Google Cloud Speech-to-Text API (Chirp) + Gemini 2.5 Flash Non-Thinking. Treat it as a searchable index of what was broadcast, not a quotation record.
00:00:00and the ruler,
00:00:02Goodbye. Al-Hajj Bay go to the doctor, but she didn't
00:00:05the truth in Akhmoukh. Mujahid Bay
00:00:08Akhmoukh and his brother Al-Hajj
00:00:10we can do initiatives in Musa
00:00:12AI, in the environment, in Akhmoukh took a firm stance against the
00:00:15this suffering won't be colonial policy do anything, just don't during their visit
00:00:18You've never been to to Paris
00:00:20the truth in on July 14, 1961,
00:00:211961
00:00:25So for this first part of supporting
00:00:26no longer the only one, there are several now in the the full independence of Algeria
00:00:28is God's inch by inch. They considered that
00:00:32I beg you, don't the Sahara is an inseparable part of
00:00:37Therefore, this Algeria.
00:00:40The man countered three French attempts, two
00:00:43of which involved sending an envoy to the Hoggar region,
00:00:47and the third time he traveled to Paris and rejected
00:00:49the
00:00:52Bouzeriba who is a specialist in French ready to implement this project of separating the Sahara.
00:00:57this is true, I His answer was, "I am Algerian.
00:01:04I beg you, don't And nothing applies to me except
00:01:06researchers from what applies to every Algerian. I reject
00:01:09the king and the crown,
00:01:17service saves you comfortable today. Can you drop me off at and I will not divide Algeria. hunting, okay, from I will remain for the first time in Algerian, and I will endure what all the Algerian
00:01:22Oh, look, the brother came at people endure."
00:01:28No, no, it's okay. I'll go to
00:01:33Our soldiers were standing But we have to go back to tall, holding
00:01:38objects and the on
00:01:42and continue this adventure of until
00:01:45the soldiers sat down. Ahmed
00:01:48Tahali called the soldier to lower
00:01:51the flag. The crowd
00:01:56a biosphere reserve means for the President of the Republic Award in Taraki was large, first at the lowering
00:02:00of the
00:02:01And any decree that comes French flag and the end
00:02:04of the French
00:02:05For more information and to view presence, with and and uh the state's the ululations
00:02:08of the women and the firing
00:02:11not only in terms
00:02:11scientific, and translation works of shots. The national flag was raised
00:02:15in
00:02:17zone of Tamanrasset, to become, or
00:02:20to declare full independence in this
00:02:26customs. The No, you can't. Don't region.
00:02:27then I and Oh colonizer, you have misread the desert.
00:02:34from Its silence is not
00:02:34when Ulysses asked his crew to submission, and its vastness is not
00:02:37emptiness. We carry in our hearts
00:02:40a history that your maps do not see. Every
00:02:44displayed on dune here knows the footsteps
00:02:47problems, sister. Don't willing. Don't of its people and rejects the footsteps
00:02:51you'll come up with. I apologize, but of intruders. This land does not accept a stranger
00:02:55as its master.
00:03:04The lover's medicine The valiant popular resistance,
00:03:07its arms and you were facing the tenacious political struggle, and the victorious
00:03:09to save liberation revolution territory, culminated on
00:03:12July 5,
00:03:14gendarmerie, 1962, a holiday
00:03:17for Algerians of dignity
00:03:19and sacrifice, crowned by the restoration
00:03:23And she needs to come with us to of national sovereignty by force from
00:03:26enthusiasm around a brutal occupation that lasted more than a century and a half. The people wrote a new
00:03:31chapter of freedom and sovereignty
00:03:34and the building
00:03:35a while ago. She left early of the
00:03:38until the end of state.
00:03:50official website of the Ministry
00:03:58here. Where did she go this of course. She'll be back in a
00:04:09m we call
00:04:14does not date from yesterday, it is the
00:04:23Jannar, but at No.
00:04:27My daughter, don't
00:04:34sick person? He's from
00:05:06We suffered
00:05:07Open your eyes, open your eyes, I beg you. I swear I didn't see her fall to
00:05:08Don't say he's not my brother. Development of Fisheries and
00:05:10to eat a couple of bites and go because I'm late for
00:05:11work. Don't
00:06:13Under the high patronage of the President of the Republic, Mr. Abdelmadjid
00:06:17Tebboune, and under the supervision of the High Commission
00:06:20for Amazighity, and in partnership with the Ministry of Mujahideen and Rights Holders,
00:06:24and the Wilaya of Bejaia,
00:06:26and in coordination with the National Committee for Memory
00:06:29and History and the General Directorate of the National
00:06:32Archives, on the 70th anniversary of the Soummam
00:06:35Congress, the International Scientific Forum "Culture of Resistance
00:06:39between History, Memory and Imagination"
00:06:43will be held on August 18, 19
00:06:47and 20, 2026, in
00:06:50Bejaia, where history extends into the pulse of the city,
00:06:53and memory transforms into a living cultural act
00:06:56that combines knowledge and art
00:06:59and consecrates the unity of Algeria in its
00:07:02diversity.
00:07:08The culture of resistance between history, memory
00:07:11and imagination. A memory that illuminates the path
00:07:15and an identity that unites the nation.
00:07:53Hello, welcome to you, as you can see, we are in Chelchell, we came
00:07:57to meet a child of the city, but also a precious
00:08:00witness to what the sea protects at our doors, it is
00:08:04Nazim Ben Saleh, an archaeologist specializing in
00:08:07underwater
00:08:08heritage.
00:10:04thank you very much for having us at your place in your
00:10:07city of Chelchell the Mauritania of Caesarea
00:10:10a city plan.
00:10:21to be born in its arms and in its history, to also contribute to its
00:10:24history. This is Cherchell, an extraordinary city
00:10:28that, it was this city that gave me this this
00:10:32inspiration
00:10:34and this passion which is archaeology and also the sea
00:10:38uh so I had
00:10:41started very young with my
00:10:44father to discover what is under the water uh by going to fish
00:10:48for sea urchins, fish and so on, so discovering what
00:10:52is under the water, all the marine biodiversity and also
00:10:56not just in the sea, Chelchell is also a large forest,
00:11:00so all the mountains of the Dahra and so on, and
00:11:03this discovery of nature also in
00:11:07general, which allowed
00:11:10me to receive this passion for the
00:11:13sea and for archaeology through the different sites that are in the
00:11:17city, there is this unbreakable bond, this heritage that you got from your father,
00:11:20he is an archaeologist, of course, Abdelkadir ben Salah. You were able to restore
00:11:24mosaics, sites also, when I was very young, I used to frequent archaeological
00:11:28sites with him during the excavations he organized in the
00:11:3280s, I would mention the excavation, the large
00:11:35excavation of the Buffaric site, it's a district located in Cherchell called Bouffaric
00:11:39and not the city uh so very young he took me with
00:11:42him and I was already frequenting at that time
00:11:46uh certain
00:11:49people who later became my colleagues so
00:11:53already a baby, I must have been 2 years old. when when I started to
00:11:56go to the sites with him for the excavations and so on and
00:12:00I think that unconsciously it made me want to take over the
00:12:04torch in a way
00:12:07archaeology, I grew up in a large
00:12:10loving, caring family and so on, my
00:12:14grandparents with us uh my
00:12:17father, my mother so we were really very close, very
00:12:20united uh my brother, my sister and there was also the
00:12:24large... family so the cousins, uncles, aunts
00:12:28and so on, you went to a small school here, so the small school, primary
00:12:31school, CEEM, high school before
00:12:34joining the University of Algiers 2, I followed
00:12:38all my schooling here in Cherchell, from
00:12:42primary school to high school uh,
00:12:45I did, we'll say, like everyone else, the
00:12:49Algerian public school where I was
00:12:52very happy in Cherchell because...
