Google Cloud Speech-to-Text API (Chirp) + Gemini 2.5 Flash Non-Thinking. Treat it as a searchable index of what was broadcast, not a quotation record.
00:00:11Commemorations emblematic
00:00:132021.
00:00:20Once Iturbide is
00:00:23The death of Morelos in December of
00:00:25it is part of living. Talking about 1815 was a brutal blow to the
00:00:29insurgency. But despite everything, the royalist
00:00:34support, we army could not end the rebellion. In mid- 1817,
00:00:37the Spanish liberal Javier
00:00:41from the army and the clergy and the Mina landed in Soto La Marina with 300 men
00:00:44and joined Pedro Moreno's guerrilla, who fought
00:00:47in the current state of Jalisco.
00:00:57this, especially from the
00:01:22Javier Mina, originally from
00:01:22that are preserved from Navarra, fought against
00:01:26absolutism, tyranny, and for independence.
00:01:31because freedom was the best cause of men.
00:01:34From 15 to
00:01:37facsimile of 17, the insurgency is going to be somewhat
00:01:41animated with the arrival of Javier
00:01:44Mina. It must be said that he was never called Francisco. Francisco was his
00:01:48uncle. They always confuse him with his uncle. He was Javier Martín
00:01:51Mina, a young man who was
00:01:54a very successful guerrilla against the
00:01:57Spain in what French invasion in Spain in 1808 to
00:02:001810 there in England with the support of
00:02:04several Latin Americans and especially of 12
00:02:07English merchants and two very important
00:02:11English nobles. One was
00:02:14Lord Henry Holland and the other, Lord John
00:02:18Russell. John Russell was almost his age, he was very
00:02:21young, like twenty-something years old, but we must remember that
00:02:24John Russell was twice Prime Minister of England during the
00:02:29many, especially jurists, it is the reign of Victoria. They are very important people who
00:02:32sympathize with the cause of independence
00:02:36of New Spain, but it is not the government
00:02:39of, we must not be mistaken, the government does not support that
00:02:43expedition, they are individuals with the idea that
00:02:46New Spain should be liberated and improved, especially for
00:02:50England, the trade that will be,
00:02:53according to them, very valuable, with
00:02:56Michoacán, in this New Spain that they consider very rich.
00:03:01Mina's expedition
00:03:04acting in the first stage of shows how the interests of the different nations
00:03:07are reflected. It seems to me that it is extremely
00:03:10important to think about how Mina's army
00:03:14was formed. Who formed Mina's army?
00:03:17Mina's army was a mercenary
00:03:20army. When we say mercenary in
00:03:24Mexico, it sounds a bit pejorative and
00:03:27a bit strong because of a
00:03:31burden of nationalism that exists, because, for example,
00:03:35Americans, Irish,
00:03:38French participated in our war of
00:03:41independence and were leaders
00:03:45and even high-ranking
00:03:47is an allegory of military officers who were able to lead part of this
00:03:50movement. They were not hired people,
00:03:55that, someone from yes, for pay, and
00:03:58they were even waiting, like all mercenaries, they were waiting
00:04:04army, to put an end to to receive booty when they won, be it
00:04:07land, money, or any other asset.
00:04:11That's what they worked for. They were workers
00:04:13who
00:04:17these armies were formed with,
00:04:21for example, Mina was formed by them. Mina had to
00:04:25resort to many people, many
00:04:28businessmen, many capitalists to be able to
00:04:31give him and financially support him to form the
00:04:35army he formed. This was completely
00:04:39known by the Spanish intelligence center.
00:04:43For both Agustín de Iturbide and the They knew it and unfortunately
00:04:46they also knew that Mina's army
00:04:50did not have
00:04:53an organic approach with the groups in
00:04:56Mexico, that is, there was no full acceptance
00:05:00of Mina's army and what happened with the
00:05:03strategy to finish off Mina's army
00:05:07was a strategy of the Spanish army. They
00:05:10let them in, they knew when they were going to enter, they let them in,
00:05:14they closed, they closed the ships, they burned the ships and
00:05:18they attacked them and they continued attacking them until
00:05:20they decimated them and finished him off. It was
00:05:23fundamental. Now we have paid many tributes to
00:05:27Mina and we will continue to do so for well-deserved recognition, and not only to
00:05:30Mina. We should do it for the entire
00:05:33army, for the army that came with him, because it was not only
00:05:37Mina, there were other military men who
00:05:40deserve the same recognition that we have given to
00:05:43Mina.
