
01:22:34to the throne. After the death of Empress Elizabeth.
01:22:38He ruled for exactly half a year, after which, as a result of a state
01:22:41coup, he was deposed and soon died under unclear
01:22:45circumstances. Officially, the cause of death was declared
01:22:49hemorrhagic colic. Empress Catherine
01:22:52ordered a public funeral for Peter
01:22:55Fyodorovich. The body was displayed for 3 days in
01:22:58St. Petersburg for farewell. Nevertheless,
01:23:00persistent rumors circulated among the people that Peter III
01:23:04was alive.
01:23:07Impostors often appeared when the circumstances of a monarch's death
01:23:11raised doubts. Russian history knows three False
01:23:15Dmitrys, who successively pretended to be Tsarevich
01:23:18Dmitry the Younger.
01:24:58The Russian government gradually reduced the number
01:25:01of Cossack freedoms. Even Atamans were now appointed
01:25:05from above, from St. Petersburg. In
01:25:071772, the Yaik Cossacks
01:25:10made a desperate attempt to regain their former
01:25:13rights, but their rebellion failed.
01:25:17The authorities executed the instigators of the rebellion, and then finally
01:25:21abolished the Cossack circles. The Cossacks lost
01:25:24the last remnants of their independence and harbored
01:25:27a deep resentment against the government. It was at this
01:25:31moment that the self-proclaimed sovereign Peter
01:25:34Fyodorovich
01:25:36arrived among them.
01:25:44Pugachev graciously extended his hand, and the Cossacks,
01:25:47kneeling, kissed it.
01:25:51but they looked suspiciously.
01:25:53To confirm his majesty, he even had to
01:25:56show a supposedly royal mark, a birthmark.
01:26:00пятно.
01:26:04After that, they started talking about the needs of the Cossacks. Pugachev
01:26:08thought quickly. He promised the Yaik Cossacks to restore their
01:26:11former rights and freedoms, after they helped
01:26:15the sovereign ascend to
01:26:17the throne.
01:26:20Most of the Cossacks understood that they had an impostor
01:26:23before them, but to regain their rights they needed
01:26:27a leader. To stand under the banners of the Tsar himself - that's not
01:26:31a rebellion, and people would flock to him
01:26:33in droves. Besides, an impostor is easy to control,
01:26:37threatening him with exposure. And
01:26:39Yemelyan understood something else: to attract supporters,
01:26:43it's enough to find a pain point and promise to
01:26:47fix everything.
01:27:22At this time, in the great Tsarskoye Selo Palace, they were celebrating
01:27:26the marriage of Tsarevich Pavel Petrovich
01:27:29and Princess Wilhelmina of Hesse-Darmstadt.
01:27:32Вельгельмины.
01:27:35In Orthodoxy, Natalia Alekseevna.
01:27:50Many at court, first of all, Pavel's tutor, Count
01:27:53Nikita Ivanovich Panin, expected that
01:27:56the Empress would finally cede the throne to her son.
01:28:17Right on the day of Pavel's wedding, Catherine
01:28:20announced that the heir had now become fully
01:28:23grown,
01:28:29and therefore no longer needed a tutor.
01:28:38Outwardly, everything looked very respectable. Nikita
01:28:41Ivanovich retained the post of Vice-Chancellor, was showered
01:28:45with favors,
01:28:49but lost the ability to influence Pavel. The Tsarevich's
01:28:52party this time lost.
01:28:56Catherine made it clear that she was not going to cede the throne
01:29:00to her son.
01:29:08People were already flocking to Pugachev.
01:29:11Upon learning this, the local authorities became alarmed,
01:29:15understanding that there was no time to lose. Pugachev set off on
01:29:18a campaign.
01:29:21He occupied fortresses, seized supplies, weapons,
01:29:24artillery, and gathered new
01:29:27supporters. If at the beginning of the campaign, his
01:29:30army consisted of only...
01:30:03Pugachev staged a public execution. From the commandant
01:30:06of the Kotishchev fortress, Colonel Ilagin, they
01:30:10skinned him alive. His
01:30:12wife was hanged. The children, Tatyana and Nikolai Elagin,
01:30:16would be shot by Pugachev's Cossacks a month later.
01:30:31Pushkin wrote, from the words of contemporaries, that they
01:30:34crawled to each other and embraced. Their bodies,
01:30:38thrown into the bushes, remained in the same position for a long time.
01:30:52The executions carried out by the impostor became the impetus
01:30:55for mass killings in the areas gripped by
01:30:58the rebellion. The total number of victims during the entire
01:31:01uprising... it is still impossible
01:31:04to determine.
01:31:07The rebellion gradually took on a scale that even Pugachev
01:31:11did not expect. The rebels moved towards Orenburg,
01:31:14the center of the entire province, to which the Yaik
01:31:18Cossacks were subordinate.
01:31:22The Orenburg governor, Lieutenant General
01:31:25Reinsdorp, preparing for defense, tried to sow
01:31:28discord in the camp of the rebels. He called
01:31:52what's
01:31:58It's scary, and the matter, to kill the tsar himself.
01:32:10Khlopusha began by recounting the cannons and almost ended up on the gallows for excessive
01:32:14curiosity.
01:32:17He was saved by a friend who, upon hearing about Reinsdorp's assignment,
01:32:21took him to Peter Fyodorovich himself.
01:32:25"Are they saying you were sent to destroy me?" asked
01:32:27the sovereign. But the peasant pleased the impostor.
01:32:31Just like that.
01:32:34"So, will you return to Orenburg or stay with me?"
01:32:37It was as if someone pushed Khlopusha
01:32:40in the back. "There's no way back for me. I wish to
01:32:44serve Your Majesty." The Tsar ordered to give him 7 rubles,
01:32:48bread, and two lamb legs. And so, the end
01:32:51of hunger and
01:33:32Watch after the
01:33:34"Time" program.
01:33:41Get a business loan with government support.
01:33:45At Alfa-Bank, get up to 50
01:33:48million rubles in 1 day.
01:33:51Alfa-Bank - the best bank for
01:33:54business. When building your business, it's especially
01:33:57important to know that you're not alone. For those who
01:34:01sell online, Sber's new solution. Selvi
01:34:04business. Personal expert support at every
01:34:08stage. Creating your own online store with payment and
01:34:11delivery.
01:34:15A business account with transfers to personal cards without limits or commissions,
01:34:19take your online trading to the next level, Selvi
01:34:22business, Sber - your
01:34:24business assistant.
01:34:2811:11 sale on Ozon, stylish, profitable, choose
01:34:32clothes and shoes with discounts up to
01:34:3490%.
01:34:37Buy a car in the T-Bank app and get up to
01:34:40100% cashback on insurance, and
01:34:43it's honest. The price is the same as in the app. That's T,
01:34:47that's you. T-Auto, 11:11
01:34:51sale already on WB, Black Pearl facial cleansing foam for
01:34:54499 rubles. Good.
01:34:57For Siberian trials, you need strong immunity. Activate
01:35:00your immunity with Actimun and be ready for any surprises
01:35:04of winter. Let's continue. Are you a Siberian?
01:35:07Siberian. Actimun. Activate your immunity. Free
01:35:11Ozon Bank card in new designs. You can
01:35:14pay with it anywhere, and you can also make the card in different designs
01:35:18a credit card at any time, with a grace period of up to 140 days.
01:35:21Free Ozon Bank card or sticker in
01:35:25счёту, а ещё можно оплачивать покупки стикером в новом
01:35:29design.
01:35:31What kind of mood will yours be today?
