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00:00:45In 2021,
00:00:50this gold turquoise plaque of the Shang Dynasty was discovered
00:00:54among the high-ranking nobles in Shuyuan Street.
00:00:57After
00:01:06extensive research, a clear image of a beast face emerged
00:01:10before our eyes. Its shape is thick and solemn,
00:01:14and the combination of gold and turquoise is beautiful and unpretentious.
00:01:18In fact, this is not the first time
00:01:21that Shang Dynasty gold turquoise beast-faced artifacts
00:01:25have been discovered in China. Similar artifacts
00:01:28were also unearthed in Wuhan, Hubei.
00:01:51The turquoise gold artifacts in the picture were unearthed in 2014 from Tomb No. 17 of Yangjiawan, Panlongcheng, Huangpi District, Wuhan, Hubei, and are now housed in Panlongcheng Museum.
00:01:55目 , 现 藏 与 潘 龙 城 一 致 博 物
00:01:58院 。
00:02:30This beast-faced artifact inlaid with gold and turquoise.
00:02:33This craftsmanship can be traced back
00:02:37to the late Xia Dynasty.
00:02:40Turquoise and gold are put together, which is a very high-level
00:02:44ritual item. It is believed to have been uniformly
00:02:48made
00:02:48in Zhongyuan.
00:02:57This is a particularly important and high-level symbolic object at this location.
00:03:01The beast-face pattern, also known as the taotie pattern,
00:03:04is one of the most typical patterns of Shang Dynasty bronzes.
00:03:08The beast-face pattern combines the beauty of awe and
00:03:12symmetry, symbolizing the spiritual belief of the Shang people.
00:03:16It represents the Shang people's awe of the majesty of heaven and earth.
00:03:20And such rare gold-inlaid turquoise beast-faced ritual objects
00:03:24were most likely high-level works
00:03:27from the central kingdom.
00:03:30As a reward from the Shang king, it traveled thousands of miles
00:03:33to Panlongcheng, hundreds of kilometers away from the capital.
00:03:37Naturally, this also indicates the extraordinary
00:03:41status of Panlongcheng and
00:03:42its inhabitants.
00:03:49The perimeter of this city wall is approximately
00:03:52288,29. In the northeast corner of the entire
00:03:56city, we found large-scale. 1.39 million square meters, of which 75,400 square meters are waiting to be covered.
00:04:42The project member's direction is 20 degrees north.
00:04:51It was the earliest and most populous city in the early Shang Dynasty.
00:04:55This large halberd is 94 centimeters long, which is currently
00:05:42the largest. The bronze wine ritual vessels
00:05:46unearthed from the tombs of Panlongcheng nobles are exactly the same in shape
00:05:50as the bronze wine ritual vessels unearthed from Zhengzhou Shangcheng.
00:05:54Based on factors such as its urban scale,
00:05:57layout, tomb style, and unearthed artifacts.
00:06:01Experts speculate that Panlongcheng should have been a local provincial-level
00:06:05administrative institution
00:06:09established by the Shang people when they moved south to the Yangtze River.
00:06:43Jade and turquoise artifacts, etc.,
00:06:47demonstrate the Shang kings' high regard for
00:06:51the administrators of Panlongcheng throughout history.
00:06:54Among the more than 500 bronze artifacts unearthed,
00:06:5870% are weapons, which undoubtedly
00:07:02indicates Panlongcheng's important position
00:07:05as a regional military and political center. Why was Panlongcheng
00:07:08so important to the Shang Dynasty?
00:07:35In 1988, when we were investigating an ancient Shang Dynasty
00:07:38copper mine
00:07:44in the southwest of Changchun, we noticed the nearby
00:07:48place names while surveying and excavating the ancient mine, and found a place called
00:07:52"Jindi". When examining
00:07:55the villagers' tombstones, we found a Ming Dynasty
00:07:59tombstone. On the inscription, the three characters "Jindi"
00:08:03were recorded. Combined with the fact that there was
00:08:06an ancient copper mine in the area, the then King
00:08:10Qi named this place
00:08:21and it remains so to this day. Every November, the mountains locally known as Tie Shan
00:08:25are covered with these small purple flowers.
00:08:29This plant, named "Tong Cao Hua" (copper grass flower),
00:08:32only grows in soil with high copper content, making it a natural
00:08:36indicator for finding underground copper mines.