00:12:55we weren't many already and the teachers
00:12:59made us want already at that time to
00:13:02look into the history of this city
00:13:04uh it was every year we had to go out to the
00:13:08archaeological sites, to the museums, go to the forest and so on, we are in an
00:13:12ancient city, an eternal city that
00:13:15saw the arrival of King
00:13:18Juba II, his wife
00:13:21Cleopatra, they built a dynasty, they... the
00:13:25flourishing city, the Caesarea of Mauritania,
00:13:29and you lived in
00:13:32the sea. Cherchell has always
00:13:36lived through history, its history has never stopped
00:13:40uh, even if sometimes
00:13:43it, it slowed down the
00:13:46pace, but Cherchell which was first
00:13:49the capital of Caesarean Mauritania uh with
00:13:53Juba II, his wife. then after them their son
00:13:56Polemy uh it continued to live
00:14:00precisely uh
00:14:03antiquity where the pace regressed
00:14:06a bit, it still continued to live through
00:14:10the transfer, the transfer of
00:14:13families who came from Andalusia in
00:14:151492, so it revived at that
00:14:19time and uh through Emir
00:14:22Abdelkader with the colonial
00:14:26invasion, the Emir came precisely to
00:14:28try to reorganize the revolution, the
00:14:32revolt against the invader, here in
00:14:35Cherchell. When I finished my archaeology studies, I
00:14:38went into community work because I felt that I had to give
00:14:42something to society, and we had
00:14:45created Marinostrom uh an association
00:14:48for the protection of the environment and heritage here in
00:14:51Cherchell which continues to this day, it
00:14:55started in 2010, it continues until
00:14:582026 and also with many friends so through
00:15:01my studies so as I did my schooling in
00:15:05Cherchell and also the sports I did in Cherchell allowed
00:15:09me to have a network of friends until now, until
00:15:12today we will meet this afternoon we will go to the
00:15:16center for nautical activities of Chelchell, the nautical base of
00:15:19Chelchell we will see you diving for our greatest
00:15:22pleasure with great pleasure.
00:16:16I remember well the 70s, we were young,
00:16:20we ventured to the white rock, there
00:16:24was no access, it was wild, we
00:16:27dove, we were with a single
00:16:30spear gun.
00:16:33always long.
00:17:07spent more than 2 years, then
00:17:10called upon people who
00:17:14were interested in these long
00:17:16things, there was a I
00:17:20forgot his name, Rosh, I know him,
00:17:23he changed his
00:17:27activity. Then the archaeologists arrived, the association
00:17:31of archaeologists, it was
00:17:33Mustafa Mouna, Ma'amar Debar, M.
00:17:38Benjel, there was a clique uh then they came
00:17:41they studied
00:17:44the cannons, it was magnificent, so they
00:17:48discovered that the cannons dated back to
00:17:511400 and it was
00:17:54it was not a
00:17:56battle
00:17:58because there was the bottom which was 6-10 meters
00:18:02and suddenly the bottom
00:18:05rises, it rises, yeah.
00:18:37After Marinostrum, Marinostrum, Nazim and his clique
00:18:41from the museum of
00:18:44... they came with Jamal, that expedition
00:18:48leader, ah what did you
00:18:52do with
00:18:52the tiles?
00:19:45Nazim, I've known him since my
00:19:47childhood, more precisely since high school, and
00:19:51he's the one who pushed me a bit to do archaeology, so
00:19:54it's with him that I started this adventure of archaeology
00:19:58initially in general, so terrestrial archaeology and shared
00:20:02throughout the years of university
00:20:06many moments. Excavations,
00:20:08construction sites, trips here in Algeria, inland,
00:20:12abroad, and that's it,
00:20:15that's a lot of years where, well,
00:20:18he gained a lot
00:20:21of experience everywhere and that's what left this
00:20:24complicity already on land because before doing underwater
00:20:28archaeology, he did a lot of terrestrial archaeology and then
00:20:31of course euh in the sea or under
00:20:34the water uh and it's true that it's very important. that the
00:20:37duo must work well
00:20:40together underwater, especially with regard to safety.
00:20:44I think with Rafic we were.
00:20:48among the pioneers in underwater
00:20:51archaeology, we started the adventure
00:20:55about fifteen years ago when we had just
00:20:58finished our studies, we were already in an established
00:21:01position and we said to ourselves, since we
00:21:05love the sea and we love archaeology, why not
00:21:08combine the two and embark on this adventure? The beginnings were not easy,
00:21:12yeah, now when we see the progress made, I think
00:21:16we have made good progress, quite a lot of progress, Rafic is director.
00:21:20of the historical and archaeological studies laboratory of
00:21:23Tipaza and uh within this
00:21:27laboratory he has the underwater
00:21:30archaeology aspect within the center where I work, the CNRA, the national center for
00:21:34archaeological research, similarly he launched this
00:21:37discipline of underwater archaeology and so we try
00:21:40to always work in collaboration between our two institutions
00:21:44and also between people uh it's
00:21:47important to get along well under water, as he said. and to have
00:21:50this complicity in reality uh
00:21:54already it's primordial for our safety to work at
00:21:57least in pairs uh then we form
00:22:01our group, we trained students precisely so
00:22:04that they can support us in our
00:22:06research uh we also managed
00:22:10to send students to train abroad
00:22:12uh as I did before
00:22:15uh we went several times
00:22:19as a group uh I'm talking again about
00:22:23training ourselves abroad uh in excavations in
00:22:27Greece, we did professional diving
00:22:30in France and so on and so that allowed us to
00:22:34progress and to advance this
00:22:37discipline in Algeria. So, communicating underwater technically
00:22:40is done uh by a sign language, if we want, that
00:22:44we learn uh through the training we do as
00:22:48soon as we start diving, that's it. Apart from sign language
00:22:52uh he has with, again, this
00:22:56experience and, again, these years spent together, he
00:22:59has a certain communication that cannot be explained,
00:23:03he always played cards with Nazim, we were partners in card
00:23:07games and our friends always told us, "Oh no, no, you're cheating, it's not
00:23:10normal that you have this communication."
00:23:13Exactly, we played a lot of gouache and our friends told us, "No, no, this
00:23:17communication is not normal," and
00:23:19sometimes I understand him, I know what he wants and he
00:23:23also knows what I want or what I
00:23:27need technically with regard to what we have to do under
00:23:30water, it's in the eyes, it's in the feeling and that's
00:23:33it, under water too we write a lot, meaning we have
00:23:37slates with us, submersible tables where we can
00:23:39write, so when there's a need to ask Rafi anything,
00:23:43I write to him, he answers me in writing, that's
00:23:47when it gets complicated, when we find something we
00:23:50can't explain and so on, so we communicate in this way, we write
00:23:54first, after all that concerns diving, uh
00:23:58we have the conventional diving signs used everywhere
00:24:02in the world, the hockey, we go up, we go down, we stop the
00:24:05dive and so on, and so that's normal in
00:24:09addition to this complicity that we both have, or the whole group, the first
00:24:13core of underwater archaeologists was
00:24:16created in our laboratory, the historical
00:24:20archaeological studies laboratory at the University of Tipaza and it is
00:24:23here that this laboratory gathers this core
00:24:26of underwater archaeology, we are, we are, we are
00:24:30six, so from different institutions
00:24:33uh Nazim at CENARA, us at the University
00:24:37of Tipaza, another colleague from the University of Guelma, other colleagues who were previously
00:24:40uh at the maritime museum, so it's all these
00:24:44competencies that came together uh uh there in a single
00:24:48core and worked on several several common
00:24:51projects. Who dives better than who?
