Google Cloud Speech-to-Text API (Chirp) + Gemini 2.5 Flash Non-Thinking. Treat it as a searchable index of what was broadcast, not a quotation record.
00:00:00afternoon, a session, the deputy who does not
00:00:03deliver the correction of the ruling that he is responsible for, does not
00:00:06get paid and makes the constituent assembly work
00:00:09and they manage to come out with the constitution. The
00:00:12second one I will leave to Andrés for the second part of this
00:00:15program, which
00:00:17would
00:00:20be the famous
00:00:23treaty that Melchor Ocampo signed
00:00:27with McLean in the United States and
00:00:31which is the defensive mechanism, the only one he has left
00:00:34to defend the
00:00:38new intervention of the conservative government of Miramón in
00:00:41the middle of the Reform War with the alliance with the Spanish who
00:00:45from Cuba are sending support to the
00:01:23Well, I'm going to continue talking about Melchor
00:01:27this fratricidal confrontation Ocampo, filling some of the gaps
00:01:31that Paco left open. It should be said that
00:01:35chance of well, Melchor Ocampo,
00:01:38is the heart of the
00:01:41Reform, as many understand it, he
00:01:45was a lawyer,
00:01:47Juárez, the scientist,
00:01:49engine of the interested in
00:01:52good, everything all the things we are used to hearing about he could see, a
00:01:55Leonardian
00:01:58curiosity. It's impressive,
00:02:02but a very reserved man, so
00:02:05reserved that
00:02:08it was difficult, it was difficult
00:02:11to approach him, and that is one of the advantages
00:02:14of Orlando Ortiz's book, I bend but I don't break, which is
00:02:18a novel, and what
00:02:22Orlando does is to get into the
00:02:25character, which is very difficult,
00:02:28there are... that is to say, here we
00:02:31learn about many of the vicissitudes
00:02:35that this had, what Paco said, the
00:02:38the idea that well,
00:02:41indeed it is assumed that
00:02:44Doña Javiera, Francisca
00:02:48Javiera Tapi Valbuena who owned the
00:02:51Hacienda de Pateo, picked him up in an orphanage in Mexico
00:02:55City, in reality what is said is that she went to give birth in
00:02:59the city. Mexico City to give birth and that two
00:03:03of her potential parents
00:03:06were priests, one Ignacio Alas who was
00:03:09an insurgent and who fought with
00:03:13delved deeply Morelos and Matamoros
00:03:16and Antonio María Huranga who
00:03:19was a priest of Marabatío and but
00:03:22finally this child had the
00:03:25possibility of educating himself like
00:03:28no one else and a... a child who had an
00:03:32intelligence and a curiosity absolutely
00:03:35out of the ordinary, this that Paco said, he
00:03:39coming from a very Catholic tradition,
00:03:42there is an episode that
00:03:46revolts him, he was very dedicated
00:03:49to working the land because one of his
00:03:52passions was agriculture and he was
00:03:56the classification of flora and fauna was one of his.
00:04:00It's throughout his life, but he also worked the land and therefore
00:04:04had a lot of contact with
00:04:07agricultural workers, and on one
00:04:10occasion he passed by and realized that
00:04:13a priest refused to bury
00:04:17a peasant and he refused to bury him because he
00:04:20had no money to pay for
00:04:24the sacramental offices, so
00:04:26that truly revolted him and but... it also
00:04:30marked him, being very young, it marked him because he realized
00:04:33how far the influence
00:04:36of the clergy was distorting not only
00:04:40the political life of the country but also social life,
00:04:44relations between people. Indeed, in
00:04:471840
00:04:50Melchor Ocampo went to Europe,
00:04:54fortunately his mother
00:04:57had the benefits of the store and he
00:05:00took full advantage of it. In
00:05:03fact, one of his
00:05:06and then with passions in Europe
00:05:09was buying books and he bought an impressive
00:05:12number of books to the point that it was
00:05:15considered to have become the best
00:05:19library in Mexico at that time when
00:05:22he returned here. He
00:05:26almost immediately joined
00:05:30political life, he entered a law firm as a lawyer, but he continued with
00:05:33his scientific activities
00:05:36and as Paco well stated, he
00:05:40confronted the government of Santana. The government of Santana sent
00:05:44him to San Juan de Ulúa
00:05:48to San Juan de Ulúa. His
00:05:52daughter accompanied him, she insisted
00:05:55on accompanying him to prison, which San
00:05:58Juan was one of the worst prisons
00:06:01you can imagine in
00:06:04Mexico, next to the sea, if you have been to Veracruz, in
00:06:07very very
00:06:09precarious sanitary conditions and everything.
