Google Cloud Speech-to-Text API (Chirp) + Gemini 2.5 Flash Non-Thinking. Treat it as a searchable index of what was broadcast, not a quotation record.
00:00:00The Islamic Republic, in its current critical and vital
00:00:04situation, has been forced to ignore the restrictions and boundaries
00:00:07that it has imposed throughout
00:00:11all the years of its existence for women's voices
00:00:14to be heard,
00:00:16and
00:00:24now on BBC Farsi TV. Hello,
00:00:27I am Nazanin Motamedi.
00:01:02In this program, at 37 degrees, we talk
00:01:06about tooth erosion, a very common problem
00:01:09whose treatment is both expensive and complicated, but it has
00:01:13simple preventive ways. And later in the program,
00:01:16if you feel left behind by others
00:01:19by browsing social networks, what should we do with the anxiety
00:01:22caused by this feeling? How do we not let the use of social
00:01:26networks turn into severe dependence and addiction?
00:01:33Have you heard anything about tooth erosion?
00:01:36Unlike tooth decay, in tooth erosion, all teeth
00:01:39are affected. The surface of the tooth or enamel disappears,
00:01:43the color of the tooth changes, and the teeth become shorter, and finally,
00:01:47speech becomes difficult, and the teeth lose their function.
00:01:50Given the high cost of dental services,
00:01:54it's good to know about it, especially since some of our daily habits, which we even
00:01:58consider useful, are related to tooth erosion.
00:02:00When
00:02:03we were children, we were always warned about tooth decay,
00:02:06how sweets and chocolates harm our teeth.
00:02:10But
00:02:12until recently, I hadn't heard anything about tooth erosion,
00:02:16especially for a problem that is so
00:02:19common in the world.
00:02:2333% of people have tooth erosion,
00:02:26meaning one out of every three people, which is a lot.
00:02:31What happens in tooth erosion? Tooth erosion means
00:02:35the dissolution of the tooth surface by acids present in
00:02:39food. When the surface or enamel of the tooth
00:02:42wears away, since it has no living cells, it cannot
00:02:46regenerate itself. Therefore, any damage to the enamel
00:02:49is permanent damage. The
00:02:53amazing thing is that the cause of tooth erosion are habits
00:02:57that we consider healthy and beneficial.
00:03:01I came to King's College London to see a researcher who
00:03:05has been researching tooth erosion and ways to prevent it for years.
00:03:09One
00:03:12of the members of this group is Dr. Charalambos.
00:03:14To
00:03:17show me the cause of tooth erosion, Dr. Charalambos
00:03:20conducts an experiment on me. What
00:03:24we are going to do now is to measure the acid level
00:03:27in your mouth before you drink anything.
00:04:01We want to measure the time it takes for your mouth's pH to return
00:04:04to normal. The acidity of my mouth
00:04:08immediately drops to 4.7, and it takes 18
00:04:12seconds to return to a safe, neutral state.
00:04:15Now, this time, when drinking, hold
00:04:19it in your mouth for 10 seconds, then
00:04:22swallow it. This way, both
00:04:25the acidity of my mouth increased and it took
00:04:295 times longer for the environment inside my mouth
00:04:32to return to neutral. All right,
00:04:35now this time, rinse the orange juice in your mouth
00:04:39like a mouthwash for about 10 seconds, and
00:04:41then swallow
00:04:44it. This time, the pH dropped to three, and it took
00:04:48almost 10 minutes for the mouth environment to return to neutral.
00:04:50What happened that this time my mouth environment remained acidic
00:04:54for such a long time? This experiment showed that holding
00:04:58a drink in your mouth for too long or swirling
00:05:02it in your mouth causes significantly more damage
00:05:05to your teeth. Therefore, the best
00:05:09way to protect your teeth from erosion
00:05:42is not only oranges. Among the drinks that seem healthy to us,
00:05:46fruit tea, lemon in hot water, and drinks flavored with fruits
00:05:50also have the same destructive effect on teeth.