01:35:35It's boring with me, bears and cool kids at Perekrestok, for purchases in the supermarket
01:35:38and delivery, waiting at Perekrestok.
01:35:41It's easy to be a shopping queen with a VTB card. Now all
01:35:45VTB clients get a discount of up to 6% on any order from
01:35:48WB. It's easy to be with VTB. A good
01:35:51engineer is like a perpetual motion machine, it seems
01:35:54it doesn't exist, it does if you know where
01:35:57to look. At the Human Resources Center "Rabota Rossii".
01:36:01A personal consultant will find the necessary qualified
01:36:04specialists for your team. And it's
01:36:06free. Apply here.
01:36:08trudvsem.ru. Reliable, gigabit
01:36:12internet. Routers up to.
01:36:16Catch the gigabit wave with Dom.ru
01:36:19Wave.
01:36:24Choose on Ozon, warmth and comfort for the whole family,
01:36:27Omsa thermal underwear with discounts up to 50%. In
01:36:30Altai, not only cedars grow, but also
01:36:33businesses.
01:36:36And in a growing business, all thoughts are about accounting. For me,
01:36:39it's a dark forest. Accounting in T-Bank is more convenient than you're
01:36:43used to. Entrust us with the tax matters of your business. Full
01:36:46immersion in business. T-Bank business. And business
01:36:49gets done. At Magnit, we're lowering
01:36:53prices to the maximum. Maheev Greek mayonnaise sauce
01:36:5549.99. In stores with delivery. More
01:36:59discounts with the Magnit app. 11:11 sale already on
01:37:02WB. Gemberd wireless mouse for 159
01:37:05rubles. Care is more precious
01:37:08than money.
01:37:11Grandma transferred it to me. She told me not to tell you.
01:37:16Now there's no commission for transfers or utility payments in Sberbank Online.
01:37:3211:11 sale on Ozon. Discounts up to 90% on
01:37:36electronics. Get more profitable with the Ozon Bank
01:38:21Pugachev started an information war immediately after the start of hostilities.
01:38:25His manifestos were sent far beyond the regions
01:38:28engulfed in the rebellion. To write them,
01:38:32people from the social strata and nationalities to whom they
01:38:35were addressed were involved, in order to adapt the text to local
01:38:39problems. Pugachev's people collected real royal
01:38:43documents, from which they made
01:38:45copies to imitate the state language of Catherine's decrees.
01:38:49Pugachev's manifestos spread with astonishing
01:38:53speed. In villages, they were publicly read
01:38:56by heralds. Then the news quickly spread from village
01:38:59to village. On the day when the uprising was reported
01:39:03to the Empress, Pugachev's decree to the Orenburg
01:39:06Bashkirs was issued, and just 10 days later it
01:39:09was being copied 700 km from Orenburg
01:39:12by residents of Tatar settlements in the Kazan
01:39:15province.
01:39:18Pugachev led his army to storm Orenburg. He promised
01:39:21the people, in addition to what they could get by looting,
01:39:2410 rubles per person in cash ...
01:40:02At the meeting of the military collegium, Catherine could not believe her
01:40:05ears. She thought that the rebellion was already
01:40:08suppressed,
01:40:13but it turned out that the dispatched detachment was defeated, the Cossacks and
01:40:16Bashkir cavalry had gone over to the side
01:40:18of the rebels, and her general Carr had voluntarily left
01:40:22the army and gone to Moscow.
01:40:25The scoundrel should have been driven out of the army.
01:40:57local treasury.
01:41:00Traditionally, entire villages were assigned to factories, so-called
01:41:04factory peasants were used for auxiliary
01:41:07work: felling timber, preparing charcoal, digging
01:41:11ore. They were paid pennies for their work;
01:41:14torn from their own fields, they fell into real
01:41:17hated the factories fiercely.
01:41:21Pugachev, by royal decree, abolished this повинность, and the peasants
01:41:25went to smash the hated factory, along with
01:41:28it. At the same time, professional factory workers,
01:41:32who received good wages and were satisfied with their
01:41:35situation, now tried to defend their
01:41:38enterprises. The storming of each factory turned into a real
01:41:41siege battle, where hundreds of ordinary people died
01:41:45on both sides. Pugachev was already leaving the Urals, and behind his
01:41:49back a real civil war was beginning, and
01:41:52two oppressed classes fought among themselves - peasants and
01:41:56factory workers.
01:41:59During the uprising, 89 factories
01:42:02were attacked, of which 25 were destroyed
01:42:06to the ground. Piers, ferry
01:42:09crossings, bridges were destroyed. The total amount of losses from
01:42:12the destruction and downtime of Ural factories amounted to more than
01:42:165.5 million rubles. For
01:42:19comparison, the total amount of gold coins issued by the mint
01:42:22during Catherine's 34-year reign
01:42:26was...
01:42:58He was infinitely devoted to her, his love gave her strength
01:43:02to live,
01:43:05but the premonition of trouble would not let go.
01:43:23At this time, a conspiracy began to form around her.
01:43:57He, nevertheless, supported the conspiracy against his own
01:44:01mother. He agreed to the coup and gave a written
01:44:04promise that, upon ascending the throne, he would adopt Panin's project to create
01:44:08a State Council.
01:44:15In the Yaik town, Pugachev saw seventeen-year-old
01:44:19Cossack Ustinya Kuznetsova and wanted to marry
01:44:23her. The girl tried to hide from the matchmakers, but her
01:44:27fate was sealed. The very
01:44:29next day, the wedding took place. Ustinya
01:44:32received the title of Empress of All Russia
01:44:35and two Cossack women as
01:44:38ladies-in-waiting. But the Cossacks were perplexed,
01:44:42do Tsars really marry maidens of common
01:44:44birth?
01:44:49Ustinya also did not understand the vagaries of her
01:44:52fate,
01:44:54because Tsar Peter Fyodorovich already had a wife, Tsarina
01:44:57Catherine. Then he is a
01:45:01bigamist, or what?
01:45:04Yemelyan Ivanovich just waved away her
01:45:06questions, "It's not for your woman's mind to understand."
01:45:15But Pugachev had a secret that not even his
01:45:18closest entourage knew: at home, his
01:45:21lawful wife Sofia was waiting with their eleven-year-old
01:45:25son and two daughters.
01:45:42What the Cossacks did not know, the Empress quickly
01:45:44learned: "So, Yemelyan
01:45:48Pugachev!"
01:45:50An order immediately followed: arrest the impostor's wife and children,
01:45:53publicly burn the house, and scatter the ashes to
01:45:57the wind. However, the authorities who arrived in the stanitsa
01:46:01Zimoveyskaya found neither Pugachev's family
01:46:04nor his house. Impoverished Sofia, along with
01:46:07her children, moved to her mother in the stanitsa of Isaulovskaya, where
01:46:11she went begging, and sold the house to a new neighbor.
01:46:15He dismantled the building and moved it to
01:46:18his own property. By order of the Empress, Pugachev's
01:46:21family was sent to prison in Kazan. His former
01:46:25house was dismantled again and returned to its old
01:46:28place. Only then was it burned as a warning
01:46:31to restless minds.
01:46:34And at the end of December 1773,
01:46:37the government's offensive began.
01:46:49Feeling that victory was slipping away from him, Pugachev fled to
01:46:52Bashkiria.
01:46:56Near Orenburg, the authorities captured Khlopusha. He was beheaded.
01:47:00But Pugachev had no time for
01:47:04his comrades. Now, behind every bush, he
01:47:07saw his death.