00:06:13And
00:06:15they offered him, Santana offered
00:06:18to expel him from the
00:06:21country and he refused, saying no, but his
00:06:25son, his daughter, goes with him to San Juan de Ulúa
00:06:28and he begins to see the suffering that a
00:06:31young woman could have in a
00:06:34prison like San Juan de Ulúa, so he accepts
00:06:37to leave, they expel him first to
00:06:40Cuba. And then the
00:06:44very fortunate
00:06:47arriving in New Orleans and in New Orleans
00:06:51he meets Benito Juárez and there the story takes a
00:06:54total turn because he becomes the
00:06:57ideologue of
00:07:02Reform and in
00:07:05this very advanced idea,
00:07:07even for European states,
00:07:11of separating church and state, which
00:07:14centuries later they achieved
00:07:17in many other places, in fact it was very important
00:07:21because, for example, all
00:07:25birth certificates, death
00:07:28certificates, everything went through the church, there was no
00:07:31civil registry, that is one of the merits that
00:07:34Melchor Ocampo has, that is why that
00:07:38very unfortunate
00:07:40epistle
00:07:43was called the Epistle of Melchor Ocampo, but not only
00:07:46that, he, while
00:07:50with Juárez, was in charge of the Ministry
00:07:53of War, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and
00:07:57Finance, he
00:07:59ideologically, structurally,
00:08:03legally organized the Constitution of
00:08:061857, which is fundamental, from
00:08:10then on the country
00:08:13changed and the state separated from the church
00:08:16and the new Mexican state was formed and
00:08:20these two books are, I bend but I don't
00:08:23break by Orlando Ortiz that presents
00:08:27all these vicissitudes and of
00:08:30course Don Melchor Ocampo Reformer of Mexico by
00:08:34Don José Cebaladéz, one of the most
00:08:37important historians in Mexico,
00:08:40recognized by many
00:08:42historians, except, well, Craw says that no, that he is not
00:08:45academic, but Friedrich Katz, Paco
00:08:49Taibo, Javier García Diego recognize the
00:08:52importance of Balades as a historian, and
00:08:55these are the two books that you
00:08:59can get at the Fondo de Cultura Económica to
00:09:02approach this fundamental character,
00:09:06engine of the reform in this
00:21:58Well, we are back here on the program to talk to you about
00:22:02another triad of books, the last years of General Cárdenas
00:22:06by Fernando Benítez,
00:22:08it is the last part, the last chapters of
00:22:12a monumental work by Benítez that was published in the
00:22:16black series of the Fondo de Cultura
00:22:18Económica, that is, the history series, the
00:22:22formal history series,
00:22:25and in this edition of the
00:22:29popular collection,
00:22:31these last chapters were rescued
00:22:35because normally
00:22:39the
00:22:42that Lázaro
00:22:45Cárdenas developed in his and what he defended in his political career
00:22:48and his military career, of course, his
00:22:52involvement in the Mexican Revolution when he was so young, then
00:22:56already as president, all the
00:22:59things he did for the good of the country,
00:23:02the oil expropriation is what all
00:23:06Mexicans know, no, in school it's what is most
00:23:09taught about Lázaro Cárdenas, but
00:23:12his last years are not well known, there is also an
00:23:16episode when he stopped being president.
00:23:20And very, very soon after, very quickly,
00:23:24World War II happened and
00:23:27he defended sovereignty, then he immediately moved to Mexico
00:23:31when Ávila Camacho was
00:23:34president and the Americans
00:23:37were trying to set up a
00:23:40military base in Baja
00:23:43California and
00:23:46well, he of course opposed it and said no, I don't want
00:23:50to stay still, he was a person with a
00:23:53great moral integrity and very restless, no, he was used
00:23:57to, well, he never stopped his career, no, in fact he
00:24:01spent his time doing things for Mexico, doing things for the
00:24:05people, and that was no exception because it seemed
00:24:07tremendously terrible for
00:24:11the United States to invade Mexico, because the least of it was
00:24:15letting them in to defend the continent, because the argument
00:24:18was that, as we were allies as
00:24:22countries, well, we had to cooperate, no, for the defense of the continent
00:24:26and the intention of the United States was to put many military bases
00:24:30along the Pacific and
00:24:32he said no, this is not a good idea because the
00:24:36problem is not that they enter, but who will get them out, no, how will
00:24:39they leave, so he stood firm,
00:24:43he went to Mexico and said no,
00:24:46he requested an audience with the president and offered his services.
00:24:50The president agreed, there were many others who did not
00:24:54agree in the presidential
00:24:57staff and well, finally he
00:25:01did a great diplomatic and moral work, he had a very important
00:25:04moral weight after having been president and
00:25:08he counterattacked in a very diplomatic, very
00:25:11peaceful and very intelligent way.
00:25:14And even that episode is not well
00:25:17known, he was appointed
00:25:20in charge of the defense of the
00:25:23country, but
00:25:26after that came the last
00:25:29years truly because even after
00:25:32all that episode of World War II
00:25:36when he was in charge of national defense,
00:25:39other political circumstances came in which he
00:25:43participated as a defender of popular rights, he was very
00:25:46linked to the defense of popular
00:25:49struggles, no, for example with the railroad
00:25:53strike at the time
00:25:56the episode of '68,
00:25:59the defense of the students, the
00:26:02declaration of his right and
00:26:06well, the protection he gave to Heberto Castillo
00:26:10as one of the main leaders being a professor at that
00:26:14time in '68, and and and he
00:26:17protected it, that is, he participated in a lot
00:26:20of of of, above all, when when there was the
00:26:24invasion of the Bay of Pigs in Cuba, he came to another
00:26:28intervention in favor of the sovereignty of a of a
00:26:31brother country, no? And he
00:26:35said, "Let's go all in, let's defend it." He
00:26:39almost got on a plane because he knew perfectly well that even if he was very
00:26:42old and that he probably wouldn't reach the island of Cuba, the
00:26:46fact of saying it, of of of speaking it aloud was
00:26:50something very significant because of his moral weight, no, in the
00:26:53country, because of the respect that all the people, all
00:26:57the officials of Mexico, all the people who
00:27:00respected him, had for him.
00:27:02They would receive this attitude as something, a gallantry and of
00:27:06an impressive integrity, no? And well, to this day, this
00:27:10maxim of the country of non-
00:27:13intervention, no? That is, not intervening in others', in the
00:27:17sovereignty of other peoples, no? So this book
00:27:21is worth reading, take a look because it's a part
00:27:24that we don't know much about, and it also includes an
00:27:28appendix, a posthumous text, no? Well, he
00:27:31wrote it shortly before he died, shortly before one of
00:27:35the anniversaries of the revolution in the year '70, and it is addressed to
00:27:39all the revolutionaries who were
00:27:42in their time and those who are still alive in the
00:27:46country for the defense of Mexico, so in honor of these national
00:27:49holidays, it's a great book to