00:05:53What is the difference between tooth decay
00:05:56and tooth
00:05:58erosion?
00:06:01The cause of tooth erosion is food acids
00:06:04or stomach acid. Tooth decay is due to
00:06:07bacteria that settle on the teeth. They feed
00:06:11on the sugar in our diet and cause
00:06:14cavities to form on the teeth. Now let's compare
00:06:18the effect of different drinks on tooth erosion.
00:06:21We place samples of tooth enamel in orange juice,
00:06:25soda, non-carbonated doogh,
00:06:27and fruit tea.
00:06:29It's
00:06:35been an hour. The damage done to the tooth
00:06:39enamel in this time is equivalent to someone
00:06:42drinking three drinks
00:06:45a day for two days. Here we have four different microscopic
00:06:49images. The damage caused by erosion is the dark line
00:06:52in the middle of the samples. Soda
00:06:56is the one that causes the most damage to tooth enamel. You can
00:06:59see that it has eroded about 10 microns
00:07:02of the tooth. The damage from non-carbonated
00:07:05doogh is very slight. So slight that it's as
00:07:09if it caused no damage at all. How interesting.
00:07:13In addition to carbonated drinks, alcoholic beverages,
00:07:17citrus fruits, tomatoes, peppers, and anything that contains
00:07:20vinegar, such as various pickles, ketchup, and even chips,
00:07:24due to their high acidity, increase
00:07:28the rate of tooth erosion. Whenever you
00:07:31eat or drink something, it takes time for your
00:07:34mouth's pH to return to a neutral and normal state. But this does not
00:07:38mean that we should eliminate healthy acidic foods from our diet.
00:07:42There
00:07:44are many things that can be done to minimize tooth erosion. For example,
00:07:47try to consume acidic
00:07:51drinks or foods during main meals,
00:07:54not as a snack. For example, drink
00:07:58orange juice with lunch or immediately
00:08:01before or after it. Research
00:08:04has shown that if we drink two cups of acidic drinks
00:08:07between main meals daily, the likelihood of
00:08:11severe erosion
00:08:17is higher. I never thought that some of these drinks would have such an effect
00:08:21on our teeth. We only have one set of teeth for most of our lives, so we should
00:08:25be careful with them. Fortunately, there are things
00:08:28that can be done to reduce enamel damage.
00:08:30You can eat a calcium-rich food
00:08:34after consuming an acidic substance, for example, a piece
00:08:37of cheese, or eat your fruit with yogurt,
00:08:40because calcium helps
00:08:42to minimize tooth erosion and to
00:08:46restore minerals. Tea or
00:08:50coffee and certainly water do not cause tooth erosion.
00:08:53Instead of fruit tea, drink green tea.
00:08:56Be careful that some herbal teas that contain
00:08:59citrus are highly acidic. If you want
00:09:03to flavor your water, instead of lemon, use
00:09:06cucumber, mint, or rosemary. And always
00:09:10have sugar-free gum with you, because gum increases
00:09:13your saliva production, which helps protect
00:09:17your teeth from acid.
00:09:19Dr. Amir Ataie Kachoee, a dentist and former lecturer
00:09:23of various dental courses at King's College London,
00:09:27is our guest. Dr. Ataie was a finalist
00:09:30for the best young dentist in Britain in 2016. Welcome,
00:09:34Dr. Thank you for your invitation. How do we know if our teeth
00:09:38are eroded? Well, there are symptoms such as tooth sensitivity
00:09:41to drinks or sweets, or
00:09:45discoloration of the teeth towards a darker shade because the tooth enamel
00:09:48becomes thinner or sometimes disappears, and the dentin of the tooth
00:09:52is darker in color, and tooth decay
00:09:55at a faster rate, or the shortening of the teeth
00:09:59aesthetically, or the presence of certain grooves at the side of the teeth. These
00:10:02are symptoms that patients might be able to notice that this is happening.