01:47:12Cossacks were whispering nearby, surely they
01:47:15wanted to betray him to the Tsar's generals.
01:47:19Is that really it,
01:47:20the end?
01:47:24But as he came out of the barn, he saw before him a Bashkir
01:47:27detachment. His decrees and promises
01:47:30to the peoples of the Urals brought him help he no longer
01:47:34expected. Nothing was lost,
01:47:38everything was just beginning.
01:47:40The small peoples living in the lands of the Urals and Siberia did not know
01:47:44serfdom and were considered free. Lands were
01:47:47allotted to them for pastures, hunting, and fishing.
01:47:50They paid taxes, the so-called
01:47:53yasak, in furs, fish, and horses. But
01:47:57the promised rights did not free them from the arbitrariness of the authorities
01:48:00and tax collectors, who often demanded more yasak
01:48:04than was due. Factory owners fraudulently seized lands
01:48:08from nomadic peoples.
01:48:40The impostor quickly realized how to replenish his army.
01:48:43On July 31, 1774,
01:48:47his personal decree was issued, according to which peasants
01:48:50were freed from working for the landowner, from all
01:48:54taxes, and from military conscription. Everyone
01:48:57was granted personal freedom, which, in Pugachev's
01:49:01view, meant enrolling all peasants as
01:49:04Cossacks. The impostor,
01:49:06without further ado, abolished serfdom.
01:49:10Pugachev was met as a savior. Pushkin later
01:49:13called his march along the Volga a triumphant procession with
01:49:16church bells, the blessing of the priest, and
01:49:19bread and salt in every new village, hamlet,
01:49:23and town.
01:49:26The abolition of serfdom became Pugachev's most resonant and tempting
01:49:30promise. Although the impostor had no
01:49:34resources to fulfill it in reality. The decree
01:49:37said nothing about who and how would
01:49:40distribute land, where taxes would come from for
01:49:44the maintenance of the state system, and how the army
01:49:47would be formed without recruits. No one
01:49:51thought about this. Peasants began to seize land
01:49:54from landowners and kill bailiffs. In cities,
01:49:57officials were hanged, stores and shops
01:50:00were looted. According to approximate estimates, only in the summer
01:50:03of 1774, more than
01:50:073,000 nobles were killed. At the same time,
01:50:10many peasants hid noble children, risking
01:50:13their own lives and the lives
01:50:15of their relatives.
01:50:21Catherine gathered.
01:50:57Catherine took 24 hours to
01:50:58reflect.
01:51:04The Panin brothers led the party of Tsarevich
01:51:07Paul. The Empress understood how dangerous it was to give
01:51:10power to her political opponent, who would receive
01:51:14a powerful tool for carrying out
01:51:16a coup. Grigory Potemkin came
01:51:19to her aid. He convinced the Empress to sign
01:51:23Panin's appointment, but with some
01:51:25amendments.
01:51:31He got almost everything he wanted, except for two key
01:51:34points. He was not given the Moscow province, since
01:51:38the rebellions there had already ceased, and Catherine
01:51:41retained the right to control the investigative commissions.
01:51:44Thus, Panin received
01:51:47the broadest opportunities for suppressing the rebellion, but under
01:51:51control.
01:51:55On the lands cleared of rebels, General-in-Chief
01:51:58Panin unleashed a real terror. To intimidate
01:52:02the population, he ordered rafts with executed and hanged Pugachevites
01:52:05to be sent down the rivers. The number of
01:52:09those subjected to various punishments by Panin's
01:52:13verdicts amounted to about 20 thousand
01:52:16people.
01:52:22needed
01:52:53to stop
01:52:54the rebellion.
01:53:02Meanwhile, popular rumor was weaving legends about Pugachev,
01:53:05each more fantastic than the last:
01:53:08that Tsar Peter Fyodorovich had already sent 100 regiments to conquer Moscow,
01:53:12that his son Pavel had come to him in
01:53:16Orenburg with his wife. The rebels received news of the death
01:53:19of General Bibikov, who had died.
01:53:54Kazan, located deep in the country, had not
01:53:57been attacked for many years. The walls of the fortress were dilapidated, the city
01:54:01suburbs consisted of wooden houses, and there was almost
01:54:04no artillery. The garrison fought in detachments
01:54:08of government troops beyond the Kama. The city's
01:54:11governor began forming combat detachments and patching
01:54:15fortress walls, sending out calls for help.
01:54:18Soon news arrived that one of the government troops'
01:54:22detachments, under the command of
01:54:25Lieutenant Colonel
01:54:26Mikhelson, was hastily heading towards Kazan.
01:54:34Pugachev hoped that Kazan would meet him with bread and salt, but
01:54:38unexpectedly encountered resistance not only from royal
01:54:41troops, but also from the city's population. The Empress's
01:54:45decree played its role.
01:54:48On July 12, the storming of the city began,
01:54:51the rebels poured into the streets, looting and killing
01:54:54everyone who had not hidden in the city fortress. Soon,
01:54:57Kazan
01:54:58was ablaze.
01:55:01The rebels spared neither old people, women, nor children.
01:55:05The defenders of the fortress, dismantling wooden roofs and removing
01:55:08doors, did everything to prevent
01:55:11the fire.
01:55:15From the burning building of the Kazan prison, Pugachev's arrested wife,
01:55:19Sofia, barely managed to run out with her
01:55:22children. Not believing her eyes, she rushed to
01:55:26her husband. At first, Pugachev
01:55:29was taken aback. The Cossacks surrounding him
01:55:32became wary. The impostor quickly
01:55:36oriented himself and ordered Sofia and the children
01:55:39to be taken by cart to
01:55:41the camp.
01:55:44And he explained to the Cossacks:
01:55:47"This is the wife of my friend, Yemelyan Pugachev,
01:55:51who was tortured for me in
01:55:52prison."
01:55:58At this time, Mikhelson's detachment was already approaching Kazan. After
01:56:01a forced march, the men and horses could barely stand, but
01:56:05Mikhelson decided to immediately attack Pugachev's forces to catch them
01:56:09by surprise. The battle lasted 3 days
01:56:12and ended in the defeat of the rebels, who lost
01:56:15all their cannons. Having retreated from Kazan, Pugachev
01:56:19headed for the Don. Mikhelson moved on a parallel
01:56:22path, preventing him from turning towards
01:56:25Moscow.
01:56:28Potemkin brought the Empress the long-awaited
01:56:31news. The war with the Ottoman Empire was over.
01:56:46The peace terms were extraordinarily favorable for Russia. Crimea gained independence from the Sultan, significant territories
01:56:49of the Black Sea coast went to the Russian
01:56:52Empire, as if a heavy
01:56:56stone had fallen from her shoulders. External affairs were in relative
01:56:59order, now she could fully attend to internal affairs.
01:57:02and send them against the impostor. Troops of experienced generals.
01:57:16Ugachev moved down the Volga, heading towards
01:57:20Astrakhan.
01:57:26On the way to his army, detachments of Don
01:57:30Cossacks joined.
01:57:35Having learned from government decrees that the rebels
01:57:38were commanded by their acquaintance Amelka Pugachev, the Don Cossacks
01:57:41tried their best to see the leader.
01:57:45Ugachev, passing by them, only
01:57:48turned away, and near Ostrokhan, all his entourage
01:57:52heard how from the wall of the besieged city, one of the
01:57:55Cossacks, loyal to the Empress, shouted at the top of his
01:57:58lungs. Hello, Amelyan
01:58:01Ivanovich, this was the end.
