Google Cloud Speech-to-Text API (Chirp) + Gemini 2.5 Flash Non-Thinking. Treat it as a searchable index of what was broadcast, not a quotation record.
00:00:00He took a risk and asked difficult questions. How deep was
00:00:03your relationship with America or the intelligence
00:00:07agency? We can see the impact of the explosion from here. We haven't
00:00:10fully seen the effects of the war yet. It is our professional duty to convey
00:00:14a true and comprehensive image of the news.
00:00:18BBC
00:00:20Persian
00:00:26and now on BBC Persian TV. Science.
00:01:04Hello to you, I am Nazanin Motamedi. In this program from 37 degrees, we will talk
00:01:08about tooth decay. It is a very common problem that
00:01:11its treatment is both expensive and complicated, but it has simple
00:01:15ways to prevent it, and later
00:01:17in the program,
00:01:19by browsing social networks, you feel that you are falling behind others.
00:01:22What should we do with the anxiety caused by this feeling?
00:01:26How do we not allow the use of social networks to turn into an addiction?
00:01:30severe and addictive.
00:01:31Do you
00:01:35know anything about tooth wear? Unlike
00:01:38tooth decay, in tooth wear, all teeth are affected.
00:01:41The surface of the tooth or enamel is lost. The color
00:01:45of the tooth changes and the teeth become shorter, and eventually
00:01:49speech becomes problematic and the teeth lose their function.
00:01:52Considering the high cost of dental services,
00:01:56it is good to know about it, especially since some of our daily habits, which we even
00:02:00think are useful, cause tooth wear.
00:02:02When
00:02:05we were children, we were always warned about tooth decay,
00:02:08what sweets and chocolates do to teeth.
00:02:12But
00:02:14until recently, I hadn't heard anything about tooth wear.
00:02:18And that too for a problem that is so common
00:02:22in the world.
00:02:2433 percent of people have tooth wear.
00:02:28That means 1 in 3 people.
00:02:31That's a lot. What happens
00:02:35in tooth wear? Tooth wear means
00:02:38the dissolution of the tooth surface by acids present in
00:02:42food. When the surface or enamel of the tooth
00:02:46is lost, because it has no living cells, it cannot regenerate itself.
00:02:49That's why any damage to the tooth enamel
00:02:53is permanent. The amazing thing is that the cause
00:02:57of tooth wear are habits that we think are
00:03:00beneficial and healthy.
00:03:03I came to King's College London to see a researcher who
00:03:06has been researching tooth wear and ways to prevent it for years.
00:03:10One of
00:03:13the members of this group is Dr.
00:03:15Charalambos.
00:03:18To show me the cause of tooth wear, Dr.
00:03:22Charalambos performs an experiment on me. Well, what
00:03:26we are going to do now is to measure the acidity of your mouth.
00:03:30Before you eat anything, we will measure it.
00:03:33That's why we use this probe that can
00:03:36show us the pH of your mouth. Normally,
00:03:40for teeth to be in a safe environment, the pH of the mouth should be
00:03:44close to seven, meaning a neutral environment. The more
00:03:47acidic the mouth environment, this number comes
00:03:51down and the probability of tooth wear increases.
00:03:54Before I drink anything, my mouth's pH
00:03:57is 6.2. Very good. Now drink this orange juice.
00:04:01We want to measure the time it takes for your mouth's
00:04:05pH to return to normal. The acidity of my mouth
00:04:07immediately dropped to 4.7
00:04:10and it took 18 seconds to return
00:04:14to a safe state, meaning a neutral state.
00:04:17Now this time, when drinking, hold it
00:04:21in your mouth for 10 seconds first, then swallow
00:04:24it. This way, both the acidity of my mouth
00:04:27increased and it took longer
00:04:31for the inside of my mouth to return to a neutral state.
00:04:34Alright. Now this time, rinse
00:04:37the orange juice like mouthwash for about 10 seconds in your mouth
00:04:41and then swallow
00:04:43it.