00:24:54No, so technically there are people who are more competent than
00:24:57others, Nazim is very, for example, Nazim, we count on
00:25:00him for the aspect of
00:25:04preparation, management of dives and
00:25:08projects because he already has the experience, the training, the most important thing is that he
00:25:12did a specialized master's in coastal and maritime
00:25:14archaeology, after which I pushed
00:25:18all of this to go
00:25:21diving, to do this underwater
00:25:24archaeology since I had worked previously
00:25:27on this subject for my thesis, but honestly,
00:25:31everyone has their areas of expertise and everyone has their
00:25:34technical skills in the field.
00:26:59Today we questioned the silence of the depths.
00:27:03Where the sea still protects what was once our daily life.
00:27:07Tomorrow, the tumult of the waves will give way to the nobility of
00:27:10marble. There, at the National Museum of Cherchell, we
00:27:14find Nazil Ben Salah, here in the heart of his
00:27:17history, which merges with the history of Caesarean
00:27:20Mauritania to bridge the submerged mysteries
00:27:24and the heritage that we have a duty to protect and
00:27:27transmit.
00:27:45We have already said it, every object, every piece of this
00:27:49prestigious museum has a
00:27:51story and a story often linked to the history of your family
00:27:55or your history, uh,
00:27:58indeed, we are in front of this statue of the
00:28:01Lion uh. uh which was found on a
00:28:04beach next to the gate of Ténès in Cherchell
00:28:08uh and which would date from the 1st
00:28:10century uh apparently
00:28:14and uh this statue so it is linked I would say
00:28:17first of all it was my father and his colleague who discovered it
00:28:21accidentally on the beach they carried it with their own strength
00:28:25precisely to bring it to the museum of Cherchell and today it is
00:28:29highlighted so the second thing is that it is an object that
00:28:32comes uh
00:28:36the from the part the object was
00:28:39found underwater so necessarily it has a history with underwater archaeology
00:28:42uh that's why we are in front of this object
00:28:46today it is highlighted precisely at the
00:28:49museum uh to show precisely what it was
00:28:52used for uh in the 1st century
00:28:56uh so it was a fountain and we see
00:28:59the museography precisely staging it.
00:29:03in front of a basin where water came out of the lion's
00:29:06mouth and so it's perhaps in this place where everything was decided for
00:29:10you probably probably through the
00:29:13profession of your father to whom we pay homage in this
00:29:16museum, his imprint is everywhere, it's perhaps from there that
00:29:20everything started without wanting to influence us,
00:29:24I think my father did it indirectly
00:29:28uh well, we naturally oriented ourselves
00:29:32by nature. by passion also
00:29:34naturally in this environment, in archaeology, in
00:29:38history and so on, because we have always been immersed in it in
00:29:41the end, and when we talk about swimming, I specialized in
00:29:45underwater archaeology.
00:30:10What did your father Abdelkadir Ben Saleh transmit
00:30:13to you that was most precious in the way
00:30:16of looking at an object, an archaeological object of course
00:30:19uh I would say that the most
00:30:23important thing was precisely the transmission, this transmission of
00:30:26heritage, it was a motto for him, uh, he always
00:30:30told us that cultural heritage does not belong
00:30:33to us, it's just a
00:30:36message that we must keep precisely and preserve,
00:30:39conserve for future generations, so
00:30:43that's really the motto that I
00:30:46think is the most important that I got from my father, we
00:30:50are facing a mosaic, a special
00:30:54mosaic, the mosaic of the nine muses, you have it, so special
00:30:58of course for Algerian heritage, for Algerian mosaics, but
00:31:02also... because you have a story with this mosaic, yes
00:31:05yes, indeed, this large mosaic
00:31:09that was restored uh by my father and his team,
00:31:12he had
00:31:15chosen to train people in mosaic
00:31:18restoration in 2002
00:31:21where they completely dismantled this mosaic which
00:31:24was very fragile at the time, so its support was very fragile, they
00:31:28had to dismantle it and lay it on the ground to
00:31:32try to restore it so tessera by tessera, what we call tessera are the small
00:31:35cubes that make up the mosaic, once
00:31:39laid on the ground, they were surprised that I remember
00:31:42in 2002 because it really stressed him out
00:31:45uh for the record precisely also is
00:31:48that the subsidy stopped and it was at that
00:31:51moment that he gave a little speech to the whole
00:31:55team saying uh so the mosaic is
00:31:57on the ground, are we going to restore it or
00:32:01not? So and that's when everyone said, okay, very good, we're going to
00:32:04take on the challenge and they all contributed precisely to buy plaster,
00:32:08to buy the materials and so on and they
00:32:12reassembled it and uh there...
00:32:15here it is today, standing uh more than
00:32:1815 years 15 years, 15 years after
00:32:2220 years after its restoration, it is still standing and present precisely to
00:32:25be seen by future generations for centuries and
00:32:29centuries and stories and anecdotes uh you have
00:32:33many in this prestigious
00:32:36place with your father or without your father for that matter we can say that
00:32:40I had this love for heritage, for archaeology, so
00:32:43necessarily uh I had to discover by
00:32:47myself a little about these places and also try to have
00:32:51all that this museum
00:32:54hides, the other museum also and the whole city of
00:32:57Cherchell, we can say, it started like that, this love for heritage,
00:33:01it's curiosity that pushed me precisely to go
00:33:04perhaps see what's underground and even underwater, so
00:33:08necessarily it has this influence.
00:33:10there.
00:33:40a very beautiful, magnificent fountain, it's a fountain dedicated to the
00:33:43myth of Ulysses. with the sirens, so
00:33:49tie him to the mast so that he could hear the song of the sirens.
00:33:53and not being able
00:33:55to go, uh, it's also a
00:33:58way to show precisely all the
00:34:02maritime past of the city of Cherchelle, which
00:34:05is interested in the myths uh of the
00:34:09sailors of that era, so all the
00:34:11mythology and the sailors, etc., and
00:34:15it was also a way
00:34:18to show the relationship between Cherchelle Caesarea, so ancient
00:34:22Caesarea and its relationship with the sea
00:34:25uh she she she allowed me, I
00:34:28would say, to concentrate and focus my
00:34:32research to go and see what happened under
00:34:36the water, what is currently hidden under the water, and
00:34:39that's that's it, it deserves to be
00:34:43looked at and valued. and preserved too.
00:35:31We are delighted to find you at the National Center for Archaeological
00:35:34Research, the CNRA of Tipasa, your workplace,
00:35:37also a place of reflection
00:35:40and research, uh, a center created in 2017
00:35:44and which has a mission, which has a mission actually under the supervision of the
00:35:47Ministry of Culture, but which also has a mission to
00:35:51preserve, map, analyze
00:35:54too, carry out interventions, many
00:35:57missions that you share with your colleagues,
00:36:00most of whom are archaeologists, but you have
00:36:03specialized in underwater heritage,
00:36:06exactly, thank you and welcome to the National
00:36:10Center for Archaeological Research in Tipasa. Uh,
00:36:13indeed, we have... several missions, including
00:36:17the development of archaeological research here in Algeria, throughout the Algerian
00:36:21territory. Uh, the center
00:36:24has a lot of...
00:36:27specialists who come from
00:36:30different
00:36:33specialties, not just archaeology, we already have architects,
00:36:37surveyors, etc., and uh with
00:36:40all this multidisciplinarity, I will
00:36:43say that it has precisely
00:36:47what it takes to develop where the center is a
00:36:50good
00:36:51catalyst,
00:36:54a, a locomotive, let's say, for Algerian archaeology. So that's
00:36:57where it all begins. Okay, but you tell us how you joined
00:37:01after studying at the University of Algiers
00:37:052, University of Buzereha, you did a
00:37:08normal archaeology course, and how did you
00:37:11how did you get into underwater heritage,
00:37:14exactly, indeed, uh I
00:37:18first started as an archaeology student at Bzaria University, as
00:37:22you said, uh I
00:37:25then did my master's here in Algeria,
00:37:28uh then I went to specialize, so
00:37:32after working at OGEBC, I did my
00:37:35specialty in underwater archaeology abroad,
00:37:39where I participated in a
00:37:42which has a UNESCO chair called Master of
00:37:46Maritime and Coastal Archaeology, the
00:37:49MONOMARK, exactly, in Marseille, and it was
00:37:53from there that, let's say,
00:37:55uh the... the real research in underwater
00:37:59archaeology began, because I was able to acquire techniques that
00:38:02I didn't have before, I was self-taught, even if I dived, I did my
00:38:06research on underwater archaeology, but it was from that master's that I
00:38:10was able to acquire the techniques uh that are used
00:38:13around the world, precisely, uh to be able
00:38:17to do purely scientific research and
00:38:20adapted to underwater archaeology, exactly. Basically, when you
00:38:23were studying, there was no such thing at the time, right?
