Google Cloud Speech-to-Text API (Chirp) + Gemini 2.5 Flash Non-Thinking. Treat it as a searchable index of what was broadcast, not a quotation record.
00:00:20How does the transition from one city to another occur, that is, we are talking
00:00:23about a city inspired by Teotihuacan in the year 200,
00:00:26an early city, and then we see at the end a
00:00:30Purepecha city, we can think that the first city was
00:00:33abandoned, well, if we consider that the abandonment is
00:00:37approximately 200 years and the
00:00:40abandonment of the first occupation is around
00:00:43900, it is logical that the movement that was
00:00:47being created in Mesoamerica after the fall of Teotihuacan also
00:00:50affected the population that was in that side, especially for being of Teotihuacan
00:00:54affiliation, but then according to the archaeological evidence there
00:00:57is a gap, there is a parenthesis in the yes
00:01:08and later on, taking advantage of the fact that there were foundations here, the
00:01:13tomb contained, the secret of Purepechas built their own city and the Purepecha style will be found mainly in
00:01:17vessels in the use of the city, yes, the
00:01:20adaptation they made
00:01:23you to explore together the territories of later to the first
00:01:24occupation.
00:01:50We traveled to Tingambato with the hope of finding a site
00:01:54even older than the Purepecha
00:01:56cities.
00:02:00When the Spanish conquerors arrived in what is now Mexico,
00:02:03they met two powerful civilizations, the Meshica and
00:02:07the Purepecha. It is significant to note that
00:02:10both were nourished by the Teotihuacan culture.
00:02:14Tingambato offers an entrance to that previous
00:02:17world, the historical matrix of
00:02:20Mesoamerica.
00:02:28The materials that have been recovered in the 70s as in the 80s
00:02:31there is no
00:02:33path, it is a Watsiri, at reminiscence of this Tarascan culture within the site. What culture
00:02:36does it belong to? Can it be known? We do not know what cultural group
00:02:39it belongs to, but we can call them classic
00:02:42cultures of the west, a term that
00:02:46can be more correct instead of defining an ethnic group or a
00:02:50class, and here you find Teotihuacan influences, for
00:02:53example, how they appear in other sites in Michoacán,
00:02:57yes, from that era, yes, we even find Teotihuacan
00:03:00investigations currently from 2000
00:03:03to now tell us that the site does not receive any Teotihuacan influence,
00:03:07it is a great unknown, so why do we have the
00:03:11typically Teotihuacan talud-tablero present,
00:03:28here we have an eastern structure, eh, consolidated and restored on the
00:03:32western facade by Dr. Piñachan, plaza
00:03:35one as you can see here and the
00:03:39famous talud-tablero type Teotihuacan here in Tingambato, there you
00:03:42have it, the tablero with the molding
00:03:46and the talud and something typical
00:03:49of the west which is the sunken patio, the sunken patio, the sunken
00:03:52plaza, now we are going with an altar, that would be an altar
00:03:56in the center, an altar in the center also typically from here, from the valley.
00:04:14and we enter another space in the same place here of
00:04:18the site, which is sunken patio one, before it was
00:04:21or plaza two, yes, here we have it,
00:04:25it is surrounded by living quarters,
00:04:29yes, in which one descends to the patio,
00:04:32we have two altars, well, the altar, this reddish
00:04:36earth we see would be an altar, it is also considered an altar,
00:04:39Dr. Piña de Char considered it as such,
00:04:43and this is the rock also in the 80s when he was working, when they
00:04:47found it it had a red pigment, they believe it
00:04:50was the charanda that is typically
00:04:54we see some interesting elements in from Michoacán, that's why people trained charanda to show how
00:04:58it was at that moment, right? We have the altar,
00:05:02altar two that also has a
00:05:05tablero there, we no longer appreciate the tablero because of the passage
00:05:08of
00:05:12time.