00:04:46This time the pH dropped to three and it took
00:04:49almost 10 minutes for the mouth environment to return
00:04:52to a neutral state. What happened that this time my mouth remained
00:04:56acidic for such a long time? This experiment showed that holding
00:05:00too much drink in the mouth or swirling it
00:05:03in the mouth causes significantly more damage
00:05:06to the teeth. That's why the best way to protect
00:05:10teeth from wear
00:05:13is to swallow quickly as much as possible.
00:05:17What if we use a straw? Because it reduces the contact of acidic liquid with teeth,
00:05:21right? Yes,
00:05:24actually, this is much better. There are studies that
00:05:28have shown that drinking carbonated
00:05:31drinks with a straw minimizes the harmful effects
00:05:34of tooth wear. But a paper straw, not a plastic one. Of course,
00:05:38it's better for the environment if it's not plastic. It's
00:05:43not just orange juice. Among drinks that we consider healthy,
00:05:47fruit tea, lime in hot water,
00:05:50drinks flavored with fruits also have the same harmful
00:05:54effect on teeth. What is the difference
00:05:57between tooth decay and tooth wear?
00:05:59The
00:06:03cause of tooth wear is the acids in food or
00:06:06stomach acid. Tooth decay is due
00:06:09to bacteria that settle on the teeth. They also
00:06:13feed on the sugar in our diet and cause
00:06:16cavities in the teeth. Now let's compare
00:06:20the effect of different drinks on tooth wear.
00:06:23We put samples of tooth enamel in orange
00:06:26juice, soda, non-carbonated
00:06:29yogurt drink, and fruit tea.
00:06:31It has
00:06:37been an hour now. The damage to the tooth
00:06:40enamel during this time is equivalent to someone drinking
00:06:44three drinks a day for two days.
00:06:46Here we have four different
00:06:50microscopic images. The damage caused by wear
00:06:53is that dark line in the middle of the samples. Soda
00:06:57is the one that causes the most damage to tooth enamel. You can
00:07:01see that about 10 microns of the tooth
00:07:03has worn away. The damage from non-carbonated
00:07:07yogurt drink is very slight. So little that it seems
00:07:10to have caused no damage at all.
00:07:15In addition to carbonated drinks, alcoholic beverages,
00:07:18citrus fruits, tomatoes, peppers, and anything
00:07:22with vinegar, such as various pickles, ketchup, and even chips,
00:07:26also increase the rate of tooth
00:07:29erosion due to their high acidity.
00:07:32Every time you eat or drink something, it takes
00:07:36time for your mouth's pH to return to a neutral and normal state.
00:07:39But this doesn't mean that we should no longer consume healthy acidic foods.
00:07:59For example, we should drink orange juice with lunch or
00:08:02immediately before or after it.
00:08:06Research has shown that if we drink two cups of acidic drinks
00:08:09between main meals every day, the probability
00:08:13of developing severe tooth erosion increases
00:08:16by 12 times. I
00:08:19never thought that some of these drinks would have such an effect on
00:08:23our teeth. We only have one set of teeth for the rest of our lives, so we must
00:08:26take care of them. Fortunately, there are things we can
00:08:30do to reduce damage to tooth enamel.
00:08:34After consuming an acidic substance, you can eat
00:08:37a calcium-rich food. For example, eat a piece
00:08:41of cheese or eat your fruit with yogurt. Because
00:08:44calcium minerals help minimize tooth wear
00:08:48and restore minerals. Tea
00:08:51or coffee and definitely water do not cause tooth
00:08:55wear. Instead of fruit tea, drink green
00:08:58tea. Be aware that some herbal teas that contain
00:09:01citrus are highly acidic. If you want
00:09:05to flavor your water, instead of lime, use cucumber,
00:09:09mint, or rosemary. And always have sugar-free
00:09:12gum with you because gum increases saliva
00:09:16secretion in your mouth, which protects
00:09:19teeth against acid.
00:09:21Dr. Amir Ataee Kachooi,
00:09:24a dentist and former lecturer in various dentistry courses at
00:09:28King's College London, is our guest. Dr. Ataee was a finalist
00:09:31for Best Young Dentist in the UK in 2016.
00:09:35Welcome, Dr. How do we know if our teeth have worn down?