01:58:10Catherine had long suspected that the Panin brothers had evil
01:58:14intentions against her,
01:58:17now she received proof of this,
01:58:21one of Nikita Panin's secretaries, Pyotr
01:58:24Bakunin, denounced his superior.
01:58:26начальника.
01:58:35all the circumstances of the conspiracy and its
01:58:37participants, including
01:58:40the Tsarevich, were known.
01:58:43This was especially
01:58:45painful.
01:58:48Her relationship with her son worsened every day
01:58:51and in that, undoubtedly, there was a large part of her
01:58:54fault. But going against her own
01:58:57mother.
01:59:01September 5, 1774. year.
01:59:35want to buy themselves forgiveness, but hoped that he could
01:59:38persuade or
01:59:40escape,
01:59:44it didn't work.
02:00:03On September 9, Cossacks from Pugachev's inner circle
02:00:06seized him and handed him over to a detachment of government troops
02:00:10under the command of Lieutenant General Alexander Vasilyevich
02:00:14Suvorov. Suvorov himself conducted the first interrogations.
02:00:18The Cossacks who gave up the impostor were released on bail to the chieftain,
02:00:21Pugachev was shackled, put in a
02:00:25cage and sent under heavy escort to Simbirsk, where the
02:00:28investigation was conducted, but no one tried to free
02:00:32the impostor.
02:00:39The Empress summoned her son and declared that she knew about
02:00:43the conspiracy and about Paul's participation in it.
02:00:48The Tsarevich was shocked, he immediately confessed
02:00:52everything and as a sign of repentance gave his mother a list of
02:00:55conspirators. "I don't even want to know who these
02:00:59unfortunates are," said Catherine, and without unfolding
02:01:03the list, she threw it into the fireplace. This
02:01:06gesture made a strong
02:01:08impression on Paul.
02:01:11He did not suspect that all the names were already known
02:01:14to Catherine from Danos.
02:01:18The Empress did not pursue the conspirators,
02:01:21but
02:01:25she could no longer trust any of them.
02:01:39In November 1774,
02:01:42the main participants of the uprising, 85
02:01:45people, were transported to Moscow for a general
02:01:48investigation, led by Moscow Governor-General,
02:01:52Prince Mikhail Volkonsky and Chief Secretary of the Secret
02:01:55Expedition of the Senate, Stepan Shashkovsky. Catherine
02:01:59herself officially removed herself from
02:02:02the process, but carefully followed its
02:02:04progress. She categorically forbade torture,
02:02:08so that people would not slander themselves.
02:02:12Panin's supporters sought the death penalty by
02:02:15quartering for fifty people. The party
02:02:18of the heir sought to link Catherine's name with a bloody massacre
02:02:22of the rebels, so that in society the question
02:02:25would arise: is the sovereign worthy of reigning,
02:02:29who allowed such turmoil in Russia?
02:02:32But Catherine achieved that the death sentence was
02:02:36handed down to only six. For Kugachev -
02:02:39quartering, for five of his closest associates -
02:02:43hanging.
02:02:48It was a sunny frosty day, but Pugachev did not
02:02:52feel the cold.
02:02:55At the scaffold he uttered only one phrase:
02:02:58"Forgive me, Orthodox people."
02:03:02Yemelyan, condemned to quartering, prepared for long
02:03:06pain, but he did not know that the empress ordered to soften
02:03:09the execution and cut off his head immediately.
02:03:13Darkness fell
02:03:15instantly.
02:03:19Through the interrogations of all secret commissions, 12,438
02:03:2112.438
02:03:24people passed, many rebels were executed on the spot by military
02:03:27leaders, as the remnants of Pugachev's gangs continued
02:03:31to operate until 1775.
02:03:34Both of Pugachev's wives, Ustinya and
02:03:37Sofia, with their children, were held in a fortress in
02:03:40Karelia, where they ended their
02:03:42days.
02:03:48giving a ball on the occasion of the end of the war with Turkey,
02:03:51Catherine was extremely gracious. Everyone
02:03:55understood that not only the defeat of the Turks was being celebrated, but
02:03:59also the victory over the rebel.
02:04:02When the tired Empress went into her office accompanied by Grigory
02:04:05Potemkin, he handed her the request of the Cossacks
02:04:09to move the village of Zimoveyskaya, where Pugachev was born, to another
02:04:13place, and to rename it to Potemkinskaya,
02:04:16so that... No memory of the rebel would remain,
02:04:20the Empress agreed and
02:04:22also ordered to change the name of the river reliably protect from cold.
02:04:26Sportmaster - guarantee of authenticity of Norsland brand
02:04:29technologies. cough chooses the most
02:04:32inappropriate moment, always.
02:04:35Take Ringalin. Ringalin is a drug for treating any type of cough in adults and children. It relieves cough from the first day
02:04:39of use and shortens its duration. Both dry and wet
02:09:07a manifesto was issued, in which the Empress,
02:09:10condemning the most brutal barbarity of the rebels, nevertheless
02:09:14declared that the crime concerning insults to
02:09:18her Majesty, was consigned to eternal
02:09:20oblivion. Catherine made it clear that
02:09:24she no longer held any ill will towards those participants of the uprising
02:09:26who escaped punishment.
02:09:30She ordered the places of execution to be
02:09:32destroyed, and also granted forgiveness to runaway
02:09:36peasants on the condition of returning to their villages within
02:09:402 years, the prohibition of the death penalty,
02:09:43abolished during
02:09:45the uprising, was reinstated.
02:09:49Soon a series of new decrees and
02:09:52reforms followed, the number of provinces in the Empire increased from 20
02:09:56to 50, this allowed to take into account the peculiarities of
02:10:00individual nationalities, their relations with the state,
02:10:04the police were reformed,
02:10:07special charters were introduced for nobles and
02:10:09cities.
02:10:12The manifesto restricted factory owners from using
02:10:15attached peasants to factories, it determined
02:10:18the length of the working day and increased
02:10:21wages. Bashkirs and Kalmyks were essentially
02:10:25equated to the Cossack class. Tatar
02:10:28Bashkir princes and Murzas were equalized
02:10:32in rights with the Russian
02:10:33nobility.
02:10:38Pugachev's uprising became the last mass uprising in
02:10:41Russia, right up to the revolution of the 20th century.
02:10:45Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, the first serious investigator
02:10:49of Pugachev's revolt, will write about him. God forbid
02:10:52to see a Russian revolt, senseless and
02:10:55merciless. Those who plot impossible
02:10:58coups here, are either young and do not know our
02:11:01people, or are hard-hearted people,
02:11:05for whom someone else's head is a half-penny, and their own neck is
02:11:09a kopeck.
02:11:21When in 1775,
02:11:23Empress Catherine arrived in Moscow, she was
02:11:27distraught.
02:11:32After brilliant victories over the Ottoman Empire, over
02:11:36the rebel, she expected popular
02:11:39jubilation, but...
02:12:01justice, but it was under her that the disenfranchisement
02:12:04of the peasants reached its peak, the gap between
02:12:08aristocrats and commoners, between
02:12:10them, became deeper.
02:12:29but the transformations that she would be able to carry out during more than three decades of her reign would change
02:12:32Russia, and would give the Empress
02:12:36the right to be called
02:12:38great.
02:12:52Many years ago, the German princess Sophia Frederica
02:12:56Augusta, baptized Catherine Alexeievna, came to
02:12:59Russia to become the wife of the heir to the throne.