00:05:47The expedition is a failure. Mina will be executed
00:05:50on November 11, 1817
00:05:53and another period of
00:05:56decline of the insurgency comes.
00:05:59Why? Well, on the one hand, because, as I
00:06:02said, this dispute among the leaders, the lack of a single group
00:06:06to organize them. There will also
00:06:09be a new eh who will arrive after
00:06:121816, who is Juan Ruiz de Apodaca with
00:06:16a conciliatory project, not
00:06:19like Calleja, who was more confrontational,
00:06:22no, he will grant many pardons, more than
00:06:2517 pardons, that is, insurgents who
00:06:29withdraw from the fight and do not return to fight, they stay
00:06:33at home quietly and leave
00:06:36the insurgent forces. That stage begins to
00:06:40be pacified, but a stronghold remains.
00:06:42important which is in the mountains of the
00:06:45south, the current state of Guerrero, in those mountains
00:06:48of difficult climate, very hot land,
00:06:52inaccessible even today, there is Vicente Guerrero who had accompanied
00:06:56Morelos since the year
00:06:5910.
00:07:02This strategy was
00:07:05successful in the south of New
00:07:10is today Guerrero
00:07:13territory because it is a very
00:07:17mountainous area
00:07:21and the southern insurgents had
00:07:24previously been muleteers, they had been
00:07:26militiamen or they had been merchants and
00:07:30they knew the topography,
00:07:33they knew the places and they knew the
00:07:36people very
00:07:38well.
00:07:40Towards the end of the war in
00:07:431818,
00:07:46until a few years ago, historiography
00:07:50thought that the insurgency was
00:07:53practically annihilated,
00:07:56the latest studies show us
00:07:59that the hot
00:08:02land of both the current state of
00:08:06Guerrero and
00:08:08the Sierra de Chilpancingo and
00:08:12in part of the great coast up to Colima
00:08:16and Jalisco, the war
00:08:20continued and its technique was guerrilla
00:08:23warfare.
00:08:26There is a series of strongholds where,
00:08:30for example, here we will find characters like Vicente
00:08:33Guerrero himself, who at the time was in the remote regions
00:08:36of that state, the current state of Guerrero, and it was
00:08:40precisely there that he had to go to seek the military
00:08:43pact that would somehow break the deadlock
00:08:47of this movement that was entrenched in a struggle where the
00:08:50insurgents barricaded themselves in inaccessible
00:08:53places, they did not offer a
00:08:56frontal battle, so well, this was the way in which the
00:09:00insurgency managed to safeguard what
00:09:02remained until the political pact of
00:09:051821 came. In July
00:09:08of 1820, Viceroy Apodaca appointed Agustín
00:09:13Iturbide, commander of the southern
00:09:16the insurgent stronghold commanded by Vicente
00:09:19Guerrero. In reality, it seems that
00:09:23the events that made Iturbide change
00:09:25politically from being a defender of the viceregal government
00:09:29during practically the entire war of independence, to
00:09:32becoming the leader of this movement in
00:09:351821, was the fact that in
00:09:381816 he was sidelined as part of
00:09:42anti-insurgent campaigns in the Bajío, in the intendancy of
00:09:45Guanajuato. Iturbide used methods that would later
00:09:48be reproached for the extreme violence he
00:09:52used. This led Viceroy Félix María Calleja to
00:09:55prosecute him in that same year and to later
00:09:59be dismissed by Calleja's successor, who
00:10:03was Juan Ruiz de Apodaca. This made Iturbide
00:10:06seek to counteract it with a series of defenses
00:10:09that he presented to the authorities,
00:10:13which were not heard, and in the next few years that he spent
00:10:16retired in an hacienda called "de la
00:10:19Compañía" in the province of Chalco, Iturbide seems
00:10:23to have generated a feeling
00:10:25of revenge, of disagreement with
00:10:29this viceregal cause. This would mean that in the year
00:10:321820, when he was called again to fight
00:10:35this time against Vicente Guerrero in the south of the Viceroyalty, Iturbide
00:10:39had other plans, which were independence.