00:09:38You see, there are symptoms such as tooth sensitivity
00:09:42to drinks or sweets, or a change
00:09:45in tooth color to darker, because the tooth enamel becomes
00:09:49thinner, or the root of the tooth is darker
00:09:53in color, and tooth decay occurs
00:09:57at a faster rate, or the teeth become shorter
00:10:01in appearance, or a series of pits are seen next to the teeth. These are symptoms
00:10:04that patients might notice are happening.
00:10:08What habits intensify tooth wear the most or
00:10:11cause it?
00:10:25Those who consume a lot of carbonated drinks
00:10:29or alcoholic beverages can also do this. Research has shown that
00:10:32even diet sodas are even more acidic
00:10:35than regular sodas. Things like fruit leathers,
00:10:39tamarinds, and lime are very bad.
00:10:43Or those who have stomach problems, acid reflux from
00:10:46the stomach to the mouth, or diseases like bulimia,
00:10:49anorexia, who do this intentionally to lose
00:10:53weight.
00:11:04And that is due to a series of excessive pressures that patients put on their teeth
00:11:07during chewing or during sleep or wakefulness, which
00:11:11we colloquially call clenching or bruxism. This is the same tooth
00:11:14grinding. Yes. In a way that they rub
00:11:18them against each other excessively continuously and for a long time. This causes
00:11:21these two hard materials, like any other two hard materials,
00:11:25to wear severely over time.
00:11:28And another factor is the mistakes
00:11:32that people might make, such as using very hard toothbrushes.
00:11:36For example, people who drink a lot of tea and coffee or smoke
00:11:39think that if they use a hard toothbrush, they will remove these stains
00:11:43from their teeth faster. And then they brush
00:11:46vigorously. Meaning both a stiff
00:11:50brush and hard brushing. Yes, it exists. Or habits such as using
00:11:54toothpicks, which we do not recommend at all. So what
00:11:58should we do? There is dental floss that should be used correctly,
00:12:01and interdental brushes
00:12:05that are brushes or floss. There is no brush, but it cannot harm
00:12:08the teeth. But something like a toothpick, because
00:12:12it has no brush and is a piece of wood and a relatively hard material, when
00:12:16this is done over time, it only damages the teeth.
00:12:19Dr. Ataee, in the program's specialist report, said that after
00:12:23eating acidic foods or
00:12:27acidic drinks, it's better to eat cheese or calcium-rich foods. Besides
00:12:31cheese, what other kinds of things can be eaten? I don't recommend
00:12:34cream cheeses. Regular
00:12:37cheeses and these cheeses, because they are sticky and have high calcium
00:12:41and are alkaline, they cause the acidic state
00:12:45of the teeth to return quickly. And because they are sticky, they stick to the teeth to some extent
00:12:49and provide calcium to the teeth, because calcium helps the teeth
00:12:53return to normal faster. In addition to cheese, green
00:12:57vegetables like spinach or broccoli and
00:13:00cauliflower are other foods that can be consumed
00:13:04after acidic drinks. Dr. Ataee,
00:13:07if we drink water after eating acidic things, will the acidity
00:13:11of the teeth decrease? You see, perhaps water
00:13:14cannot reduce it as quickly or to the same extent
00:13:17as some foods like cheese or vegetables that
00:13:21I mentioned, but it also has no dental harm
00:13:25because it finally dilutes the concentration of the
00:13:28acidic liquid, and water in some parts
00:13:32of the world also contains fluoride, which also helps regenerate the teeth.
00:13:35Perhaps it is better than water to use
00:13:39things like mint tablets or sugar-free fresheners
00:13:43that cause saliva secretion to be
00:13:46faster and better, and because
00:13:49saliva can neutralize the acidity of the mouth
00:13:53better and faster than water.
00:13:57First, the person should be somewhat aware that they are doing this. Sometimes
00:14:01it is hidden, they are not aware they are doing it, because the most
00:14:05important cause of teeth grinding is stress.
00:14:08They should try to reduce their stress by doing
00:14:12exercise and breathing exercises. Those who are
00:14:15used to chewing gum a lot and think it's good for their teeth,
00:14:19because their chewing system gets used to excessive chewing and pressing
00:14:22against each other, they are more likely to grind their teeth at night.