02:13:03With all her might, she strove to understand and love this
02:13:07country and its people, she observed
02:13:09ancient customs, knew proverbs, sayings,
02:13:13learned to steam in a bathhouse, wore Russian
02:13:16dress,
02:13:24more often than others visited the church, while managing
02:13:28to observe those around her. In
02:13:30the church, she noticed how clearly the hierarchy of
02:13:34Russian society was built, representatives of different estates
02:13:38were located each in their assigned
02:13:41place, in accordance with. "God,
02:13:43tsar, nobleman, peasant."
02:14:00In the middle of the 16th century, the nobility constituted only
02:14:034% of the population of the Russian Empire, it was undoubtedly
02:14:07subordinate to the monarch, however, it represented
02:14:10a force that the emperor had to reckon with, the combined
02:14:14wealth of only large aristocratic families sometimes
02:14:17exceeded that of the tsar, and state coups organized by
02:14:21noble clans became by no means rare in the country.
02:14:248% of the population
02:14:27of the empire consisted of Cossacks, merchants,
02:14:30clergy representatives, artisans, and
02:14:33ethnic minorities. The most numerous part of the population, more than
02:14:3680%, remained peasants.
02:14:40Most peasants were serfs.
02:14:43State or treasury peasants, who
02:14:46lived on lands belonging to the state, were called
02:14:49free rural inhabitants. By the middle of the
02:14:5316th century, 44%
02:14:56of the peasant population of the empire were considered
02:14:59free.
02:15:04In the first years of her reign, Catherine was inspired by the ideas of
02:15:08European enlighteners that all people are
02:15:11equal. And freedom is a natural human
02:15:15right. The empress was determined to
02:15:18implement these ideals into
02:15:20life.
02:15:29To compile a new code of laws, she convened a commission, which
02:15:32included representatives of all nationalities, all estates of
02:15:36the Russian Empire, with the exception of the clergy and
02:15:39serfs. serfs.
02:15:42The Code was intended to become
02:15:46a kind of social contract between
02:15:50the estates.
02:15:51But after a year of work, the commission
02:15:56did not develop any new laws. The question of abolishing
02:15:59serfdom caused fierce disputes among the deputies.
02:16:03The absolute majority of nobles were against the liberation of
02:16:07peasants. As a result, the empress dissolved
02:16:10the legislative commission. During Pugachev's revolt, the peasants
02:16:13clearly showed how they understood freedom,
02:16:16when they plundered estates and killed landowners along with
02:16:20their families.
02:16:22needed reforms,
02:16:25since the legislative commission failed to fulfill its
02:16:28role, the empress took the matter
02:16:32into her own hands.
02:16:36On November 7, 1775,
02:16:38Catherine II adopted the institution for
02:16:41the administration of the provinces of the Russian Empire, a document
02:16:45that defined the principles of local governance, which, with a small
02:16:48interruption, existed until 1917.
02:16:52The central element of the transformation was a new
02:16:56administrative-territorial division of the country, the number of
02:16:59provinces increased by more than one and a half times, and the number of
02:17:03uyezds almost three times. Catherine
02:17:06II renamed many large rural settlements into
02:17:10cities. The map of Russia saw 216
02:17:13new cities, not counting those that were founded in New Russia
02:17:17and Crimea. This allowed to overcome the weakness
02:17:20of local government. Far from the capital, many
02:17:24new governing bodies and population control bodies appeared, and
02:17:27officials arriving in the provinces set new standards
02:17:31of behavior culture. In addition, Catherine II
02:17:35redistributed power between the center
02:17:38and the periphery in favor of local elected bodies.
02:17:42Residents of remote areas received the opportunity to solve many issues
02:17:45independently. As a result, there were significantly
02:17:49fewer reasons for protests and unrest. In addition to the provincial
02:17:52reform, the system of transformations.
02:18:25It was a difficult time for the empress. She
02:18:28felt that, despite all the victories and
02:18:30benefactions, her subjects gave
02:18:34preference to the heir Paul, who had done
02:18:37nothing for the country yet. However, she
02:18:41herself deprived him of this opportunity. Paul
02:18:44remained for her an eternal reminder that she
02:18:47came to power as a result of
02:18:50a coup. And that at any moment, as a result of
02:18:53another coup. the throne could pass to
02:18:57her son.
02:19:04Their relationship became increasingly strained.
02:19:25Paul's place in the administration of the empire was taken by
02:19:29Catherine's favorite, Prince Grigory
02:19:32Potemkin. He, and not Paul, became a member of
02:19:35the council at the Imperial Court, as well as
02:19:38practically the head of the military college, the first
02:19:41person after the sovereign. With him,
02:19:44and not with the heir, the empress discussed all
02:19:47the most important matters, including the preparation of estate
02:19:51reforms.
02:19:56Many, even Catherine, often called serfs
02:20:00slaves, however, this did not correspond to
02:20:03reality. Unlike a slave, a serf had
02:20:07property, arranged his personal life himself, could appeal to
02:20:10court and even buy freedom for himself and his
02:20:13family. The landowner was not a slave owner, but merely
02:20:17a person responsible for collecting taxes and recruiting soldiers from
02:20:21his lands. By law, he vouched for the well-being
02:20:25of the peasants, was obliged to allocate them land
02:20:28to help in case of crop failure or natural
02:20:31disasters, to give loans of grain or
02:20:33money, to ensure that there were no beggars on his estate,
02:20:37to help fire victims, if it
02:20:39turned out that a runaway peasant had lost land through the fault of the
02:20:43owner, the landowner faced legal proceedings, up to
02:20:47deprivation of the right to the estate. The landowner
02:20:49maintained order on the land allocated to him, he could
02:20:53judge and punish offenders, but not
02:20:56kill. Peasants had the right to complain about
02:20:59the landowner's abuse to the Senate, to
02:21:02the Justice College, but fearing bureaucratic
02:21:05red tape, peasants tried.
02:21:13On June 28, 1762,
02:21:16the Empress received a complaint about
02:21:19the atrocities of the landowner Saltykova. Darya
02:21:23Saltykova belonged to a well-known noble family,
02:21:26was related to the royal family, all attempts
02:21:29by peasants to denounce the villain ended the same way.
02:21:33The case was not pursued 21 times.
02:21:36Saltychikha bribed officials, threatened,
02:21:39and no one wanted to get involved with her, but after
02:21:43a complaint to the highest authority, everything changed,
02:21:46Catherine immediately ordered an inquiry, investigator
02:21:50Stepan Volkov received permission to search the landowner's
02:21:54estate.
02:22:00Next to the estate, right in the churchyard, according to the serfs,
02:22:04those tormented by Saltychikha were buried. But
02:22:07more often the bodies of the unfortunate were loaded onto carts and taken to
02:22:11the Trinity estate in Tyoply Stan. There their
02:22:14remains were found. The case
02:22:17spoke of 139 murdered, this is a quarter
02:22:21of all the landowner's serfs. The investigation
02:22:24officially confirmed 38
02:22:27victims.
02:22:30The court stripped Saltykova of her noble title
02:22:33and name, sentenced her to death, replaced by
02:22:36life imprisonment, before which the landowner was subjected to
02:22:40civil execution, she was displayed in chains on Red Square
02:22:44at the pillory with a sign around her neck
02:22:47reading "tormentor and murderer."
02:22:51After this, she was put in chains into the underground prison of the Ivanovsky
02:22:54Convent with the sentence to deprive
02:22:57her evil soul of all life and all human
02:23:01society, and her stinking body
02:23:04to be committed to the providence of the Creator.