00:08:39Tonglushan mining site is
00:08:43one of the oldest and largest ancient copper
00:08:46mining and smelting sites discovered so far. It can be traced back
00:08:50to the mid-Shang Dynasty, approximately 3300 years ago.
00:08:54This largely coincides with the existence of Panlongcheng.
00:08:57Here, archaeologists discovered a large-scale copper mine production
00:09:01base integrating mining areas,
00:09:05beneficiation areas, smelting areas, and living areas. The site covers
00:09:09an area of 3.5 square kilometers.
00:10:34China's bronze civilization spanned the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties. Copper was the most important strategic
00:10:38resource for the country. It is conceivable that the Shang people moved south
00:10:42and established Panlongcheng as a regional military and political center.
00:10:46Controlling the Yangtze River copper mine was one of the key
00:10:50reasons. He needed to ensure the safety
00:10:54of his daily production. He also
00:10:57needed to ensure that the copper flowed smoothly to the Central Plains bronze culture,
00:11:01so he had to establish
00:11:05several states in the copper mining areas. Then, a relatively large state
00:11:09is in our Jiangxi Province, on both banks of the Ganjiang River,
00:11:12the main tributary of the Yangtze River, there are Wucheng and what
00:11:16we call Niutoucheng, which is where our Xingan Dami
00:11:20is located.
00:11:23After the mid-Shang Dynasty,
00:13:28this exquisite carved gui was unearthed from the high-level site of Xiyulin Qing
00:13:32Jianzhai.
00:13:33。
00:13:36It is dominated by a majestic beast-face pattern, with turquoise
00:13:40ornaments embedded in between. This gui
00:13:43unearthed from Anyang Yinxu is exactly the same
00:13:47in terms of craftsmanship. In 202
00:13:502, when archaeologists discovered this
00:13:54carved gui at the Zhaigou site.
00:14:12Qingjian County is located in the southern part of Yulin City, Shaanxi
00:14:15Province. The Mother River of Shaanxi, the Wuding River,
00:14:19bends through here.
00:14:23Between the Wu River and the Yellow River,
00:14:57in 2022, Shaanxi archaeologists discovered
00:15:01the Zhaigou site in Zhaiguo Village, Qingjian County, which also belongs to the Li Jiaya culture.
00:15:05And the exquisite carved gui
00:15:08with a style similar to Yinxu was unearthed
00:15:12here.
00:15:25The entire architectural structure is a rammed earth platform with rammed earth embankments. On top of it, there
00:15:29is a group of architecture in the shape of a return character. The current measurement suggests it may be 6,000
00:15:33square meters. On this mountain named Zhaiyuan Gai,
00:15:36的 山 ,
00:17:38scholar Wang Guowei once pointed out in "Gui Fang Kun Yi Xian Yun Kao"
00:17:42that in ancient China, there was a powerful foreign
00:17:46tribe, whose people lived in the north of the Yellow
00:17:49River and east of the Taihang Mountains. Those
00:17:53who were contemporary with the Shang and Zhou dynasties were
00:17:56the Guifang.
00:17:58As recorded in "Yi Ji", Gaozong fought against the Guifang
00:18:02for three years. Gaozong was King Wuding of the Shang
00:18:06Dynasty. Since the oracle bone inscriptions, the complex
00:18:09relations between the Shang Dynasty and the surrounding states have been
00:18:13recorded. These states either submitted to the Shang
00:18:17Dynasty or rebelled. The Tufang and Guifang
00:18:21in the north were all objects of Wuding's special attention.
00:18:25In the artifacts of Yinxu, we can indeed
00:18:28distinguish some artifacts
00:18:32that are highly consistent with the artifacts of Li Ya Ya.
00:18:35致 , 可 能 有 。
00:18:48It does represent the interaction and communication of human groups. As for how these people came,
00:18:52we can indeed see from the oracle bones
00:18:56that the means and methods of frequent interaction with the north
00:18:59are mainly war. The area of
00:19:03Guifang is basically in the three northern provinces.
00:19:43On October 17, 2024, in Qingjian
00:19:46County, Yulin City, the Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology organized
00:19:50an academic seminar on the new discoveries at the Zhaigou site, inviting archaeologists
00:19:54from all over the country to discuss the excavations at the Zhaigou site
00:19:57and the study of Shang Dynasty states.
00:20:01At this conference, one research topic attracted
00:20:05much attention.