00:14:27And finally, if they see that this issue
00:14:31still continues, the best thing to do is to ask their dentist for a
00:14:35night guard, which is molded and made for them.
00:14:38This covers one of
00:14:41their jaws, and if they grind their teeth,
00:14:45it prevents the teeth from damaging each other, and
00:14:49even prevents some damages to the jaw, temporomandibular
00:14:52joint, and chewing muscles in this area. Over
00:14:55time, and sometimes their treatment is very severe, it can also prevent that.
00:14:59What is the treatment for tooth wear? The most important part is
00:15:03prevention. After prevention and elimination
00:15:06of tooth wear factors and
00:15:09appropriate academic evaluations, treatments are
00:15:13through dental composites or gold onlays,
00:15:17and sometimes ceramic veneers
00:15:20or ceramic onlays, and sometimes
00:15:24if needed, ceramic or gold crowns. Thank you
00:15:27very much, Dr. Ataee. You're welcome. Thank you for the
00:15:30invitation.
00:15:37If you suddenly find yourself scrolling for hours on Instagram,
00:15:40TikTok, Twitter, or other social networks,
00:15:43you're not alone. New research shows that
00:15:46internet users spend an average of 2 hours and
00:15:5024 minutes a day on social
00:15:54networks. These networks are now a popular and to some extent
00:15:57unavoidable part of life for all age
00:16:00groups. Many positive and useful things can be done on these networks
00:16:04that should not be overlooked. Our point in this program is not
00:16:07that these networks should not be used, but rather we will give
00:16:11you tips so that you can maintain your mental health
00:16:15while using these networks, because specialists say
00:16:18excessive use of social networks may have serious
00:16:22health consequences and turn into severe dependence
00:16:25and addictive behavior, and its consequences are similar
00:16:29to other addictions. But when is the amount of social media use
00:16:33worrying, and when has it reached
00:16:36the stage of addiction? If
00:16:39you scroll through social media when you need rest and relaxation,
00:16:43you should be aware that there is a danger. But if you constantly
00:16:47have to check your phone or else you become nervous and restless,
00:16:50this is one of the signs of addiction. If in addition
00:16:54to social media, you also have face-to-face interactions,
00:16:57that's good. But if you rarely see your friends face-to-face
00:17:00or neglect some of your responsibilities
00:17:04because of scrolling through social media, this is a sign of excess.
00:17:07If you go to social media to escape doing something
00:17:10or to postpone it, a warning bell
00:17:14has sounded for you. But if you resort to these
00:17:18networks to escape worries and problems in your personal life,
00:17:21this can be a sign of addiction. If it's very important
00:17:25to you how much attention your post receives, you should
00:17:29distance yourself a little from social media. But if your whole
00:17:32focus is on how many likes or comments your post gets,
00:17:36this can be indicative.
00:17:39you edit them to make them more attractive, this is a warning sign.
00:17:43But if you change aspects of your personality
00:17:46and life to please your audience, this is a warning sign
00:17:50that you need professional help. If you see
00:17:53any of these signs in yourself or those around you,
00:17:56be sure to consult a mental health professional, because there are
00:18:00good solutions to the problem. We have a conversation with Dr. Nuna
00:18:03El Bakirki, Senior Advisor at the UK Addiction Treatment
00:18:06Centre, who has 18 years of experience in treating addictive
00:18:10behaviors in various countries around the world. I know
00:18:13you are very busy, and thank you for giving your time to 37 degrees.
00:18:17Dr. why do social networks create such
00:18:20dependence?
00:18:22When
00:18:25we spend time on social networks, dopamine is released
00:18:28in the brain. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter
00:18:32of pleasure in the brain. The person feels
00:18:35excited by the feedback received in the form of likes,
00:18:39comments, and the number of times a post is seen.