02:23:15Saltykova's case would never have been brought to court
02:23:19without the intervention of
02:23:20the Empress.
02:23:23Experienced officials warned Catherine, as soon as
02:23:27you punish Saltychikha, a flood of
02:23:30complaints will follow.
02:23:35And so it happened.
02:23:49By law, the estates of impoverished or cruelly condemned
02:23:53landowners came under state guardianship.
02:23:56The management of the estate passed into the hands of an appointed
02:23:59official, although the lord retained
02:24:02ownership and received his income.
02:24:06However, to dispose.
02:24:17Soon Catherine forbade receiving complaints from peasants
02:24:21directly into her own royal hands and
02:24:24ordered them to be sent to state
02:24:27institutions from the Senate to local courts, which were
02:24:30ordered to investigate every case.
02:24:34The Empress demonstrated to
02:24:36society. The government will not indifferently observe
02:24:40crimes of this kind. A serf
02:24:43is a human being, just as much a subject as any
02:24:46other.
02:24:50The case of the sadist Saltykova was more of
02:24:53an exception. Most landowners,
02:24:55who were characterized by cruel treatment of serfs,
02:24:59ended their lives in complete
02:25:01ruin. For the prosperity of the estate,
02:25:05the landowner had to take care.
02:25:50will manage all the household affairs after him.
02:25:54The estates were considerable, 810,000
02:25:58hectares of land, more than three modern
02:26:01Moscows. The count owned 210,000
02:26:05serf souls, the population of St. Petersburg at that time.
02:26:09Санкт-Петербурга.
02:26:17Sheremetev's Moscow estate, Kuskovo, was
02:26:20often called the Russian Versailles. In front of the house
02:26:23and palace lay a lake, on which there was a whole
02:26:27flotilla. From the lake, an alley led to a menagerie with
02:26:30a hunting ground. On the other side stretched
02:26:34a large garden with pleasure activities.
02:26:38In the depths of the huge park, a Dutch house with
02:26:41paintings by Rembrandt and Van Dyck was hidden. Next
02:26:45to it was a Chinese house with expensive porcelain. In a huge
02:26:48orangery, they grew.
02:27:35century, the quitrent was 2 rubles per soul, then by the end of the century it reached 5
02:27:39rubles. The total amount of quitrent from Sheremetev's name
02:27:42amounted to 630 thousand rubles per
02:27:46year. For small landowners, more often.
02:27:51The more money the lord wanted, the more days the peasant worked
02:27:55in his field. Catherine planned to determine
02:27:58the size of this obligation, but she never
02:28:01implemented it in practice. In Malorussia,
02:28:04where the soils were of high quality, corvée
02:28:08reached 7 days a week. Landowners took
02:28:11peasant lands for themselves and used serfs, as
02:28:15plantation workers. In the north of the country in
02:28:18the non-black soil region, against the owners, they did not
02:28:22strive for corvée, but to let the Christians go on quitrent meant
02:28:25to receive a sure income. Thus appeared
02:28:28the artels of Olonets carpenters, Vladimir
02:28:32masons, who, according to Pushkin's expression,
02:28:35went a hundred versts to earn
02:28:37money.
02:28:40Nikolay Sheremetev began to receive an education, like
02:28:44most noble children, from the age of 7. To the compulsory
02:28:48education program, his father.
02:29:20wrapped Nikolay by weight and sent his son to continue
02:29:24his education in Holland, away from
02:29:26the heir Pavel, friendship with whom could
02:29:30spoil Nikolay's
02:29:31career.
02:29:34Those who were close to Tsarevich Pavel, the Empress did not
02:29:38trust, her relationship with her son became more
02:29:41and more difficult and
02:29:44tangled every year, and after learning about Pavel's participation in a conspiracy
02:29:47directed against her, Catherine completely
02:29:51removed the heir from political
02:29:54life.
02:29:58Now she saw his main and only purpose in
02:30:01continuing
02:30:03the dynasty.
02:30:10Pavel's first wife, Natalia Alekseevna, died in
02:30:13childbirth with the child.
02:30:17Catherine, not caring much about her son's feelings, immediately began
02:30:20to look for a new
02:30:22wife for him.
02:30:26Just six months later, Pavel's wedding to
02:30:29Princess Sophia Dorothea
02:30:31of Württemberg
02:30:34took place, who in Orthodoxy became Maria
02:30:36Fyodorovna. In the second year
02:30:40of her marriage, she gave birth
02:30:42to a son.
02:37:15took the newborn
02:37:17Pavel from her.
02:37:22Back then, in her youth, Catherine was unable
02:37:25to enjoy maternal happiness,
02:37:29and now she was making up for lost time with her little grandson.
02:37:53When young Sheremetev returned to Russia,
02:37:56his father suggested he create his own theater on the estate, and Nikolay
02:38:00gladly
02:38:03agreed. He decided to recruit a troupe from
02:38:07household serfs and teach them singing and
02:38:10dancing, no worse than actors on the Parisian
02:38:13stage.
02:38:29A person who entered the service of the master became a household serf,
02:38:32that is, a servant without land. Not all serfs considered
02:38:35such a change in life a stroke of luck, although the work
02:38:39of household serfs was easier, and living conditions were better. They completely
02:38:42depended on the whims of the master. It was precisely household serfs who could receive
02:38:46professional training, train as a cook,
02:38:49seamstress, carriage maker, coachman. In a large household, many
02:38:53professions were required. The most capable
02:38:56were taught literacy and languages, and particularly talented ones the landowner could even
02:39:00send to study abroad at his own expense. Many
02:39:03outstanding figures emerged from serfs, more
02:39:07famous than their masters. For example,
02:39:10architect Andrey Voronikh, creator of the Kazan Cathedral in
02:39:14St. Petersburg.
02:40:15to behave on stage, to speak correctly,
02:40:18to sing, soon she got a small role, just a couple of
02:40:22phrases on stage, but the young count
02:40:25understood that the girl would
02:40:28amount to something.
02:40:32Not much time passed, and Nikolay Sheremetev gave young
02:40:36Praskovya Kuznetsova the main role, the part of
02:40:39Belinda in the Italian opera. From then on,
02:40:42the actress performed under a new surname,
02:40:45Zhemchugova. On stage, her heroine,
02:40:48the noble Belinda, was ready to sacrifice
02:40:52everything for love. The audience
02:40:55applauded long and rapturously. The young
02:40:58actress froze in amazement, she, a serf,
02:41:02was being applauded by nobles. Purses flew to Parasha's feet, which in those
02:41:05times often replaced
02:41:09the bouquets we are used to. And only the young count
02:41:12did not throw a purse.
02:41:29At first, it seemed like ordinary
02:41:31passion.
02:41:33Another household serf girl found herself in the count's
02:41:36chambers.
02:41:39But Nikolay spent more and more time with Praskovya.
02:41:43He rehearsed parts with her, supervised her training in playing the
02:41:47clavichord. She was given access to
02:41:50the count's library. Praskovya freely read books
02:41:54in French and Italian languages, including
02:41:58Diderot and Rousseau. It was
02:42:01interesting to talk to her, just imagine, with a serf
02:42:05girl.
02:42:14Once, Catherine's romance with Grigory
02:42:16Potemkin began just as brightly. They
02:42:20felt and thought alike, although
02:42:23the passion eventually faded, Grigory Alexandrovich
02:42:26forever remained the closest friend and associate of
02:42:30the Empress. They corresponded, and
02:42:34even far from St. Petersburg, Potemkin always knew
02:42:37what was happening in Catherine's
02:42:38life.