00:10:06What habits exacerbate tooth erosion or cause
00:10:10tooth erosion? It can be due to
00:10:14acidic drinks or
00:10:18acidic factors originating from inside the body.
00:10:22For example, people who consume a lot
00:10:24of carbonated drinks, or alcoholic beverages can
00:10:28also do this. Research has shown that even diet
00:10:32sodas are even more acidic than regular sodas.
00:10:35Things like fruit leathers, tamarinds,
00:10:39and limes are very bad. Or people who have stomach problems,
00:10:43acid reflux from the stomach to the mouth. Or
00:10:46diseases like bulimia, anorexia, where people
00:10:49intentionally do this to lose weight
00:10:53or not eat too much.
00:10:55Another category is due to what we call attrition
00:10:58in medicine, and that is due to excessive
00:11:02pressure that patients apply to their teeth
00:11:05during chewing or during sleep or wakefulness, which we
00:11:09colloquially call clenching or bruxism. Is that the same as teeth grinding?
00:11:13Yes, teeth grinding. In a way that they grind them together
00:11:17excessively, continuously, and for a long time. This causes these two hard materials,
00:11:21like any two other hard materials that you grind together, over
00:11:24time, to suffer severe erosion.
00:11:27And another factor is also mistakes that people
00:11:31might make, such as using very hard toothbrushes.
00:11:34For example, people who drink a lot of tea and coffee or smoke
00:11:38because their teeth get darker faster, they think that if they use a hard toothbrush,
00:11:41they will remove these stains from their teeth faster, and then they brush
00:11:45their teeth hard. So both a rough
00:11:48brush and hard brushing, yes, or habits
00:11:52such as using toothpicks, which we do not recommend at all.
00:11:55So what should we do? There is dental floss, which should be used correctly,
00:11:59and interdental brushes,
00:12:03which are brushes, or floss that has no brush at all, but it cannot
00:12:06damage the teeth. But something like a toothpick, because
00:12:10it has no brush and is a wooden stick and a relatively hard material, if this is done
00:12:14repeatedly over time, it will only damage the teeth.
00:12:17Dr. Ataie said in the report that after eating
00:12:21acidic foods or
00:12:25acidic drinks, it is better to eat cheese or calcium-rich foods.
00:12:29Besides cheese, what kind of things can be eaten? I do not recommend
00:12:32cream cheeses. Regular cheeses,
00:12:36these cheeses, because they are both sticky and high in calcium
00:12:39and alkaline, these cause the acidic state of the teeth to return
00:12:43quickly, and because they are sticky, they stick to the teeth for a certain extent and give
00:12:47calcium to the teeth, because calcium helps the teeth
00:12:51return to normal faster. And besides cheese, green
00:12:55vegetables like spinach or broccoli or
00:12:58cauliflower, these are other foods that can be used
00:13:02after acidic drinks. Dr. Ataie,
00:13:05if we drink water after eating acidic things, does
00:13:09the acidity of the teeth decrease? Well, water may not be able
00:13:13to reduce it as quickly or as much as some foods like cheese
00:13:16or vegetables that I mentioned, but it doesn't harm
00:13:20your teeth either, from a dental perspective,
00:13:23because it dilutes the concentration
00:13:27of the acidic liquid, and in some parts
00:13:30of the world, water also contains fluoride, which also helps regenerate
00:13:34teeth. Perhaps it's better than water to use
00:13:38things like mint tablets or sugar-free fresheners
00:13:41that cause saliva production to be
00:13:44faster and better, and since saliva can
00:13:48neutralize the acidity of the mouth better and faster
00:13:51than water. What should we do to prevent teeth grinding? First,
00:13:55the person needs to become somewhat aware that they are doing this.
00:13:58Sometimes it's hidden, and they don't
00:14:01realize they're doing it, because the most important factor
00:14:05in teeth grinding is stress. Try to reduce your stress
00:14:08by doing exercise and breathing exercises.
00:14:11People who are used to chewing gum a lot and even think
00:14:15it's good for their teeth, because their chewing system gets used
00:14:19to excessive chewing and clenching, they are more
00:14:22likely to grind their teeth at night.