00:18:42This causes the brain to consider
00:18:45the activity as rewarding and wants to repeat
00:18:48it again and again. When a person prefers
00:18:52to be alone and isolated, or is
00:18:56dissatisfied with themselves, or is involved in an
00:18:58emotional problem, they are more attracted
00:19:01to these networks for dopamine release and may
00:19:05become dependent on them. Stay with us. Social networks
00:19:09have many positive effects, from staying informed about news
00:19:12to acquiring knowledge, skills, earning income, and so on. Some
00:19:16of the audience of the 37-degree program, however, mentioned
00:19:19the negative effects of social networks. News content
00:19:22and another reason is comparing lifestyles, which
00:19:26makes me anxious. Very rarely, but
00:19:30it has happened that to get more reactions on
00:19:33social networks, I have shared an image or
00:19:37text that is different from my real self. I used to feel
00:19:41a lot of anxiety because there was a time when I had a goal
00:19:44and I hadn't reached that goal, and for example, I would see people
00:19:48posting pictures, I don't know, studying abroad,
00:19:52wow, how happy that person is now, how everyone is good, how
00:19:56everyone is happy and all, not that I was sad about their happiness,
00:19:59but about why I haven't reached my goal yet
00:20:03and everyone else has. I became a little anxious, then I felt
00:20:07that, well,
00:20:09I am becoming depressed.
00:20:11Dr. Abubakar, how should we deal with the anxiety
00:20:15caused by falling behind others on social media?
00:20:18On social media, people constantly compare themselves.
00:20:22They compare their inner selves and their
00:20:25most private things, meaning their thoughts
00:20:28and feelings, with the flawless
00:20:31and edited external versions of others,
00:20:35which, in such a comparison,
00:20:37we are almost always losers, and this is harmful
00:20:41to our mental health and our self-perception.
00:20:44The images shared on Instagram, Facebook, and other
00:20:48platforms are distorted, unreal, and filtered.
00:20:52In fact, if previously edited photos of models were seen
00:20:56in magazines, now everyone on social media seems
00:20:59flawless. Constantly comparing oneself to these images can cause
00:21:03feelings of shame and perfectionism, which often manifest
00:21:07as social anxiety disorder.
00:21:10How
00:21:12do we prevent the use of social networks from becoming excessive?
00:21:16There are many practical ways. Turn off
00:21:19notifications. Don't check social
00:21:23networks while eating or watching
00:21:26TV. Designate a place in your house
00:21:29as a phone parking spot, for example, near the door
00:21:33in a place where there is no chair. Whenever you want to check
00:21:36your phone, go there, stand up, check it, and come back.
00:21:40I specifically say standing so that you don't feel
00:21:43comfortable on the couch when checking
00:21:46it. There is a higher chance of spending more
00:21:50time on these networks. Designate a reasonable amount of time
00:21:54each day for social networks.
00:21:56Use a timer to stick to this
00:22:00period. Do not bring phones
00:22:04into the bedroom at all, and use an alarm clock to wake
00:22:07up. Every day, set aside time for
00:22:11completely offline activities that have no connection
00:22:14to technology, such as exercise,
00:22:17reading, or listening to music and
00:22:21such things. Whenever possible, see family
00:22:24and friends in person, and do not check social
00:22:28networks during visits.
00:22:30Delete unnecessary apps or programs and various groups
00:22:34in, for example, Telegram, WhatsApp. Reduce the number of your friends
00:22:38on social networks. Once a month, don't touch
00:22:42your phone at all during the weekend. In my opinion, it's doable. The world won't end.
00:22:45Research has shown that when life satisfaction
00:22:49increases, dependence on the internet and
00:22:52social networks also decreases. It is better for families
00:22:56to go out together or do things at home that do not require
00:23:00browsing social networks to release dopamine.
00:23:04For example, board games, cards, puzzles, and
00:23:08such things. Perhaps with these kinds of activities, the rate of dopamine
00:23:11release is slower, but in the end,
00:23:14we will be happier. Fear of being judged
00:23:17on social networks, fear of missing out on an opportunity.
00:23:21In my opinion, as long as it doesn't cause you a serious problem, it's
00:23:25normal. We are human, and
00:23:26the fear of being judged is in all of us.
00:23:29But when it affects a person's normal life
00:23:34and mental health, something must be done.
00:23:38This is what we do in psychotherapy
00:23:41sessions. We open up the issue
00:23:44of why suddenly the judgment
00:23:47of others has become so important to us.