00:05:22In 1842, the newspaper La Voz de
00:05:25Michoacán reported an archaeological
00:05:28zone in Tingambato, Michoacán,
00:05:31it was known that this site existed, however, for many
00:05:34years it was not explored, practically nothing is
00:05:37known about this region, and yet,
00:05:41this city of... Gambato was contemporary with
00:05:44Teotihuacan and preserved very similar
00:05:47styles, the city where the gods
00:05:51are forged, in this ball game we see the typically
00:05:54Teotihuacan panels, the very presence of the
00:05:57ball game is a key to the unity of
00:06:01the entire Mesoamerican world,
00:06:05so what we are seeing are mirror cities
00:06:08through time,
00:06:11in 1978 the archaeologist Román Piñachan
00:06:15came here, thanks to works like Román
00:06:19Piñachan's, it was also possible to know that there was a mirror not
00:06:23so separated and extremely communicated in a
00:06:26city in Michoacán, Tingambato, however, 34
00:06:30more years had to pass for this site
00:06:34to be explored again, so
00:06:37Tingambato, like the rest of Michoacán, continues to be a
00:06:41relatively unknown area.
00:07:25The bones of human remains were found scattered
00:07:29throughout the chamber, only one individual was found in the
00:07:32access part, on him there were
00:07:35offerings, there were many offerings, vessels, plates,
00:07:39bowls, it is a tomb of high hierarchy, of high hierarchy.
00:07:53The researchers' proposal was that it was best to re-register the tomb, but according
00:07:57to the stratigraphy, due to the variety of bones or because
00:08:00they thought it could be reused, why? Because there was a large number of skeletons
00:08:04of bone remains, so they inferred that, but by doing
00:08:08a deeper analysis and determining the stratigraphic layers,
00:08:12they discovered that it was not so, that the bodies were only
00:08:16placed at one point and then everything was covered
00:08:20completely and the large platform where we are
00:08:23seated was built, and there is evidence of sacrifices in these bodies,
00:08:27according to the skulls, the two skulls allow us to infer that
00:08:30possibly there was decapitation among the groups here in
00:08:34Tingambato.
00:09:03Here we have a case of accidental archaeology, Tingambato
00:09:07has a terrible gopher plague, thanks to that
00:09:10important discoveries have been made, such as that of tomb
00:09:142, it was first a gopher that arrived at
00:09:17a site, but it found a slab,
00:09:34the first evidence was a square, it so happens that
00:09:37since we have a gopher plague, a gopher made
00:09:40a hole. then a worker came and his
00:09:44foot went into the hole and he went down that far and
00:09:48a first slab appeared, speaking of the
00:09:512.90 meters of depth and they found a slab in an
00:09:55excavation space of 2.90 where no stone was found, it's
00:09:58a lot of coincidence, so when we started hitting it
00:10:02with the pickaxe it sounded hollow, so the gophers
00:10:05did the first archaeology here, and
00:10:09the experiment of the tomb was carried out, he began to clear
00:10:13square by square according to the excavation proposal and
00:10:16a roof
00:10:17was found.
00:10:23in this place when the gopher goes underground, it hits
00:10:27something solid and bounces back, it turns out there's treasure.
00:10:50well, that's tomb number two, the tomb that was found last season in
00:10:532011, a bed of slabs was found, on the
00:10:57bed of slabs an individual lying down, oriented
00:11:01to the east, on him we found
00:11:03beads, over 1900 shell beads, everything seems to
00:11:07indicate that he is a high dignitary, everything seems to indicate that he is an important
00:11:11person, very different from tomb one which is a collective tomb that could
00:11:15have an offering condition because the bodies are not indiscriminately
00:11:18distributed, they are probably sacrificed and the bones
00:11:22do not correspond to each other.
00:11:35We can see what the
00:11:38the tomb, yes, we can see it, magnificent, let's see it.