00:38:27At that time, there was no module dedicated to underwater heritage, it was
00:38:31later, the work was initiated in particular by Mr. Researcher
00:38:35Hamoum, but how did you get into the water, the sea, it's already a
00:38:38childhood passion, like archaeology, right? So after
00:38:42how to combine the two, well, I saw no other
00:38:45way than to do precisely this specialty,
00:38:49uh by trying to group precisely the two, the sea and
00:38:52archaeology, and what
00:38:54pushed me
00:38:57to go and look in
00:39:00other horizons for what was being done, and so on,
00:39:04to be able to develop this discipline uh in Algeria.
00:39:08At the time, this specialty did not exist, it was not taught at
00:39:11the university. Uh, there were no specialists
00:39:15who had previously done this discipline, and so
00:39:19there was a gap, and that gap had to be filled,
00:39:22and I think that at the time I had made the best decision
00:39:26to go. to develop myself in this field
00:39:30to then come back and try to
00:39:32develop it and be among the precursors in
00:39:36this field, it was really important to me. You did restoration, you
00:39:40touched vestiges on dry land, but what
00:39:43makes the difference with the heritage that is under
00:39:46the water? It is still a heritage, it is also vestiges, it
00:39:50can be artifacts, it can be types
00:39:53of, well, it can be a lot of pieces. I would say that the marine
00:39:57environment preserves archaeological artifacts better, so
00:40:01uh then the English call it a time
00:40:04capsule, so it's a time
00:40:08capsule that is under the water and it's up to us to
00:40:11discover it because it remains intact in general,
00:40:15it's not altered by
00:40:19any entropic aspect whatsoever, right? Over time, uh
00:40:22on, on cities, for example, ancient
00:40:26has this succession of six civilizations, so each
00:40:29civilization tries in some way to displace another or
00:40:33erase another, and on the other hand, underwater there isn't that
00:40:36aspect, meaning that what we find underwater remains intact until
00:40:40its discovery, apart from some alteration
00:40:43due to the environment, etc., the erosion of time,
00:40:47the erosion of time also. When the object is under
00:40:50water, it is better preserved because it does not oxidize, so it has less
00:40:54oxygen and therefore oxidation does not alter.
00:40:57archaeological and every time we discover something underwater, in
00:41:01general it's we are amazed by the beauty of the
00:41:05thing because it remains intact and we find it as it
00:41:09was lost at the time. When you come across an ancient
00:41:12object, a piece, a vestige, you should definitely not
00:41:16move it and take it out, especially
00:41:19for those who fish underwater, because normally those who do, there is
00:41:22prevention to be done on that side, it is one of the first steps
00:41:26to take, I would say, because the awareness of the general
00:41:29public, uh, we have done a lot of it,
00:41:32uh to sensitize the general public not to
00:41:36take objects out of their environment, already from an
00:41:40archaeological point of view, we should not decontextualize
00:41:42the object, because once out of its context,
00:41:46the object historically and scientifically is worthless.
00:41:49Uh, so we try precisely to
00:41:52sensitize people not to take objects out of their
00:41:54context, but also taking it out of the
00:41:58marine environment abruptly can precisely
00:42:01lead to the destruction of this object and we will
00:42:05never be able to preserve it well over time to keep it precisely for
00:42:08future generations, that is one of the objectives. You have been at the CNRA
00:42:11since 2020, you have already joined, you
00:42:15also teach from time to time at
00:42:17the university, the module of
00:42:20underwater, is it since 2020, 6 years
00:42:23now, you have an idea,
00:42:26I think a mapping has been drawn up, but do you already have a
00:42:30slightly more developed idea about
00:42:34Algerian underwater heritage?
00:42:36Uh,
00:42:38we are in... discovery, I would say, with a coast
00:42:42that is quite important, more than 1600 km of
00:42:46coastline for Algeria, so
00:42:48we are in constant discovery and we are waiting
00:42:52for the people of the sea to declare what is necessary because we can
00:42:56never go by ourselves and prospect the entire Algerian coast, which
00:42:59is immense anyway, and
00:43:02also the number of civilizations that have succeeded each other. You organize
00:43:05campaigns very often, so campaigns first to train
00:43:09young people to dive and maybe
00:43:13locate objects and be able to work too because all your
00:43:16work is done underwater in fact, even compared to the
00:43:20measurements, compared to everything that is usually done on dry
00:43:24land, you do it, it's the same technique, it's the same means, it's
00:43:28not the same techniques underwater, but
00:43:30on the other hand, precisely, in my free time, I try to
00:43:34participate with my fellow researchers and teachers at
00:43:37the university to precisely train a
00:43:40generation of underwater archaeologists who would possess
00:43:43precisely these techniques that are specific to underwater
00:43:46archaeology, among others, the underwater survey, for example, which
00:43:50differs from underwater excavation, which is not quite the same,
00:43:54etc. So there are certain aspects that are very similar, we
00:43:57do archaeology even underwater, it's still archaeology anyway,
00:44:01uh but precisely we try to transmit all
00:44:05that to others, to other to the younger
00:44:08generation. Uh, uh, it would
00:44:12perhaps take more means to invest
00:44:15in this field, because this field precisely requires
00:44:18more means uh to learn to
00:44:21dive, so we would first need to have the technique precisely to go underwater,
00:44:25right? Uh, it's the only way
00:44:29that exists precisely to make archaeological
00:44:32discoveries and also other technological means, I
00:44:35would say, to develop this discipline, uh whether
00:44:38it's uh underwater photogrammetry, underwater robotics, for example,
00:44:42etc. There are times when it's so deep that even we can't
00:44:46go down, so we call upon precisely what is done abroad, at the
00:44:50international level, that robots replace a
00:44:54bit human beings at significant depths,
00:44:57uh I participated, for example, in an international mission
00:45:00under the auspices of UNESCO as an expert for
00:45:04Algeria, so I participated in this expedition,
00:45:07uh which went around the Mediterranean, between the Sicilian
00:45:11Canal, the Tunisian coasts, etc., and
00:45:15the archaeological artifacts, the
00:45:18shipwrecks that we had discovered during this
00:45:21mission were at a very significant depth, more than 800 m
00:45:25deep, and so for us as human beings we did not have the possibility
00:45:29to go to those depths, uh we had planned
00:45:33to send robots and it was the robots that were able to bring us precisely
00:45:36the images of these discoveries, uh which is...
00:45:40uh extraordinary. So yes, yes, we should move
00:45:44forward precisely in this field with the new technologies that we can
00:45:47imagine that one day there will be, I mean, just like
00:45:51the museums of Algeria, that there will be a national
00:45:55underwater museum underwater.
00:45:59We could envision that, yes, already all underwater archaeological
00:46:02sites can become museums
00:46:05that can be visited, for that, it could be a
00:46:08good, it could be a good tourist asset for
00:46:11Algeria, a showcase also, uh,
00:46:15to say that we have this precisely cultural diversity,
00:46:19this historical richness also that is found under
00:46:23the water and that people can visit, so it's
00:46:26really a goal to achieve, because once the
00:46:30discovery is made, once the research is done, once
00:46:34everything is documented, well, we can open these sites to the
00:46:37general public to come and visit.