00:10:45in effective command of the southern command and on his way to
00:10:48Acapulco, and also has the
00:10:51command of his old infantry regiment of Celaya,
00:10:55which, of course, had his full confidence, Iturbide
00:10:58begins to have epistolary communication with many
00:11:02very important people, both
00:11:06provincial elite, that is, practically throughout the viceroyalty he begins to have
00:11:09contacts whom he
00:11:12seeks to commit so that once the plan is conceived
00:11:16and published, these people
00:11:19already have a clear indication of what they should do
00:11:22in each of their provinces. The first, of course, will be Vicente
00:11:26Guerrero, whom he seeks to attract since November to try
00:11:30to join the movement. It's not new, because Guerrero himself
00:11:34had previously, before Iturbide's appointment, tried
00:11:37to attract some
00:11:41royalist officers to him, because he
00:11:44thought that with the union of both armies, independence could be achieved.
00:11:47Several historians affirm, according to the
00:11:51latest studies that
00:11:55Iturbide, when he arrived
00:11:57to fulfill his mission of being commander of the south,
00:12:01already had the idea of independence.
00:12:05It still intrigues me why he already
00:12:08had it. He told it to
00:12:12Vicente Guerrero and until the other one told him that he would not
00:12:16answer him if he did not talk about
00:12:17independence.
00:12:22But it could have also been strategies and
00:12:25if Vicente Guerrero surrendered
00:12:27without being told about it, he would be in a
00:12:31situation of greater weakness. Iturbide will
00:12:34be the one who finally makes the invitation and
00:12:38Vicente Guerrero and many elements of his
00:12:41troops will join him in what has been called the
00:12:45Embrace of Acatempan, of which in reality we have no trace
00:12:49that it happened. Rather, there was a meeting of the
00:12:52leaders in epistolary
00:12:55terms. They agreed to join their forces
00:12:59and this will allow the Iguala Plan to be socialized. The Iguala Plan
00:13:03really managed to bring together
00:13:06the main objectives, taking into account this weariness of the war,
00:13:10which were independence and the defense of the
00:13:13Catholic religion as one of its main
00:13:16points.
00:13:20Having this as a context, Iturbide
00:13:23knows that he needs the support of these
00:13:27last insurgent strongholds,
00:13:31of course, that of Vicente Guerrero, with
00:13:34whom he has a very interesting epistolary
00:13:37exchange.
00:13:39Agustín de Iturbide, who has just
00:13:42received military force and
00:13:46troops, visualizes this and decides
00:13:49to lead, with the Iguala Plan, a movement that has
00:13:53independence as its center. They also call it
00:13:56absolute independence, no longer a conciliatory
00:14:00or partial self-government independence, but
00:14:04absolute independence, but in agreement with the monarchy.
00:14:07Therefore, the type of government will be a monarchical
00:14:11government and King Ferdinand VII
00:14:14will be invited to come and govern these lands or, failing
00:14:20the royal family. Of
00:14:23course, along with this commission, there will be other
00:14:26important slogans that embody the best
00:14:29within the themes of sovereignty, of
00:14:33freedoms, of
00:14:35separation of powers, of
00:14:39all rights, of course, that will be included
00:14:43here, but also prioritizing, this is natural
00:14:46for what I just said, the central role of the
00:14:50Catholic religion as the sole religion,
00:14:53without tolerance of any other, and of course,
00:14:56respecting the privileges of the clergy.