00:11:56We are going to show you the materials recovered from the tomb two, in
00:11:59tomb two, both the tomb and the other materials, both ceramic
00:12:03and lithic as well as architectural,
00:12:05allow us to now provide new data
00:12:09in Michoacán, yes, this is
00:12:12the shells, the specialized shell work, there
00:12:16they are.
00:12:29And what happened to the bones?
00:12:43The majority of the bone remains
00:12:46disintegrate due to humidity, the skull, due to
00:12:50its hardness, is one of those that still takes
00:12:53time to disintegrate. How old was the person who
00:12:57died, between 25 and 30
00:13:00years old, no, the sex could not be identified because the
00:13:04pelvis was not found, it was very disintegrated,
00:13:07apart from the collapse that occurred, several bones
00:13:11disintegrated, but for example here
00:13:13we have what are skull remains, they can be assembled, all the now
00:13:17complete fractures that were present were the fractures
00:13:21that we ourselves have, the coronal and orbital ones.
00:13:25They are not signs of sacrifice, they are not yet signs of sacrifice, but with
00:13:28a physical anthropological analysis
00:13:31it can be diagnosed to see what
00:13:34it is,
00:13:39well here are
00:13:41the
00:13:43teeth, the teeth, the jaw, the third premolar
00:13:47is still missing, it is still young,
00:13:51still young, the wisdom teeth, the wisdom teeth are not present here either,
00:13:55no, no, no, they still don't appear, but
00:13:59yes, a very, very young individual, a semi-adult, right?
00:14:28Ihuatzio shows the influences of the two main cultures that
00:14:32determined the life of the Aztecs, on one hand the
00:14:36Teotihuacan and on the other the
00:14:38Toltec.
00:14:42Thus it grew, thus it developed, on two
00:14:45occasions it received the influence from central
00:14:49Mexico, first as the foundations of this city where
00:14:53we are and then during the conquest when the
00:14:56Spaniards arrived accompanied by the
00:14:59Mexicas.
00:15:02According to Jean-Marie Le Clézio, no
00:15:05people have had greater belief in divinations,
00:15:08dreams and religion than the
00:15:12Purépechas, they were so convinced of the
00:15:15propitiatory role of dreams that they came
00:15:19to occupy these cities of
00:15:22central culture, of Teotihuacan
00:15:25and Toltec culture, after having dreamed that this would be
00:15:29their site. Once they established themselves here, they trusted
00:15:33their deities so much that when the Spaniards
00:15:36defeated their enemies, the powerful
00:15:40Aztecs, they felt that they could no longer
00:15:43have a religion that
00:15:46supported them. According to Le Clézio,
00:15:49they succumbed to their own faith, they believed
00:15:52so much in it, that when their
00:15:55gods capitulated, when they ceased to be
00:15:59effective, they gave up, the
00:16:03Purépechas did not fall to their adversaries,
00:16:07but rather
00:16:25to their own beliefs, this population, I mean, has been here for a long time,
00:16:28many changes, many influences, mainly from the
00:16:32north and from the center after these populations
00:16:36were established.
00:16:38The strongest, the one that is most easily
00:16:42identified is the Teotihuacan one,
00:16:45when Teotihuacan goes down, this other
00:16:48group comes that has a tremendous force because it also comes from the
00:16:52north, the Toltecs, so
00:16:54I believe that in this period is when that
00:16:58Toltec culture expands the most in this
00:17:02region, however, as the population substrate is
00:17:05Purepecha, then the leaders who
00:17:09come to power later, the Toltecs who go down due to
00:17:12a conflict with the Mexicas and everything allows these
00:17:16peoples to flourish, develop and
00:17:20organize in another way, so when
00:17:23it is decided that they should rescue all
00:17:26this and remove all those antiquities to
00:17:30form the kingdom.
00:17:33The Purépechas have a
00:17:41peculiar expression to refer to
00:17:44tradition, which is the path of the
00:17:47grandparents.