00:14:26And finally, if they see that the problem
00:14:30still persists, the best thing to do is to ask their dentist for a
00:14:33dental guard, which we call a night guard in English. It is custom-made
00:14:37for them. It covers one of their jaws,
00:14:41and if they grind their teeth, it prevents their teeth
00:14:45from damaging each other and even prevents some damage to the jaw,
00:14:48temporomandibular joint, and the chewing
00:14:52muscles that are in this area over time.
00:15:02The most important part is prevention, after prevention and the elimination of factors
00:15:05that cause tooth erosion, and appropriate academic evaluations, treatments
00:15:09are in the form of restoration through dental composites or
00:15:13gold inlays, and sometimes
00:15:17ceramic veneers or also
00:15:20ceramic inlays, and sometimes, if necessary, ceramic
00:15:24crowns. With gold. Thank you very much, Dr. Ataie, for your kindness.
00:15:27You're welcome. Thank you for your
00:15:28invitation.
00:15:35If you suddenly realize that you have been on
00:15:38Instagram, TikTok, Twitter, or other social networks
00:15:42for hours, scrolling up and down, you are not alone.
00:15:45New research shows that internet users spend an average
00:15:48of 2 hours and 24 minutes
00:15:52a day on social networks. These networks are now
00:15:55a popular and somewhat inevitable part of everyone's
00:15:59life, regardless of age. Many positive and useful things
00:16:02can be done on these networks that should not be overlooked.
00:16:06Our point in this program is not that these networks should not be used,
00:16:10but rather we will give you tips so that you can maintain
00:16:14your mental health while using these networks,
00:16:17because experts say that excessive use of social networks
00:16:20may have serious consequences for health and turn into
00:16:24severe dependence and addictive behavior, and
00:16:27its consequences are similar to other addictions. But when
00:16:31is the amount of social media use alarming, and
00:16:34when has it reached an addictive state? If
00:16:38you spend time on social networks when you need rest and relaxation,
00:16:42you should be aware that there is a danger.
00:16:46But if you constantly have to check your phone, otherwise you get nervous and agitated,
00:16:50this is one of the signs of addiction. If you have face-to-face
00:16:53interactions in addition to social networks, that's good. But if you rarely
00:16:57see your friends in person or neglect some of
00:17:00your responsibilities because of spending time on social networks,
00:17:03this is a sign of addiction. If you go to social
00:17:07networks to avoid doing something or to postpone it,
00:17:10a warning bell has rung for you. But if you take refuge
00:17:14in these networks to escape the worries and problems of personal life,
00:17:18this can be one of the signs of addiction. If
00:17:21how much attention your post receives is very important
00:17:25to you, you should distance yourself a little from social networks.
00:17:28But if your whole focus is on how many likes or comments
00:17:32your post gets, this can be a sign of addiction.
00:17:36If you edit your posts to make them more attractive,
00:17:40this is a warning sign. But if you change
00:17:43aspects of your personality and life to please
00:17:46your audience, this is a red flag that you need professional help.
00:17:49If you see any of these signs in yourself
00:17:53or those around you, be sure to see a mental health professional,
00:17:56because there are good solutions to the problem.
00:18:00We have a conversation with Dr. Nona Al-Bakrkaraki, Senior Counselor
00:18:03at the UK Addiction Treatment Center, who has 18 years
00:18:06of experience in treating addictive behaviors in various countries
00:18:10around the world. I know you're very busy, and I appreciate you giving
00:18:14your time to 37 degrees. Dr. Abu Karaki, why do social
00:18:17networks create such dependence?
00:18:20His friends say that when
00:18:23we spend time on social networks, dopamine is released
00:18:27in the brain. Dopamine is the neurotransmitter
00:18:31responsible for the feeling of pleasure in the brain. The person
00:18:34feels excited by receiving feedback in the form of likes, comments,
00:18:38and the number of times a post is seen.