00:20:09During the late Shang Dynasty, a species that influenced
00:20:13the course of Chinese civilization for 3,000 years suddenly appeared
00:20:16in the Central Plains. This species
00:20:19has an inextricable link with the wars or exchanges
00:20:23between the Shang Dynasty and the northern tribes.
00:20:27The image of this animal once appeared in
00:20:31the stone carvings of human-horse and horse-riding figures at the Shimao site
00:20:35in Yulin, Shaanxi. This indicates
00:20:38that during the late Longshan culture, from about 4,300
00:20:41to 3,800 years ago, the ancient people had already
00:20:45established some kind of relationship with horses. However,
00:20:49during the Longshan culture,
00:21:20the earliest domesticated horses discovered in China appeared
00:21:24at the Shimao site during the late Shang Dynasty, approximately
00:21:273340 years ago. Domesticated horses
00:21:31appeared in large numbers in the Yinxu site, but
00:21:34they appeared suddenly. The earliest horses in China should be at the Shimao site.
00:21:38After appearing at the Shimao site, they spread from the southern Yellow River
00:21:42basin all the way to the Central Plains. Because this channel
00:21:45is still relatively clear. It may have been a channel
00:21:49between them.
00:23:42Among them, in Tomb No. 3, the earliest
00:23:46double-axle carriage from the Shang and Zhou dynasties was also discovered.
00:23:50The discovery of this double-axle carriage was also unexpected by us,
00:23:54including the large number of carriages found at Yinxu
00:23:57were all single-axle carriages. The discovery of this double-axle carriage
00:24:01advanced the history of double-axle carriages by more than 1,000 years. The widespread use of truly
00:24:05double-axle carriages was after the Former Han Dynasty.
00:24:09。
00:24:14We are currently at Tomb No. 1 of the cemetery. This
00:24:18Tomb No. 1 has a total of
00:25:24bronze chariots and horse artifacts unearthed from the large tomb.
00:25:27Jade artifacts,
00:25:31bone artifacts, and turquoise artifacts, etc.
00:25:35all have typical Shang Dynasty styles.
00:25:38And at the Zhaigou site, the Shang Dynasty bronzes
00:25:42discovered with Taliangzhu fully proved
00:25:46that the Jinshan Plateau region more than 3,000
00:25:50years ago had already mastered the technology of manufacturing high-grade bronze ritual
00:25:54vessels. And artifacts with typical
00:25:57local cultural styles and grassland cultural styles
00:26:01such as gold ear rings and snake-headed pens.
00:26:32The core is like the appearance of the tomb. Only then
00:26:36can you be equivalent to a military and divine beast,
00:26:39and only then can you control this whole place. This is the core
00:26:43of his learning.
00:26:47In the late Shang Dynasty, the relationship between Guifang and the central government
00:26:51of the Shang Dynasty seemed to be closer.
00:26:55This is recorded in both the oracle bone inscriptions
00:26:57and historical records. Specifically,
00:27:00in "Yin Ben Ji" it states:
00:27:10The Marquis of Jiu and the Marquis of E
00:27:13and the Marquis of Gui were three dukes. And he married
00:27:17his daughter to King Zhou. From enemy to subordinate,
00:27:20this change in relationship is prominently reflected in the large number
00:27:24of high-grade Shang artifacts and chariots
00:27:28unearthed at the Zhaigou site. So the whole thing is like this.
00:27:43It can also be said
00:27:46to be one of the core driving forces of the entire Chinese civilization.
00:27:48。
00:27:50The Great Wall is like a winding giant dragon winding
00:27:54on the agricultural and pastoral interaction zone of China, bearing witness to the northern grassland
00:27:58nomadic culture and the Central Plains agricultural culture.
00:28:31And in the south, sites like Panlongcheng and Dayangzhou also demonstrate the penetration
00:28:34and influence of Shang Dynasty bronze civilization
00:28:38on the Yangtze River basin. It
00:28:41flowed upstream and deeply entered the Shu region,
00:28:45incorporating ancient Shu culture represented by Sanxingdui and Jinsha
00:28:49into the sphere of influence of bronze civilization.
00:28:53It also moved eastward to establish a stronghold in the east
00:28:56to control salt production.
00:28:59From the northern grasslands to the Yangtze River.
00:32:17The higher you stand, the farther you can see.
00:32:21China Central Television.
00:33:38Welcome to a new day. Good morning, everyone.
00:33:41Good morning, everyone. This is CCTV Channel 4 and Xin.