00:46:41the public quite
00:46:43trained in diving techniques, so there are many diving clubs that train
00:46:47amateur divers, etc., so all these
00:46:51people can come and visit these sites, that
00:46:54would be a goal to achieve after the research, yes, in the long
00:46:57term. Can we foresee it for the
00:47:01Hamdania site precisely where there was a
00:47:04discovery uh of 23 canons,
00:47:08I think, and which informs us about a period in our
00:47:11history, a battle that took place between Khairdin and
00:47:15the and the French
00:47:18during, let's say, the 16th and 17th century,
00:47:21I think. Cannons, indeed,
00:47:25frankly, there are not enough clues to say if there was a
00:47:28battle, if there was anything else, but what is certain
00:47:32is that we found 23 cannons indeed underwater and uh
00:47:36these cannons are at a very accessible depth, they are well
00:47:40preserved as long as they remain underwater, uh so
00:47:44yes, it's a site that can be visited
00:47:47in the very near future. We can envisage
00:47:50precisely the opening of... certain sites like that for
00:47:54public discovery, you just need to
00:47:57properly prepare these sites, let's say, and to prepare,
00:48:01sensitize the people who will visit these sites not to touch
00:48:04anything, not to damage the archaeological site and not to damage
00:48:08also the marine biodiversity, which is important, but divers are supposed to
00:48:12know that. The discovery of the 23 canons
00:48:16of Hamdania was a major event
00:48:19where many things developed quickly,
00:48:23perhaps a teaching module at the University
00:48:26of Algiers dedicated to underwater
00:48:29and also protection initiatives with UNESCO,
00:48:33all engaged by you, by the University of Algiers, by the
00:48:36CNRA, by also Mr. Hamoum who
00:48:39was Algeria's representative to UNESCO. Yes, I would say
00:48:43that the site of the 23 canons of Hamdania, or rather the White Rock,
00:48:47more precisely, was a major discovery.
00:48:51The discovery was made in the 90s by a
00:48:54local association in Cherchelle Maarif.
00:48:58Uh, they made this discovery there, they
00:49:00took pictures at the time, right? We're in the
00:49:0390s, and uh subsequently,
00:49:07uh there was a colleague from the Cherchelle
00:49:10Museum who had done
00:49:13a study for his undergraduate thesis
00:49:17on this site, and
00:49:20Mr.... Professor Rafiq Lef
00:49:23uh took over
00:49:26the archaeological site to deepen the studies. There was a maritime museum
00:49:30that also intervened, so there was an enthusiasm,
00:49:34we could say, for this site in terms of research,
00:49:37where in the end, we all
00:49:40based ourselves on this site to try to shed light on this
00:49:43discipline, that was, I think, the objective at the time,
00:49:47it was, well, we saw that there were a lot of underwater
00:49:50vestiges underwater, we just need to discover them and bring them to light,
00:49:54and that allowed us to create
00:49:57a research unit in underwater archaeology within the
00:50:01CNRA, which also allowed the University of Tipasa
00:50:05to also develop this discipline within the
00:50:08archaeological and historical studies laboratory. Uh, there is
00:50:11also the maritime museum which has acquired equipment, a team,
00:50:15etc., and so that created this
00:50:18underwater archaeology, which was very beneficial for this
00:50:22discipline. Now we need to discover even more
00:50:26sites precisely to see all the diversity and historical
00:50:29richness. Speaking of which, we will find
00:50:32him later, we will find him at the Roman ruins site.
00:51:47I hope we didn't make you wait too long, not at all, but we
00:51:50were impatient to discover this site, and especially its history, its
00:51:54ancient history. We are, as we said, in
00:51:57Saint Salça at the entrance to Tipaza and we
00:52:00are facing a magnificent landscape, yeah, uh after
00:52:04having. crossing the ruins, we arrive in front of the two islands,
00:52:08but they are not just simple islands, they are islands that
00:52:11hide a heritage
00:52:15that has emerged and could perhaps represent the ancient
00:52:18port of Tipasa, the presumed ancient port of
00:52:21Tipasa, exactly. So it must be known that the Tipasa park is
00:52:24divided into two parks in reality, the east park and the west
00:52:28park. The east park is known as
00:52:31Saint Salça, but in relation to the necropolis, but here... What
00:52:35few people know is that here, as I said, is the
00:52:39presumed port. Why presumed? We know that there are structures that
00:52:43an ancient port definitely existed here. Was
00:52:46it the port of the city of Tipasa? The question
00:52:49mark is still posed. Why? Because we
00:52:53can see, as you see, that the site is a bit
00:52:55far from the port, so the port should
00:52:59normally be in front of the city or
00:53:02in front of the city center.
00:53:05conducted research so uh in reality in
00:53:081968,
00:53:11the university, uh the English university,
00:53:14conducted sonar prospections, it was
00:53:17revolutionary at the time and they confirmed the presence of
00:53:20submerged structures, so the jetties uh of
00:53:23the port and the basin where uh
00:53:27boats came to dock. We have
00:53:30started by uh doing
00:53:33archaeological prospecting work
00:53:35uh as part of our research projects where we confirmed the
00:53:39presence of these structures, we confirmed the
00:53:42presence of the port through, of course,
00:53:44dives, images, photographs and
00:53:48videos that we were able to take, but also this project
00:53:51has been uh taken up or has also
00:53:54been the subject uh of several thesis
00:53:58topics for final year students. We have also
00:54:02uh worked on this port uh during
00:54:05a study on the archaeological potential within
00:54:09the framework of the underwater archaeological
00:54:12zone requested by UNESCO and our
00:54:15colleague Nazim recently took up the file in the
00:54:18framework of the project of the buffer
00:54:22the ancient city of Tipasa. So in plain terms, for
00:54:25us simple viewers, simple
00:54:28Algerians, how to understand what is exactly under
00:54:32the water? You have done uh diving
00:54:36campaigns, exactly
00:54:38diving operations and with Nazim Ben Salah or
00:54:41uh others with other colleagues as well,
00:54:44uh there are difficulties, sometimes we cannot
00:54:48see very well, as was posed, as the question was posed at the port
00:54:52of Hamdania, there for visibility may
00:54:55not always be present, so what can we see and what can
00:54:59we see clearly? So what
00:55:02characterizes the port is its basin. And the basin is
00:55:05delimited by jetties, so to be able to identify the presence
00:55:09or not of a port, you must identify the
00:55:12presence of the structures that are the jetties. The jetties we have
00:55:16clearly identified, we can trace them from the
00:55:19islands, from the islands towards the coast of the two islands,
00:55:23as you can see, and inside it forms a
00:55:26basin, the basin is flat, so since it is
00:55:29enclosed, we were able to find a lot
00:55:32of vestiges, among other things... during the last operations
00:55:36we did with Nazim in partnership with the National Center for
00:55:39Archaeological Research, we found anchors, many
00:55:42amphorae, which was
00:55:46proof that the area or the basin had
00:55:49a period of occupation because when sailors arrived on
00:55:53site, they would throw, for example, they would clean their boats and
00:55:57throw more or less the
00:56:00broken amphorae at the bottom of the port, so that's what
00:56:04allowed us to confirm the presence of a port, the function of the port again,
00:56:08it remains undetermined, okay,
00:56:11a dating approximately? So the port
00:56:15uh, by the structures, it must be known that on the islands there are
00:56:18structures that were built too, uh by
00:56:21also the few archaeological elements and we
00:56:25can say that it is a port that was developed uh
00:56:29during the Roman period, so not before, we know that the city of
00:56:32Tipasa is known where there has been a presence
00:56:36since uh the Phoenician periods with archaeological
00:56:39evidence dating back to the 6th century BC, there perhaps we will
00:56:43talk about the 1st century and
00:56:46a use of the port perhaps until the late
00:56:50period, so we could have more details on the buffer
00:56:53zone requested by UNESCO and on this
00:56:56heritage or what this zone will represent in relation to
00:56:59heritage? Yes, yes, it is a project that brought together many people
00:57:03and is multidisciplinary above all. Because there was the CNRDPA, the
00:57:07National Research Center for the
00:57:10Aquaculture, who participated with us in addition to the University of Tipasa and the
00:57:14Maritime Museum, and which was overseen by the National Center
00:57:17for Archaeological Research, so it was the CNRA that oversaw this project and conducted
00:57:21the prospecting along the entire coast of the city
00:57:24of Tipasa where we wanted
00:57:28to see the archaeological potential that was underwater and this is
00:57:32a request from UNESCO to create a future buffer zone for the
00:57:35archaeological site of Tipasa, the archaeological sites of Tipasa.