02:42:46Catherine tried to instill in her young favorites
02:42:49a taste for literature and art, history and
02:42:52philosophy, proudly writing to Potemkin about
02:42:56the successes of her...
02:42:59new infatuation, but none of these young men could replace Grigory
02:43:03Alexandrovich for the Empress,
02:43:05and she still only discussed important state
02:43:09affairs with him, including foreign policy problems and
02:43:12the peasant
02:43:13question.
02:43:18The era of Catherine saw the peak of serfdom
02:43:21for peasants. Due to the population of the lands
02:43:24of Novorossiya annexed to the Russian Empire, the number
02:43:27of serfs increased by approximately
02:43:29a million. But at the same time, Catherine carried out
02:43:33the secularization of church lands and transferred about 2 million
02:43:36monastery peasants to the category of
02:43:39state peasants. As a result, the empress freed twice
02:43:43as many peasants as she enserfed. She
02:43:46bought peasants from ruined landowners as
02:43:50free citizens, settled them in cities, developing
02:43:54small crafts and production there. She forbade
02:43:57buying serfs for work in factories. By her decree,
02:44:01peasants who received freedom were forbidden to be re-registered as
02:44:04serfs. This was the first law in Russia on the protection of
02:44:08the individual.
02:44:13In honor of the twenty-fifth anniversary of Catherine II's reign,
02:44:17the Sheremetevs organized a grand celebration. They rebuilt
02:44:20the theater with the latest engineering technology,
02:44:24chose a play, sewed costumes, rehearsed.
02:44:28In the new theater for 150 spectators, they staged the opera
02:44:32The Samnite Marriages.
02:44:35According to the plot, in the warlike tribe of the Samnites, lovers
02:44:38are forbidden to show their feelings, but proud Iliana
02:44:42decides to win the right to choose her own groom.
02:44:45Disguised as a man, she bravely fights the
02:44:49Romans, and after the victory, she chooses a
02:44:52husband for herself. The role of Iliana was given to
02:44:55Praskovya Zhemchugova.
02:44:59In Kuskovo, crowds of guests gathered for the
02:45:02celebration. The road was decorated with arches and triumphal
02:45:06gates. The approach of the Empress was announced by
02:45:09trumpeters. On the lake in front of the house stood a whole
02:45:13flotilla, on the largest ship six cannons were installed
02:45:16for a welcoming
02:45:18salute. In the banquet hall, a festive
02:45:22table was set. The abundance of porcelain, silver, gold could
02:45:26amaze even the empress. Vases held
02:45:30exotic fruits and flowers from the orangery, in the kitchen
02:45:33fish from their own ponds and game from the count's
02:45:37forest were prepared.
02:45:40In the theater, the orchestra was tuning
02:45:43instruments.
02:45:49In the new dressing room, Praskovya Zhemchugova was putting on
02:45:52her dress. She knew it was her
02:45:56day.
02:46:04Catherine did not like music, her right ear
02:46:07heard instruments in one timbre, her left in
02:46:10another, resulting in cacophony and a headache
02:46:13starting. Nikolay Sheremetev tried to explain
02:46:16something about the soprano heroine, but the empress was not
02:46:20listening. She was captivated by something
02:46:23entirely different. The actress in a man's dress was not
02:46:26just beautiful.
02:46:30She fought for her right, rebelling against an entire
02:46:33society. This reminded the empress of her
02:46:36own fate, when disguised.
02:47:10the performance, Parasha was forced to watch through the crack of
02:47:29But at the festive feast after the door,
02:47:33while
02:47:36the noble guests, including her beloved Nikolay, sat
02:47:40with the empress at the same
02:47:42table.
02:47:46The privileges of the nobility were enshrined in the Manifesto on the Freedom of
02:47:49the Nobility, issued by Catherine's husband, Emperor Peter
02:47:52III. The Manifesto freed the noble
02:47:56estate from compulsory military and civil
02:47:58service. At the same time, the lands received from the state
02:48:02remained with the nobles. As a result, a dangerous
02:48:06situation of a shortage of service personnel began to develop. When
02:48:10Catherine came to power, she did not dare to abolish the manifesto, as this
02:48:14would have turned the entire noble
02:48:16society against her. She found another way out: those who
02:48:20were willing to serve were promised the widest
02:48:23benefits: resignation at will, the possibility
02:48:26of transitioning from military service to civil service, free
02:48:30travel abroad, a gradation of
02:48:33rights was established, corresponding to different
02:48:36ranks. According to it, coachmen were given horses.
02:48:40It was allowed to eat on silver dishes, for women
02:48:44the height of the hairstyle and the length of the train were approved. For service,
02:48:48Catherine generously granted villages, money, positions,
02:48:52orders.
02:48:57Old Count Pyotr Borisovich Sheremetev was one of
02:49:01the first to take advantage of the benefits that the manifesto
02:49:04provided. He left service and went to his
02:49:07estate.
02:49:10Now, after the count's death, his son Nikolay became the owner of
02:49:13a huge fortune. He
02:49:16could have given freedom to Zhemchugova, but
02:49:19that did not happen, and Praskovya and her friend,
02:49:23the dancer Shlykova-Granatova, refused this
02:49:27mercy.
02:49:29Few peasants realized the value of freedom,
02:49:33where would they go, how would they earn
02:49:35a living?
02:49:39felt
02:50:10safe. Peasants of a kind, ruined
02:50:14master often collected money to pay his debt.
02:50:18Risking their lives, they hid the master's children during
02:50:21Pugachev's rebellion. Even after the abolition of serfdom,
02:50:24many peasants would not want to abandon their
02:50:27masters and would remain living with them. In turn,
02:50:31landowners did not always know how to manage their farms, deal with
02:50:35agrarian, financial, and trade issues.
02:50:38The abolition of serfdom.
02:51:11Republicans were inspired by ideas of freedom,
02:51:15equality, fraternity, but the romantic ideals of the revolution
02:51:19turned into the bloody nightmare of the Jacobin
02:51:22terror. In Paris, the king and
02:51:25queen were executed, France plunged into the chaos of civil
02:51:28war. In her youth, Catherine herself
02:51:32was fascinated by liberal ideas. Back then, it would
02:51:36not have occurred to her that the thoughts of her beloved
02:51:38philosophers would be championed by
02:51:41revolutionaries.
02:51:44The administrative reform carried out by Catherine II in
02:51:481775-1778
02:51:51years, saved Russia from such a development
02:51:55of events. Nevertheless, the empress ordered
02:51:58the expulsion from Russia of all who were suspected of sympathizing with
02:52:02the revolution, within the empire censorship was tightened
02:52:05following the example of Prussia and Austria. In particular, a case was
02:52:08initiated against the prominent Moscow publisher Nikolay
02:52:12Novikov, in whose magazines acute social
02:52:15issues were raised. And Alexander Radishchev's book,
02:52:19Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow, which.
02:52:36These measures were designed to protect Russian society from the spread of subversive ideas. The Empress felt like almost the only
02:52:39guardian of order in her country, while
02:52:43the world was rapidly
02:52:44changing.
02:52:52Metiev began openly living with his serf actress
02:52:56Praskovya Zhemchugova, as
02:52:58his wife.
02:53:01Noble society was shocked, how could
02:53:05one consider a serf their equal?
02:53:20distinguished guests of the count. When
02:53:44Sheremetev moved to St. Petersburg to enter
02:53:47service in the Senate, Praskovya was met with
02:53:50the contempt of the capital.