00:23:50We use techniques that silence
00:23:54disturbing thoughts. For example, we teach
00:23:57the person to step back and view the situation
00:24:01from a third person's perspective, as if that incident didn't
00:24:04happen to them and was between two other people. We teach
00:24:08them to understand that their brain is wired in a specific
00:24:12way, and it's their brain that's telling them, for example,
00:24:15that they are incompetent, not that they are an incompetent person.
00:24:19When social networks are full of advertisements, you are constantly
00:24:23told that if you haven't taken that trip, you're missing something. If you don't
00:24:26have that romantic relationship, there's a flaw in your life. If you don't
00:24:30have such an item, there's something wrong with you. How should you cope
00:24:34with these? What we see on social networks
00:24:37are our observations, and often it's not reality. Yes,
00:24:41sometimes it's advertising, sometimes it's showing off.
00:24:44I myself am a member of social networks. I mostly use
00:24:48my page to advertise my work, and I encourage
00:24:52people to talk about their mental health.
00:24:55On my page, I don't talk about things that happen
00:24:58in my life. Most of us discuss
00:25:02our most private matters with ourselves, with our loved ones, and with
00:25:06a psychiatrist or psychotherapist,
00:25:09and we discuss what we want on social
00:25:12networks. How many people do you know who have
00:25:16hundreds of thousands of friends on social networks? But
00:25:20in reality, they are very lonely.
00:25:23What is digital detox? Is it effective at all,
00:25:27and do you use it at the addiction treatment center?
00:25:31In digital detox, individuals consciously
00:25:34put aside social media activity. Those who come
00:25:37to our center hand in their phones for the first
00:25:41week and don't touch them at all
00:25:44unless there's an urgent need. Yes, it has an effect
00:25:48because people start to connect with the real
00:25:52world. They go back to activities they had completely
00:25:55forgotten they used to do. After this one-week
00:25:59detox period, people become willing
00:26:03to set limits for themselves and spend less
00:26:06time on social networks. Taking
00:26:10a break from technology, even for a short period, helps
00:26:13us to live in the present moment and profoundly
00:26:17reflect on ourselves and enjoying life. Remember
00:26:21that the choice to use social networks should be yours,
00:26:25not your accounts on these networks.
00:26:28And thank you very much, Dr. Al-Bakri.
00:26:31In the next parts, we will again address
00:26:35excessive internet use and talk with reputable global
00:26:38experts about online gambling, online
00:26:41games, online shopping, and online pornography. I hope this
00:26:44program has been useful to you. From now until six months from now, we will air
00:26:48this program once a month. Follow us on Instagram
00:26:52and Telegram with the hashtag 37 degrees. If you want us to cover
00:26:55a specific topic, please send me a message on Instagram and tag
00:26:59me. You can watch the complete archive of 37-degree programs on the BBC
00:27:03website in the TV section under "37 degrees window".
00:27:06Take care of yourselves.
00:28:46Before I have breakfast, before I have any sort of food, drinks does not
00:28:50matter, always start my morning off with some hot water. You will genuinely
00:28:53not only start to glow from the inside out, but you will also have so much more energy throughout the
00:28:57day, so many incredible
00:28:58benefits.
00:29:15From scientific perspective, the main benefit in
00:29:19drinking water in the morning is simply
00:29:22hydration, you know, we fast overnight for quite a long
00:29:26period, and so starting the day with drinking water is really
00:29:29helpful, however there's no strong evidence behind the
00:29:33temperature of water and um the
00:29:37impact on health, um, there's no sort of evidence that that
00:29:40cold water for instance harms
00:29:43health either, the body actually quickly
00:29:46warms up any fluid to um
00:29:50our core body temperature, but if someone
00:29:53prefers warm water and encourages them to to drink more than
00:29:57that.
00:30:23Headlines: Trump's
00:30:25claim about Tehran's insistence on a
00:30:29quick agreement. At the same time, the US sanctioned a Russian bank again
00:30:33due to its connection with Iran. Well,
00:30:35this was an opportunity
00:30:38that Iran and Oman provided.
00:30:41Iran's
00:30:43claim about the reason for canceling its meeting with Persian
00:30:47Gulf countries in Oman. The foreign
00:30:50ministry spokesperson says it was at Saudi Arabia's request.
00:30:53Never have rioters and
00:30:57coup plotters actually.