00:57:39Uh, this allowed us to discover other places that had not
00:57:42yet been discovered, the Roman Bank, in addition, in addition to the
00:57:46port. of Tipasa, we discovered what is called what
00:57:50is found on maps as the Roman Bank, we found a lot of
00:57:54archaeological material, we already find very
00:57:57imposing anchors and amphorae, etc., which suggests
00:58:00that the boats before entering the port
00:58:04would drop their anchors while waiting to have a place in the
00:58:07port, they would drop their anchors in that specific place
00:58:10uh waiting to have a place in the port
00:58:14before entering. Very well, thank you very much, thank you... for
00:58:18this journey through time, very beautiful, but especially in relation to all that.
00:58:22which is done on underwater heritage, thank
00:58:24you very
00:58:33much.
00:58:59Under the patronage of the President of the Republic, Mr. Abdelmadjid
00:59:03Tebboune,
00:59:06the Higher Council for the Arabic Language announces the start
00:59:09of the competition
00:59:13in Arabic Literature and Language
00:59:16in its second
00:59:22edition. The award aims to recognize the best literary,
00:59:25linguistic,
00:59:29in the
00:59:29following
00:59:33fields: the field of flourishing
00:59:35Arabic language,
00:59:38the field of localizing knowledge,
00:59:42the field
00:59:43of translation,
00:59:46the field
00:59:50We invite anyone interested in contributing to this
00:59:53award to visit the Council's website for more
00:59:56information. You can also scan the quick response code
01:00:02the screen.
01:00:04Be more numerous, as the Arabic language awaits
01:00:08your ideas
01:00:08and projects.
01:00:25find us this summer for a show that talks about you,
01:00:28a show for you, but a show presented by us, oh yeah
01:00:32with us, we're going to talk about a lot of super interesting topics, we're going to talk about psychology, we're going to talk about
01:00:35nutrition, we're going to talk about sports, holidays, photos, only topics not
01:00:39to be missed, I'm really looking forward to it under the Algerian sun on Sunday and
01:00:43Wednesday at 9:30 AM on Canal
01:00:45Algérie.
01:12:29The fire.
01:16:54Fidaa.
02:21:07'
02:30:51Ladies and gentlemen, hello, very happy to meet you again from the
02:30:55city of El Kala in El Taref, the city of
02:30:58El Kala which welcomes us near the museum, we are really in the small
02:31:02square. which is in front of the
02:31:05museum of... I think it's the coral museum which will transform in
02:31:08a few days probably in a short time it will
02:31:11really become the coral museum. So of course
02:31:15in this beautiful square which is near the port which is behind
02:31:19us in front of a beautiful view and that's why we chose
02:31:22to make it our home for this summer breeze here in El Kala.
02:31:28the show, I have the pleasure of receiving Mr. Benyaqoub Slimane.
02:31:32You are then a university professor, you
02:31:36are specialized in ecology,
02:31:39biodiversity, so your presence is explained by the
02:31:43very beautiful forest region in
02:31:46which El Kala is located, that's right, exactly, thank you, I thank
02:31:49you. And to my left then I have Mr. Nordin
02:31:54scuba diving. El Kala
02:31:57with the coral, with the sea, so we couldn't
02:32:00avoid you, you are a...
02:32:04So, first of all, to explain the
02:32:08presence of an ecology specialist, in
02:32:11biodiversity, first of all, El Kala is
02:32:15an extraordinary natural, forest
02:32:17reservoir, exactly, exactly, I thank you for
02:32:21dedicating an episode to this
02:32:25subject. Uh, the region
02:32:28of El Kala has always constituted, due to the
02:32:31fact that it was... centered towards eastern Algeria, has always
02:32:34constituted a kind of biodiversity
02:32:38reserve
02:32:40uh, very important which has been
02:32:44recognized by many foreign researchers and subsequently
02:32:48Algerian of course and which was established as
02:32:52a biosphere reserve by
02:32:54UNESCO. Okay, so
02:32:58a zone
02:33:02that contains and harbors a
02:33:06certain number of very important heritage
02:33:10species from which
02:33:14we could repopulate areas that have been
02:33:18affected by any natural disaster such as fires,
02:33:21unfortunately that is the first enemy of... yes yes yes.
02:33:24Oh yes, we can talk about it, there are not only fires, there are areas
02:33:28that have been depopulated for multiple reasons.
02:33:32Fire, flood,
02:33:36possibly earthquake and so on,
02:33:39and this region, it was still little
02:33:42known, scientifically,
02:33:45formally, little publication was
02:33:49made and it started
02:33:52in the late
02:33:5570s, early 80s,
02:33:58when in 1983 it was
02:34:02subject... to legal protection by
02:34:05creating the El Kala National Park and that
02:34:09was at the initiative of Benjedid, Chadli
02:34:12Benjedid was a hunter, he was a man of
02:34:16nature, he loved
02:34:19hunting, he loved nature in general
02:34:23and uh
02:34:26he was sensitized, well
02:34:29he is from the region, he is a native of the region, that's why.
02:34:33He was sensitized very easily by the way,
02:34:36uh by a certain number
02:34:39of works, people came
02:34:43to see him and he decided to create the El
02:34:46Kala National Park in 1993
02:34:49with, well, with its prerogatives, with the
02:34:53texts that govern it, etc. And we
02:34:56were extremely happy at
02:34:59the time to... to see
02:35:03that this area was legally given so much importance, that it's
02:35:06important to protect it, to give it importance, and especially
02:35:09then but and then it was UNESCO that
02:35:13it was then that UNESCO came and gave it an international
02:35:16dimension. Okay. It was known
02:35:19and uh and so that
02:35:23added another higher level
02:35:26of consideration
02:35:29uh of this. Yes, yes.
02:35:32Of course, it's about... So, obviously, there was a lack of
02:35:36research and from
02:35:381997, the University of Annaba
02:35:42already had researchers, but the University
02:35:46of Annaba installed a research station here
02:35:50permanently
02:35:54and one of its missions,
02:35:58in addition to training, was to inform all
02:36:01the ecosystems. So there were several marine
02:36:05ecosystems, mountain ecosystems, plain
02:36:09ecosystems, aquatic ecosystems, it's the
02:36:12area with the most wetlands.
02:36:17All the famous bird lake which is bird lake, an international
02:36:21reputation
02:36:23Lactonga yes Lacta la Tonga which is a
02:36:27gem in terms of biodiversity because
02:36:30it's what we call in ecology
02:36:34a source ecosystem.
02:36:36La Tonga is so rich that the
02:36:40birds that multiply there exceed the
02:36:42level of saturation
02:36:46of this lake and so what happens, they leave, they go to colonize
02:36:49other areas, that's it. So unlike ecosystems that
02:36:52they themselves absorb and
02:36:56generally eliminate individuals. So
02:36:59there you have it, we are in a
02:37:02magnificent ecological basin. That's right, magnificent.
02:37:06And you were talking about
02:37:09marine biodiversity, that's right, Mr.