02:53:53She was not received in noble houses, and even in the theater, her
02:53:56appearance caused a demonstrative walkout of spectators from
02:54:00the hall. She found herself in complete isolation.
02:54:14Due to financial problems, Sheremetev had to close
02:54:17the theater in Ostankino, which he built for
02:54:20Praskovya. He was torn from his family,
02:54:24cleaned up, taught literacy, forced to perform on stage,
02:54:27now returned to the estate as scribes, laundresses,
02:54:30janitors. Sheremetev did not assign anyone to the plow or to
02:54:34livestock, but the talents, recently shining
02:54:38on stage, now performed roles given
02:54:41by birth.
02:54:49Perhaps if the Empress had shown sympathy for them...
03:00:35the land will not meet most outsiders, only the Decembrist
03:00:39Ivan Yakushkin will offer his serfs personal
03:00:42freedom on the condition that the land remains his
03:00:45property, the peasants will be able to
03:00:48rent it, but the peasants will tell the master,
03:00:51let everything remain as it was, we are yours, and the land is
03:00:55ours. At the same time, many tsarist dignitaries and
03:00:58statesmen will release serfs to
03:01:01freedom, including the head of the Third Department and the commander
03:01:05of the Corps of Gendarmes, Alexander Khristoforovich
03:01:08Benckendorff.
03:01:15Society demanded Nikolay Sheremetev
03:01:18marry an aristocrat.
03:01:22Even Catherine got involved in finding a wife for the count,
03:01:25and to avoid marriage
03:01:28at the empress's will, Sheremetev resigned.
03:01:30His age was approaching
03:01:34old age. Once he fell ill, he asked
03:01:38himself what would happen to Praskovya if he
03:01:41died.
03:01:44Illness, inability to sing, hostile attitudes of
03:01:47those around him, all this suggested a terrifying
03:01:50answer. The count finally
03:01:54did what he should have done
03:01:56long ago. He gave Praskovya
03:01:59her freedom to marry
03:02:02her.
03:02:09The count's wife had to be of noble
03:02:12origin. Nikolay's attorney
03:02:15went to Malorossiya, where many Polish
03:02:19nobles lived, and heraldic books were not kept. For
03:02:23the corresponding money, they found a noble ancestor for
03:02:26Praskovya with the surname
03:02:28Kovalevsky.
03:02:33On Arbat, there is still a small church of Simeon
03:02:37the Stylite, where Nikolay Sheremetev secretly
03:02:41married Praskovya
03:02:43Kovalevskaya.
03:02:54She was 33, he was 50
03:02:57years old.
03:03:03Officially, this marriage would be recognized only in the
03:03:0619th century, during the reign of Alexander
03:03:10I. Soon after the wedding, Praskovya
03:03:14Zhemchugova, who became Countess Sheremeteva,
03:03:17gave birth to a son, Dmitry,
03:03:20but her weak health did not allowed her to recover after
03:03:24a difficult birth, 3 weeks later she
03:03:27died.
03:03:31Count Nikolay Petrovich outlived his wife by not long.
03:03:35Their son Dmitry Sheremetyev at just under 6 years old remained
03:03:39a complete orphan, was raised by Praskovya's
03:03:42friend, received
03:03:45служил в Кавалергардском полку.
03:03:48стал крупнейшим благотворителем российской
03:03:50империи. На его средства существовали
03:03:54многие столичные храмы, больницы,
03:03:57приюты и частично Петербургский
03:04:00университет.
03:04:03Но в первую очередь Дмитрий Шереметьев содержал
03:04:06странноприимный дом, построенный его отцом в
03:04:09исполнении последней воли жены. Известное
03:04:13здание с колоннами, ныне не и скорой помощи
03:04:17имени. лифосовского стала памятником
03:04:20просковье-жемчуговой,
03:04:22крепостной актрисе, которая благодаря великой
03:04:25силе любви доказало, что все люди
03:04:29равны, а значит, должны
03:04:32быть одинаково
03:04:33свободны.
03:04:39Императрица Екатерина II разменяла седьмой
03:04:42десяток. Пора было подводить
03:04:45In
03:04:48году не стало её единственного друга Григория
03:04:52Потёмкина. Он умер внезапно в дороге между Ясами и
03:04:56Николаевым, прямо под открытым небом.
03:05:24Узнав об этом, Екатерина упала в обморок, и её с
03:05:27трудом вернули в сознание, она очень
03:05:30тяжело переживала эту потерю и долго не могла вернуться к
03:05:34обычной жизни, она чувствовала, что
03:05:36осталась совсем
03:05:38одна.
03:06:2216 лет, Екатерина спешно женила
03:06:25его.
03:06:33Ходили слухи, что императрица уже составила завещение в
03:06:37пользу внука.
03:06:39Однако её планам не суждено было
03:06:42сбыться.
03:06:55В среду 5 ноября 1796
03:06:58года Екатерина проснулась в необыкновенно хорошем
03:07:02настроении, как обычно, выпила
03:07:05кофе, немного поработала в своём кабинете пошла в
03:07:09гардеробное, переодеться для
03:07:12прогулки.
03:07:17полчаса слуги заволновались, императрицы всё не
03:07:21было.
03:07:36Камер Локей Зотов нашёл Екатерину без
03:07:38сознания.
03:07:46Слуги перенесли императрицу в спальню. Спешно
03:07:49вызванный личный врач констатировал тяжёлый
03:07:52удар современном языке
03:07:54инсульт.
03:07:58Сохранилась легенда, что. Незадолго до смерти императрица
03:08:01увидела своего двойника,
03:08:04белую женщину. Екатерина не испугалась, а
03:08:08поблагодарила призрак за предупреждение,
03:08:11позволявшее ей закончить свои
03:08:13дела.
03:08:17Не приходя в сознание императрица прожила ещё
03:08:19сутки.
03:08:49Она умерла 6 ноября в 9:00
03:08:52вечера, вместе с её жизнью окончилась целая
03:08:56эпоха русской истории.
03:09:04Новый Император Павел I считал, что реформа Екатерины
03:09:08привели дела Империи в беспорядок. Главной
03:09:11причиной он полагал излишние вольности дарованные
03:09:14дворянству, потому отменил многие права и
03:09:17свободы этого сословия. Однако
03:09:20развитие общества, заложенное Екатериной, остановить
03:09:24было уже невозможно. Смягчились нравы,
03:09:27помещчики, которой дурно обращались к...
03:09:30крестьянами подвергались всеобщему осуждению. Новое
03:09:34поколение дворян, воспитанное в духе идей просвещения,
03:09:38становилось настоящей элитой
03:09:40общества. Однако общество
03:09:44по-прежнему оставалось разделённым на господ
03:09:47слуг, которые обладали разными
03:09:50правами.
03:09:53Отмена крепостного права без предварительной финансовой и
03:09:57экономической подготовки, повлекла бы за собой ряд.
03:10:00экономических и социальных последствий, которые
03:10:03неминуемо привели бы к уменьшению производства сельскохозяйственной
03:10:07продукции, падению доходов государства, массовому
03:10:10обнищанию и голоду. Поэтому
03:10:13крестьянский вопрос решался очень долго. Сын Екатерины,
03:10:17Павел II издал указ, ограничивающий барщину тремя
03:10:21днями в неделю. Старший внук Александр I
03:10:25выпустил рекомендательный указ о вольных хлебопажцах.
03:10:28При младшем внуке.
03:10:41будут освобождены помещичьи крестьяне.
03:11:05Екатерина была уверена, чтобы
03:11:08избавиться от психологии слуг и господ.