00:15:00This, then, not only gathers the support of the high clergy
00:15:03with whom Agustín de Iturbide will have much closeness, not
00:15:07only with the people of the profesa church, but
00:15:11also with some of the people in Valladolid,
00:15:14such as Bárcena, who had been close to him
00:15:18in Valladolid when he was studying and with whom he maintains
00:15:21correspondence, he supports a large part of the High Clergy.
00:15:25But also the Low Clergy, also the people who are
00:15:28happy to know that the prerogatives and privileges of the
00:15:32Clergy in a Catholic society will be
00:15:35respected. This leads us
00:15:38to the fact that the plan establishes the spirit of the three
00:15:41guarantees, no, union, independence and
00:15:45religion.
00:15:51It is not easy to understand what you feel, sadness,
00:15:55anger, fear, pressure.
00:15:59Feeling is not weakness,
00:16:03what is happening to you can help you name what you are
00:16:06experiencing. When someone listens to you, everything
00:16:09changes. If you need
00:16:56of 1821, Juan O'Donojú arrived in New
00:17:00Spain as political chief and met with
00:17:03Iturbide in the town of Córdoba, where the treaties
00:17:06were signed. They bear the name of the city and
00:17:10ratified the Iguala Plan.
00:17:13Well, the Treaties of Córdoba were signed in
00:17:16August of 1821, when
00:17:19the Trigarante movement had achieved enormous success, the
00:17:22army had really in all
00:17:26regions garnered support due to,
00:17:30above all, the ability of the
00:17:33stronger military men to associate themselves with the army and the
00:17:37movement. So when the new viceroy landed
00:17:40in the midst of the Spanish liberalism context, who
00:17:44was no longer properly a viceroy but a political
00:17:46chief, and a liberal arrived,
00:17:50who was O'Donojú, to the city, well, first to Veracruz and then
00:17:54to Córdoba to sign these
00:17:57agreements. They were so
00:18:01important that when that happened, practically for
00:18:06moment when we are free, because O'Donojú
00:18:10signed. Now, O'Donojú signed, of course,
00:18:14in Spain they will be indignant, and they will say
00:18:17that he had no powers to sign such a treaty, but
00:18:20it was a fact, it was already there, they had untied the knot, as they
00:18:24said, without breaking
00:18:27it, without deaths, without
00:18:30confrontations, and that is the beginning, now, from
00:18:34August onwards you know what happens next. And
00:18:37Iturbide goes to Puebla,
00:18:40that's when they say that on August 28, which was his saint's day, Saint
00:18:43Agustín, they make him the famous chiles
00:18:47en nogada, transfer them to the three
00:18:50guarantees, faith, religion,
00:18:53white, green hope,
00:18:56independence, red union, rather charity,
00:19:00union, why I think Iturbide doesn't say it, I have
00:19:03looked in everything I could that he writes and says
00:19:07that he named it that way because of the three virtues. I have a feeling that
00:19:10yes, that is my idea, because there is a
00:19:13painting there,
00:19:17very nice, an allegory from 1822 that the
00:19:20National History Museum has in Chapultepec Castle, which
00:19:25Iturbide's coronation. Iturbide is
00:19:28sitting on his throne and guess who is crowning
00:19:31him. The homeland is
00:19:33crowning him as an indigenous woman with her
00:19:37pre-Hispanic, all with her he is crowning
00:19:41him, but Minerva, the goddess
00:19:44of wisdom, is also there, also wearing
00:19:46a pre-Hispanic diadem, the goddess
00:19:50Minerva, and to the left,
00:19:53three thrones next to him, and
00:19:57three seated figures are faith in white,
00:20:00hope in green, and charity in red,
00:20:04all three next to him. What does it mean? I believe it means
00:20:08that those were the three main virtues that would unite
00:20:11the country and it would not bleed out or
00:20:15end. That is my
00:20:17opinion.