02:37:12Nordin is here to talk to us about this passion, which is
02:37:16scuba diving. Uh,
02:37:19so I think you are native to El Kala,
02:37:22so necessarily, oh yeah.
02:37:25Necessarily, how did the passion for scuba diving come about, with underwater
02:37:30underwater hunting we became professional.
02:37:34Okay, and diving is a sport, exactly,
02:37:38in theory, exactly, you have to follow, that is to say, exactly what
02:37:42you, for example, if you dive with a tank, you have to
02:37:46know the places, the location, and the
02:37:50tank, the filling and the
02:37:53weighting. to go diving,
02:37:57so do you initiate or do you just freedive? No, I
02:38:00do it myself, that's a passion, there you go. Has it never
02:38:04occurred to you to share your passion with young people?
02:38:08But I did it, not with young people, with great gentlemen in
02:38:11Algiers. Oh, okay. And in El Kala...
02:38:15So, diving, is it in all of them because we
02:38:18know for
02:38:21coral but I think also not
02:38:24only.
02:38:29because I wasn't
02:38:31I didn't intend to do it and at
02:38:34the time they asked for the second diver to
02:38:37dive.
02:38:39I was
02:38:45and to assist a diver, there were French divers,
02:38:48okay, yeah, in 90,
02:38:52I was waiting to work with the coral divers, and well
02:38:56after I didn't stay here
02:39:00until 90 until this moment, there is no coral
02:39:03opening. So but you told me that
02:39:07thanks to this passion for diving, you traveled all over the
02:39:10world, many countries, yeah, yeah, yeah, exactly.
02:39:16after I did the port of
02:39:19Jenjin also another beautiful
02:39:21region
02:39:24I met some great chefs who invited me to work in
02:39:27Qatar, then after Qatar, the island of Borneo, after after after
02:39:31and so on, there you go.
02:39:35And so on, but diving,
02:39:37it's the phenomenon, the phenomenon of
02:39:40diving,
02:39:44that is to say. If we are at a depth of 30 to 40
02:39:47m, there is rapture of the deep, I don't know, rapture of the
02:39:51deep is narcosis,
02:39:53okay, it is really there, it
02:39:56is beyond 40 m it
02:40:00becomes the sunless world, okay, the ray but it
02:40:03penetrates and it's the coral that lives beyond
02:40:0740 m or
02:40:08it
02:40:12lives to be touched by the sun. Because it has a
02:40:15refracted ray, the reflected ray. 40 m it
02:40:19does not receive any sunlight. Uh at 40
02:40:24it narcosis, yes we call it rapture of the
02:40:27deep and what exactly do we feel, it's
02:40:31a state of mind,
02:40:35it's the beginning, it's a blur, okay,
02:40:39the image is blurry, something is wrong but the diver must
02:40:42know what to do if he is at
02:40:4645 m or 50 m, for example, we are talking about
02:40:49coral, it is at 50 m, the coral is at 45
02:40:52m, where will he dive
02:40:56to 50 m when he has the
02:40:59sensation of intoxication
02:41:0250 m he goes up to 45 m, the 5
02:41:06m it becomes more
02:41:09voilà, that's good, that's good okay, he'll
02:41:12be normal.
02:41:15Yeah, and he can, for example, ascend, he has
02:41:18decompression stops, it's true that you shouldn't ascend
02:41:21directly. You have to
02:41:23ascend, it has an ascent speed. 13
02:41:28meters.
02:41:34there are bubbles coming out, you must not exceed
02:41:36them in safety. If the law says
02:41:4013 meters per minute, you must stay even
02:41:43if it says 10 meters
02:41:46per minute, piano pian, slowly, slowly,
02:41:49slowly, slowly in the sense that the
02:41:53nitrogen bubble that was created at 50 m
02:41:56is a nitrogen bubble. that is linked to the anatomy
02:42:00of the large circulation, I am a layman of diving, I don't know
02:42:04and I must admit that really
02:42:08you know nitrogen, well nitrogen
02:42:11then it's the circulation of blood that it
02:42:14carries when we ascend with
02:42:17stops, the nitrogen bubble that was created at 50
02:42:20m, okay, it cannot escape because
02:42:23when we ascend slowly then we stop, for example, it all depends on the...
02:42:28the dive table, the diver does not create it, it is the dive
02:42:31table, yeah, oh yeah, it's a whole, well, it's the dive
02:42:35table, each example, each dive table,
02:42:39for example, it says 10 minutes at 9
02:42:42m, what does he do, he doesn't do, he puts 12,
02:42:4612 minutes at 9 m, 2 minutes
02:42:49more, for example at 6 m, he puts
02:42:52for example 20 minutes, he does 22 minutes in
02:42:56the sense that the nitrogen bubble leaves because it has the sensation
02:43:00of going to the heart, it will be
02:43:02an infarction,
02:43:04embolism, if it goes to the brain, it will be
02:43:07edema, a paralysis,
02:43:11oh yeah, no, it's really then and then so another
02:43:15phenomenon is the pressure
02:43:17yes the water pressure because the deeper we go the more the pressure
02:43:21increases yes so we are at an atmospheric
02:43:24pressure equal to one bar ah
02:43:2876 760 to do calculations, but one bar of atmospheric pressure is currently
02:43:32exerted on humans, if we dive to 10 meters,
02:43:36it's hydrostatic,
02:43:38a 10 m column of water is equal to one bar, okay, that means
02:43:42the deeper we go it doubles double plus one bar of
02:43:46atmospheric pressure and we therefore h we breathe
02:43:506 liters of air and the lungs are divided
02:43:541.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
02:44:57hydrostatic, so two bars, we will multiply that by two bars
02:45:01by 6, at 10 meters we
02:45:03breathe 12 liters of air, twice
02:45:07we need twice as much. If we dive to 30
02:45:10meters, it's 3 bars plus 1 bar, 4 meters, 3
02:45:14x 4 yes it makes 12, it's the lungs that
02:45:17inflate, so if we dive for example to 30 meters and we
02:45:20ascend, it is inversely proportional to the pressure it
02:45:24undergoes, if we descend, it is the pressure that
02:45:27increases and the volume what does it do, it decreases.
02:45:31Well, now we've really gone into the details
02:45:34but it's what's good it's very important for divers who
02:45:38are diving now. So and that's why you didn't think of training because
02:45:41in terms of training all the data you have is
02:45:45important to transmit. So at 30 m we
02:45:48dive, well we must ascend, when we
02:45:52ascend we must breathe
02:45:54normally to release the air, the air contained at 30
02:45:58m, in 30 m equals 4 bars of pressure, three bars of hydrostatic
02:46:02pressure plus one bar of atmospheric pressure, when we ascend
02:46:05we must release it because if we close our mouth the
02:46:09lungs have their elasticity limits
02:46:13it's 200 g force per square centimeter
02:46:16when it increases the volume it exceeds its
02:46:19limits what does it do it breaks well pulmonary
02:46:23overpressure and you teach all that to all the people who dive it
02:46:26must someone tell me I just because it's important
02:46:30to share your knowledge with others
02:46:32to train
02:46:35sincerely your knowledge is very useful especially for
02:46:39divers. I've done quite a lot
02:46:43of training, how do you become a professional diver,
02:46:46what should we
02:46:47follow,
02:46:55well already it's important, of course, it's the
02:46:57base,
02:47:00you have to adapt to the mask, underwater
02:47:03vision, then get to
02:47:07know the diving tank.
02:47:10how to fill a diving tank with a
02:47:13compressor and how to mount a
02:47:16regulator and how to breathe with on
02:47:20land to practice breathing
02:47:35to do and begins to breathe, he takes a rock, something like that, a
02:47:38heavy pole.