00:18:42This makes the brain consider it a rewarding
00:18:45activity and want to repeat
00:18:48it. When a person prefers
00:18:52to be alone and isolated, or is dissatisfied with themselves,
00:18:55or is involved in an emotional problem, they are more
00:18:58attracted to these networks for more dopamine
00:19:02release and may become dependent on them.
00:19:05Stay with us. Social networks have many positive effects,
00:19:09from staying informed about news to learning knowledge, skills,
00:19:12earning income, and so on. Several of the audience of the 37-degree program
00:19:16also talked about the negative effects of social networks. News content
00:19:20and another cause is lifestyle comparison,
00:19:23which causes me to feel anxiety.
00:19:26Very rarely, but it has happened that to get more
00:19:30reactions on social networks, I have shared an image or text
00:19:34that differs from my real face.
00:19:37I felt a lot of anxiety because
00:19:41there was a time when I had a goal and I hadn't reached
00:19:44that goal, and for example, I saw people posting pictures, I don't know,
00:19:48of them continuing their education abroad. Oh my god, that person is so
00:19:52happy. Everyone is so good now. Everyone is so happy, and these things. Not that I'm
00:19:56unhappy with their happiness, but I'm unhappy that I haven't reached
00:19:59my goal yet and everyone else has. I became
00:20:03a little anxious, and then I felt that I was actually depressed.
00:20:13How should we deal with people on social networks?
00:20:16On social networks, people constantly compare themselves.
00:20:20Their inner selves and their most
00:20:24private things, meaning their thoughts and feelings,
00:20:28with the flawless and edited external versions
00:20:31of others, which in such a comparison,
00:20:35we are almost always losers,
00:20:38and this is harmful to our mental health
00:20:42and our self-perception. The images that are shared
00:20:44on Instagram, Facebook, and other platforms are distorted, unrealistic, and filtered.
00:20:48In fact, if before, edited photos
00:20:51of models were seen in magazines, now on social
00:20:55networks, everyone looks perfect. Constant comparison
00:20:58of oneself with these images can lead to feelings of shame
00:21:02and perfectionism, which often manifest
00:21:05as social anxiety disorder.
00:21:08How
00:21:10do we prevent the use of social networks from becoming excessive?
00:21:14There are many practical ways.
00:21:17Turn off notifications. Don't check social
00:21:25media. Designate a spot in your house as a phone
00:21:28parking lot, for example, by the door, somewhere
00:21:32there's no chair. Whenever you want to check your phone,
00:21:35go there and check it while standing, and then come back. I specifically
00:21:39say standing so that you don't feel comfortable
00:21:42on the couch checking it. The chances
00:21:46of you spending a longer time on these networks
00:21:48are higher. Allocate a reasonable
00:21:52amount of time to social networks daily.
00:21:55Use a timer to adhere to this
00:21:58period. Don't take your phones into
00:22:02the bedroom at all, and use an alarm clock to wake
00:22:06up. Every day, have time for completely
00:22:09offline activities that are not related
00:22:13to technology, such as exercise,
00:22:15reading, or listening to music and things
00:22:19like that. Whenever possible, see family
00:22:23and friends in person, and don't check social
00:22:26media during the visit.
00:22:28Delete unnecessary apps and different groups
00:22:32in, for example, Telegram, WhatsApp, and reduce the number of your
00:22:36friends on social networks. Once a month, don't touch
00:22:39your phone at all during the last week. In my opinion, it's doable,
00:22:43and the world won't end. Research has shown that
00:22:47when life satisfaction increases, dependence on the internet and
00:22:51social networks also decreases. It's better for families to go
00:22:54out together or do things at home that cause dopamine
00:22:58to be released without needing to browse social networks,
00:23:01such as board games, card games, puzzles, and things like that.
00:23:05Perhaps with these types of activities, the rate of dopamine release may be slower,
00:23:09but ultimately, we will be happier.