00:20:21Trigarante movement, the capture of the city of Valladolid will mean, in
00:20:24the first instance, the capture of the second provincial capital they
00:20:28seize, in addition to the symbolic weight it has for him
00:20:32for being the place where he was born. With this act,
00:20:35the city adhered normally and
00:20:38definitively to the Trigarante, which will
00:20:41determine the end of the independence process for the
00:20:44province of Valladolid. However,
00:20:47there will later be a second
00:20:50triumphant entry, very remarkable, because it is the only one in which
00:20:53a woman will intervene so notably, Iturbide's wife,
00:20:57Ana María Huarte. I, who
00:21:00dedicate myself to that era, get excited to see the emotion
00:21:04of the towns that carried out the consummation of independence
00:21:07before September 27. We know of more than
00:21:11169 popular festivities in all
00:21:14towns, the happiness of those
00:21:17towns that achieved independence before Mexico City,
00:21:20where excited people came out
00:21:23dressed and women with braids
00:21:26with tricolor ribbons, men with
00:21:29cockades, children dressed in tricolor, it was
00:21:33an enormous
00:21:34happiness.
00:21:37Well, we are at the Regional Museum of Guerrero
00:21:41which was built to be a government
00:21:44palace, it was built between 1902 and
00:21:481906. and it fulfilled that
00:21:51function until
00:21:531985
00:21:57when the National Institute of Anthropology and History
00:22:00and the government of the state of Guerrero
00:22:02made an agreement to create a
00:22:05regional museum in the museum,
00:22:09among the pieces
00:22:12the era of the consummation of independence,
00:22:16there is a replica of Vicente Guerrero's
00:22:20jacket, whose original is in the National Museum of
00:22:23History. There is also a
00:22:27the formation of the
00:22:31Trigarante army, whose original is in the
00:22:35historical archive of the Ministry of National Defense,
00:22:37in which
00:22:41that document
00:22:43shows the way in which Agustín
00:22:47Iturbide structured the Trigarante army
00:22:51in the general staff, which are the first
00:22:54people he mentions.
00:22:56menciona,
00:22:59Well, the entry into the capital was the only thing missing
00:23:02really, and it is important to say
00:23:06that, well, yes, it was a crucial
00:23:09piece
00:23:12for Iturbide, but on the other hand, the Trigarante
00:23:15forces were joining in all regions with support not only
00:23:19military, but also from the cathedrals, in places
00:23:22where there was still a bishop, or if there wasn't a bishop, there was a
00:23:26cathedral chapter that, of course,
00:23:29supported their sympathies, and the arrival in Mexico
00:23:33City is important because, of course, it is the
00:23:37viceregal capital, but it is from the regions
00:23:40that the contingent will come in this Trigarante
00:23:43army of royalist
00:23:46military men, well, it will be
00:23:50fundamental, that is why we will see them
00:23:54the country's life, since this will be the
00:23:57truly constituted army that inherits
00:24:01the Mexican nation or inherits, at
00:24:04least, I don't know if in its structures, I wouldn't know how to say it, but that
00:24:07inherits, of course, in the people.
00:24:20Convened by Agustín de Iturbide, in February
00:24:231822, the first Congress began
00:24:27to sit. The Plan of Iguala among its
00:24:31proposals says that a provisional
00:24:35governing junta will be established. Notice the
00:24:37name: Provisional Governing Junta. What was
00:24:41asked for in the year '08? A provisional junta of Americans
00:24:44while the kingdom returned, but they were not
00:24:48allowed, and it was legal. It was not a revolution, it was not
00:24:52anything illegal, it was legal, so they were not
00:24:55allowed. What did the Zitácuaro junta,
00:24:58of Rayón, want to do? A junta. What
00:25:02did the Jaujilla junta want to do?
00:25:06A junta, a junta. Always throughout the process,
00:25:09from '08 to '20, they talked about their junta of Americans
00:25:13who would be the provisional government, while it was established.
00:25:17This is what the Iguala Plan will do in '21.
00:25:20A junta, and it says the best representatives
00:25:23of all sectors of society will be
00:25:27chosen. And that's what you forget, a list,
00:25:31in fact there are 39 of which only 35
00:25:34signatures appear, missing that of Don Juan O'Donojú.