02:48:10because it's a content of air when it decreases and when it
02:48:13increases and that means that one must have theoretical
02:48:16training first before moving on to practice,
02:48:20that's understood, practice is really the second phase to
02:48:24become, there you go, there you go. In any case, it's and
02:48:27with all this data, all this data,
02:48:31well, we learned that we must have a lot of knowledge to go
02:48:35diving and not just declare
02:48:37ourselves
02:48:40but there we will stay of course in forest biodiversity since
02:48:44we will move on to Mr. Ben Yakoub, just
02:48:48you stay with us because we still have the second part of the show, we
02:48:51will talk about this beautiful region of El Kala, we will
02:48:55talk, we will talk if you allow me about what it
02:48:58contains that is spectacular, we will not go into details, no, no, no, of
02:49:02course, we will talk about it in the second part and the show, uh
02:49:05just uh before we leave, Mr. Nourddine
02:49:09Bouzriba. First of all, I thank you for enlightening us, but
02:49:12what advice can you give us before leaving, especially to those who
02:49:16want to dive?
02:49:19You have to go through a theory exactly
02:49:21before
02:49:25okay, you should not
02:49:28venture
02:49:31I do 60 steps not
02:49:34a column of 100 m of water to die, 1.60 is
02:49:38enough for me because the mouth is at... 40 m, okay, right
02:49:41or not? So you have to go
02:49:44slowly, slowly, as the Italian said, to go
02:49:48piano piano arrivar lontano.
02:49:51Very good, we'll stick to
02:52:45There you go, thank you for remaining loyal to this summer breeze from
02:52:49El Kala, we are really near the...
02:52:53We are in the museum, on the terrace of the coral
02:52:56museum of El Kala in El Taref, and in the
02:53:00first part, we talked about scuba
02:53:03diving. Mr. Nordin has left us, but
02:53:06Mr. Yacoub remains with us, but we will introduce the lady who brought
02:53:10us all these beautiful cakes, Mrs.
02:53:14Sarah Oufi, but you are first
02:53:17a stylist first and foremost, a tourist
02:53:20guide second, but you are also president of the active women's
02:53:24association in society, thank you for being here first,
02:53:28thank you, sir, welcome, well, let me introduce
02:53:31myself, I am Mrs. Channoufi Sarah, first and foremost I
02:53:35am a fashion designer, stylist, in addition I
02:53:38am a state-approved tourist guide and
02:53:41president of an association that concerns
02:53:45artisans, very good, which explains your cakes for which we thank you first
02:53:48because we changed tables a bit, changed decor especially because there is...
02:53:56So El Taref is part of Algeria with its beautiful, rich
02:54:00heritage in every sense,
02:54:04of style and cakes, but also in many
02:54:07other things, of course. It is a city,
02:54:10first and foremost, it is a tourist city, it is
02:54:13a city that has many traditions, many
02:54:19cultural heritage of El Kala is truly rich.
02:54:23Uh, among this heritage we
02:54:25find traditional clothes,
02:54:29traditional cakes, there are also traditional
02:54:32dishes and many, many
02:54:36traditions. So my little finger tells me, of course, my little finger, the
02:54:40preparation of the show that says that, you have to
02:54:43your credit the first coral caftan decorated with
02:54:47coral, that's right, yes, it's a creation, the idea
02:54:50first, uh, the idea of creating a
02:54:54caftan, it was an old idea but it developed
02:54:57when it was marked on UNESCO
02:55:00as a
02:55:03garment, yes an Algerian garment, an Algerian
02:55:07heritage, so I based myself on that to create
02:55:10this creation and what I did as something
02:55:14special, I was able to use coral beads as
02:55:17decoration on this caftan, very good so we have the images
02:55:21on
02:55:48also the forest, the biodiversity, that's why
02:55:51Mr. was with us, thank
02:55:54you first, for your time, but tell me, it's true,
02:55:58there's the Morgen, who
02:56:01who who has been making a reputation for a very long time, it must be said that it
02:56:06coral that practically is part of the life
02:56:10of this whole part of the Algerian coast, yes yes yes, 15th
02:56:13century approximately, 16th,
02:56:16uh the first to
02:56:20exploit it are those who developed. already a
02:56:23goldsmithery based on coral, these are the
02:56:26Italians, the southern
02:56:29French, and
02:56:32they had concessions like that, by I
02:56:35think it was the Bey of
02:56:38Constantine. who would
02:56:41who would and so they fished for
02:56:45coral which grew 2 m deep.
02:56:48yes, yes, it has a whole
02:56:52it has a whole industry, a whole occupation that has been built around
02:56:56that. So, it also, we were talking in the
02:57:00first part of the show about
02:57:02lakes, wetlands. So first
02:57:06describe to us what a wetland is, because we know that
02:57:10the most famous wetland, for example, is Lake Tonga, which has
02:57:13an international reputation.
02:57:16but it is classified, it is
02:57:20classified in the
02:57:23nomenclature, well, it is classified as a site
02:57:27of international importance, but it's
02:57:31Alkala zone which are, and Annaba which are classified.
02:57:35And like that Ramsar, and uh well a
02:57:39wetland is a zone where water
02:57:42stagnates or circulates for a
02:57:45certain period of the year and it hosts in this
02:57:48context a fauna that is dedicated to it, it's the
02:57:52rivers, it's the marshes, it's the
02:57:55it's the small ponds, it's the lakes, all these are humid
02:57:59the estuaries, the lagoons like the
02:58:02Mellah, right, which is brackish.
02:58:05All that constitutes a kind of
02:58:08concentration of aquatic environments that is
02:58:12unique in Algeria, that is practically unique in North Africa.
02:58:15The areas around it have
02:58:19birds that are unique because the region is unique.
02:58:23Well, I say birds, but I think it's many other animals
02:58:26that have a life all around. It has an enormous
02:58:29life. In fact, La Calle is one of the most watered regions, in terms of
02:58:33rainfall. Okay, that's what explains a little
02:58:37this kind of primary production, the forests, the
02:58:40things that exist, and the lakes,
02:58:44of course. Plus, it's a zone that is rough in terms of
02:58:47topography, so it has hollows, it has mountains, it
02:58:51has valleys, it has thalwegs and so on,
02:58:55so water stagnates a bit everywhere.
02:58:58At one point it was a malaria hotbed, up until the
02:59:0260s and so on, it needed
02:59:05thanks to the WHO, right,
02:59:10program in terms of the Algerian state's program here, it was
02:59:14eradicated. But but it has
02:59:17I have colleagues who still follow the, well, we remain on alert, we are
02:59:21always, and who follow the populations of
02:59:24tiger mosquitoes especially and
02:59:26yes, and what they carry as as germs
02:59:30uh because it can start again with this
02:59:33increase uh in global
02:59:37temperature, uh there are some risks that we
02:59:41need to prepare for. We remain vigilant, of course, even if we are a little
02:59:44spared. We are not in a pandemic zone of
02:59:48malaria. No, we are really outside, we are not in a red zone, we are not in a
02:59:52red zone. No, but but it still has a
02:59:55need to monitor all that, yes, but that's good, it's like it's a
02:59:59tropical climate, even though we are not in the
03:00:03zone where there should be... Well, there are tropical
03:00:06plants here, well, yes, there are palms that are, no, no, no,
03:00:10but that's Mediterranean. No, there are
03:00:13truly tropical plants that grow on the edges of some lakes.
03:00:16Yes, and they are a survival of the ancient
03:00:20tropical climate that reigned here, and yes, Africa
03:00:24has moved, it's moving towards Europe, right, so further south it
03:00:27was tropicalized, if I may say so, and so
03:00:30they exist, there are certain ferns, certain
03:00:34certain aquatic plants,
03:00:37which are a survival of the ancient tropical
03:00:40climate. They stayed there because of the heat and
03:00:43humidity, so there are both
03:00:47factors, and it is probable that it
03:00:50will continue to increase,
03:00:53and that this time tropical species
03:00:57of animal organisms will settle. How?