00:23:12Is the fear of being judged on social networks, the fear
00:23:16of missing out on an opportunity, or falling behind others
00:23:20natural? In my opinion, it's natural as long as it doesn't
00:23:23cause you serious problems. We are human, and the fear
00:23:27of being judged is in all of us. But when it affects
00:23:31a person's normal life and mental health,
00:23:34something needs to be done about it. This is what
00:23:38we do in psychotherapy sessions.
00:23:41We open up the issue of why the judgment of
00:23:44others has suddenly become so important
00:23:48to us. I use
00:24:48techniques. I ask people to talk
00:24:52about their mental health problems. I don't talk
00:24:55about the events that happen in life.
00:24:58Most of us share our most private things with ourselves,
00:25:02with our loved ones, and with our psychiatrist and psychotherapist,
00:25:06and we share things on social networks
00:25:09that we want to. How many people do you
00:25:12know who have hundreds and thousands of friends on social
00:25:16networks but are actually very lonely?
00:25:20What is digital detoxification
00:25:23or digital detox? Is it effective, and do you
00:25:27use it at the addiction treatment center? In digital detoxification
00:25:30or digital detox, individuals consciously stop
00:25:34their social media activity. Those who come to our center
00:25:38hand in their phones for the first week and don't touch
00:25:41them at all unless there's an urgent need.
00:25:44Yes, it has an effect because people start
00:25:48connecting with
00:25:52each other. After
00:25:54this one-week
00:25:58detox period, people are willing to set
00:26:01limits for themselves and spend less
00:26:05time on social networks. Taking
00:26:08a break from technology, even for a short time, helps
00:26:11us to live in the present moment and deeply
00:26:15reflect on ourselves and enjoying life. Remember
00:26:19that the control over using social networks should be in your
00:26:22hands, not in the hands of your accounts
00:26:26on these networks. Thank you very much, Dr.
00:26:30Al-Bakrkaraki. In the next parts, we will again address excessive
00:26:34internet use and talk with reputable global experts about
00:26:37online betting, online games, online shopping, and
00:28:38There are also ways to get information during internet outages. I mean, if we face
00:28:42widespread and complete outages again, like a few days after the gatherings on the 18th and 19th,
00:28:46what will happen? It's not at all unlikely. Now that you have internet, you can download this app. One way
00:28:50is to get information from satellite TV receivers. Another way is to pass
00:28:53information hand-to-hand among mobile phone users without everyone having access to free
00:28:57internet. Suna is a good example. Suna is actually a web browser
00:29:01that is very useful for reading news, especially during internet
00:29:05outages or disruptions. The logic is that users don't just read content for themselves,
00:29:08but when they open that content, it becomes available to others as
00:29:12well. If someone can connect to the internet and open websites like BBC
00:29:15Farsi with the Suna browser, that content enters
00:29:19the Suna network. Then other users who have Suna, even with
00:29:23a limited or unstable connection, can receive the same content through
00:29:27this network. Now that we have these internet outages, we have effectively gone back
00:29:30many years. Bluetooth
00:29:33is a communication method that still works. Now, using the same Bluetooth method,
00:29:36there are messaging apps. One of them that has been very popular is the
00:29:40Bitchat app. Jack Dorsey, the person who previously launched Twitter,
00:29:44created this. It's available for both Apple devices and Android. It's built
00:29:48on blockchain and has high security. Its code is also available as open source
00:29:51to tech-savvy people, which makes
00:29:53it more reliable.
00:30:25The Iranian government's system for monitoring opponents abroad
00:30:29is called Alaj. Is the government trying to expand
00:30:32repression and threats beyond its borders?
00:30:36We ask a writer and former political prisoner why the focus
00:30:39on opponents and critics of the Islamic Republic abroad
00:30:43has increased. We also ask
00:30:46a lawyer if this action and threats have a legal
00:30:49basis. Also, in tonight's
00:30:53program, Bin Salman's visit to Cairo
00:30:57in an attempt to counter the Houthis of Yemen. The Egyptian
00:31:00president on free shipping.