00:25:38In reality, the
00:25:42congress is an entity that is
00:25:45formed by very varied voices. This is
00:25:48important to say. It is indeed
00:25:52the commitment that had been made to have
00:25:55a congress, but former insurgents,
00:25:58people prone to the republic,
00:26:01are present there. Of course, many
00:26:05monarchists and other figures from the Mexican
00:26:09nobility. Before this, there had also been a junta
00:26:12that led to the congress and that had a
00:26:15composition more aligned with estamental
00:26:18issues and a regency also
00:26:21in which Iturbide himself would be
00:26:25represented with other
00:26:28interesting figures such as the bishop of Puebla or the
00:26:31governor of the cathedral of Michoacán. So, well, the
00:26:35tension with the congress exists naturally,
00:26:38especially insofar as the ancient figures of the insurgency
00:26:42have been incorporated into the Trigarante Plan
00:26:46for independence, who also gravitate and who are
00:26:49not necessarily going to be aligned with Agustín de
00:26:52Iturbide, so logically they will
00:26:54constantly question him in
00:27:00moment the treaties are not signed. of Córdoba, the figure of the
00:27:03king had managed to contain a kind of
00:27:06neutralization of the forces of the aspirants, but the
00:27:10fear of tyranny grows, as they called it,
00:27:14and of course the lack of
00:27:17confidence that Iturbide had also grows,
00:27:21since he did not trust the strength of the Congress. One of the tasks
00:27:24that will be assigned to the
00:27:27Provisional Governing Junta is that, according to the
00:27:30Constitution of Cadiz,
00:27:33it calls for elections in all territory, let's
00:27:37not forget also the size of the territory of the Mexican
00:27:40Empire, we are talking about more than 4 million
00:27:43kilometers, then we will lose half of it,
00:27:47all of
00:27:49Central America
00:27:53Nevada, Utah, Colorado,
00:27:56all of that, Alta California, New
00:27:59Mexico, Arizona, all of that was part of what... the
00:28:02empire, that is, we don't forget that
00:28:05it was even physically
00:28:07enormous
00:28:10lose it little by little,
00:28:14but already in the 19th century, so that's, that's
00:28:17what the junta did, the junta from '21
00:28:21all the provinces to elect
00:28:25according to the constitution,
00:28:27because we must also remember that the constitutional
00:28:30city councils and the
00:28:32provincial deputations that the constitution had divided
00:28:36since '12 and then I will do it again in '20 when
00:28:40it is renewed continued to be maintained throughout the empire,
00:28:44despite everything the congress will have to
00:28:48support at the moment when Agustín Deituurbide
00:28:52eh proclaims himself emperor, of course there are a whole series of previous
00:28:55popular movements, well orchestrated that
00:28:59popular legitimacy.
00:29:02or at least an appearance of popular
00:29:06legitimacy that brings the emperor to this place and
00:29:09the congress necessarily has to meet on that
00:29:12occasion, then will come the dissolution of the
00:29:16congress itself and a
00:29:19until it is
00:29:23reorganized.
00:29:25what were the main differences between the congress
00:29:29and Iturbide eh really. it's very
00:29:33soon that these differences
00:29:35eh
00:29:38especially because these two positions begin
00:29:41to be raised mainly in
00:29:44terms of the system of government to follow, the
00:29:48main difference eh between those who
00:29:51supported the monarchy and specifically in this sense Iturbide,
00:29:55those more critical voices that began to
00:29:58defend the republic with more force
00:30:01consisted. precisely in that the executive should not
00:30:05have greater power over the other powers, for the
00:30:09defenders of the republic, there should not only be
00:30:12a division of powers but also that the legislative should impose itself on the
00:30:16executive, there was this fear
00:30:18of eh the power of a single
00:30:21man, not of a monarch, no matter how constitutional the
00:30:25monarquía, al final era
00:30:27a monarchy
00:30:32a... woman was able to overcome
00:30:35men, her intelligence and her character made her overcome
00:30:39impossible, highlighting that
00:30:42she is a survivor in a man's world,
00:30:46finding
00:30:49translators who spoke for the
00:30:52have seemed strange to them. Malinsin, the story
00:30:56of an enigma. Sunday, 14:50.