00:17:48The values
00:17:52represent something that moves through
00:17:55time.
00:17:56This,
00:18:02where I am sitting, looks like a
00:18:06wall. However, it is a
00:18:10the top there is a path that leads to Lake
00:18:14Pátzcuaro, strictly speaking, this is a
00:18:17pier, people who went fishing or sailing
00:18:20went up the path to reach
00:18:23the water, this tells us about a culture where
00:18:26values moved, the
00:18:30Purépechas are the inhabitants of a
00:18:33path.
00:20:03There is the coyote you told us about up there in the tower, no
00:20:06in the shape of a coyote. Of course, this
00:20:09was found, located here and of course
00:20:12when the community saw it, they were fascinated by
00:20:15everything that was coming out, they are also with the
00:20:19Toltec in the Mayan area, but they are in the shape of
00:20:23a tiger or something like that, here
00:20:26in this area the characteristic thing is that it is the coyote, and
00:20:32the facade of what we were talking about, curiously in the archaeological
00:20:35site of Ihuatzio, for example. the sun and the moon then there is
00:20:39well the sun, the setting sun because well it is the
00:20:43gureri as they called it
00:20:46mentioned.
00:21:09We can understand the loneliness of a people who suddenly feel
00:21:13that their gods no longer work, that is what
00:21:16happened with the Purépecha nation around 1500.
00:21:2030 when with the arrival of the Spaniards they realized that
00:21:24everything they had believed in lacked
00:21:28force and relevance. In the Michoacán
00:21:30relation there is an extraordinary passage in which
00:21:34the crisis of the
00:21:36deities is discussed. Firstborn gods
00:21:40forced to suffer, and you gods of the
00:21:44left hand, be as they are determining of the
00:21:47gods, how can we contradict? "This that
00:21:51is in itself determined, we do
00:21:53not know what this is, the truth is, this
00:21:57determination was not at the beginning, that it was ordered that we
00:22:00should not walk two gods together before the light
00:22:04came, because we would kill each other and lose
00:22:07divinity. This we had all the gods agreed upon
00:22:10before the light came, and now,
00:22:14we do not know what words these are, break
00:22:18on all sides the wine jars of..."
00:22:20human sacrifices and do not bring any more offerings
00:22:23with you than from now on
00:22:27it will not be so, no more drums
00:22:30will sound, break them all, no more
00:22:33hearths will burn, nor will
00:22:36more smoke rise, everything
00:22:39will remain deserted because other men are coming to
00:22:43the earth.
00:28:22unequal challenge in efforts and results in the fight
00:28:25against drug trafficking between the United States and Mexico. In that same
00:28:29report, it is not admitted that the United States is the largest
00:28:33consumer of drugs in the world, Venezuela was, now it is not,
00:28:36what could have happened, I wonder, besides the kidnapping of Nicolás Maduro for
00:28:40Venezuela to no longer be among these four countries, there is always an interest in
00:28:44how the United States shares this information. Since the beginning
00:28:48of this second Trump administration, the fight against drug trafficking as a
00:28:51tool of, well, yes, imperial expansion, the United
00:28:55States no longer wants to depend on Mexican drug traffickers, it wants to have drug
00:28:59trafficking but not through Mexico, they don't want to eliminate drug trafficking in the United States because it is
00:29:02economically profitable for them.
00:29:31Next. Greatness of
00:29:33Mexico.
00:29:40Classification A for all audiences.
00:30:11Emblematic commemorations,
00:30:132021.
00:30:23The death of Morelos in December
00:30:251815
00:30:27was a brutal blow to the insurgency, but
00:30:31despite everything, the royalist army could not put an end
00:30:34to the rebellion. In mid- 1817,
00:30:37the Spanish liberal Javier
00:30:40Mina landed in Soto La Marina with 300
00:30:43men and joined Pedro Moreno's guerrilla, who
00:30:47was fighting in the current state of Jalisco.