Original Broadcaster Captioning (Enhanced). Treat it as a searchable index of what was broadcast, not a quotation record.
00:00:00C-SPAN.ORG/PODCASTS.
00:00:11>> IT IS GOOD TO SEE YOU ALL IN CLASS TODAY.
00:00:15WE WILL GET INTO OUR REGULAR LECTURE. YOU'RE GOING TO BE TALKING ABOUT
00:00:19THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR TODAY.
00:00:22WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO TODAY SO WE CAN SPARK -- START THE
00:00:26SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR, IS GET INTO THE TOPICS WE DISCUSSED
00:00:29LAST WEEK, GO OVER THE BIG WORDS, PHRASES, THEORIES WE HAD
00:00:33GOTTEN INTO AND GOTTEN OUR HANDS ON. AND THEN LOOK AT THEM AS THEY
00:00:36RELATE TO THE WAR AS WE WILL GO THROUGH THAT TODAY.
00:00:40IF YOU CAN REMEMBER, WHAT WERE SOME OF THE BIG TOPICS WE TALKED ABOUT?
00:00:45WHAT WERE SOME OF THE THINGS WE EXAMINED? THE COMPETITION OF NATIONS.
00:00:49THAT IS GREAT. LET'S START THERE. THE COMPETITION OF NATIONS.
00:00:54THAT IS, THE GREAT COMPETITION PRIMARILY BETWEEN WHAT PART OF THE WORLD?
00:00:59WHAT NATIONS ARE WE TALKING ABOUT? IN EUROPE.
00:01:03GREAT EUROPEAN COMPETITIONS. IT IS THEREFORE ALSO PART AND
00:01:07PARCEL OF WHAT ISM?
00:01:10IMPERIALISM AND?
00:01:14IMPERIALISM AND COLONIALISM. WE TALKED ABOUT IMPERIALISM AND
00:01:18COLONIALISM AS TWO PHRASES THAT GO HAND IN HAND BUT ARE NOT THE
00:01:22EXACT SAME. VERY GOOD. WHAT ELSE HAVE WE TALKED ABOUT? EMERGENCE.
00:01:28TALKED ABOUT THE PROCESS BY WHICH AMERICA IS EMERGING ON THE WORLD STAGE.
00:01:35THIS WILL VERY MUCH BE A WAR IN WHICH THE UNITED STATES JOINS
00:01:38THE CONCERT OF NATIONS, SO TO SPEAK. WHAT ELSE?
00:01:42SOCIAL DARWINISM. VERY GOOD. SOCIAL DARWINISM.
00:01:51THAT SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST IDEOLOGY WE WILL DEFINITELY SEE AS IT RELATES TO THIS IMPERIAL GAME, THE GREAT WARS THAT WILL
00:01:54WRAP UP THE EUROPEAN PROCESS OF CONQUEST AND COMPETITION.
00:01:57I FEEL -- DOES THAT FEEL LIKE WE HAVE GOTTEN EVERYTHING?
00:02:01ONE MORE BIG THING. THE NAVAL ARMS RACE.
00:02:05VERY GOOD. THANK YOU FOR REMINDING ME ABOUT THAT ONE.
00:02:08THE NAVAL ARMS RACE IN WHICH THE UNITED STATES RECOGNIZES IF IT
00:02:11WISHES TO JOIN THE IMPERIALISM,
00:02:14THE COMPETITION, AND TO BECOME PART OF THIS RACE TO THE TOP OF
00:02:18WORLD POWER IT NEEDS A WHAT? A NAVY.
00:02:22AS WE SAW LAST WEEK, THE NAVY,
00:02:27THE APPROPRIATIONS BILL UNDER WHICH AMERICAN PRESIDENT? HARRISON. VERY GOOD.
00:02:32IT WOULD BE THE KEY TO AMERICAN BUILDING A NAVY THAT WOULD ALLOW
00:02:36IT TO CHALLENGE ITS FIRST BIG EUROPEAN COMPETITION INTERNATIONALLY.
00:02:39SO, FOR US TO DO THIS, TO TALK ABOUT THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
00:02:43IN THE NEXT HOUR, A WAR THAT
00:02:46TOOK SIX MONTHS, THAT WAS FOUGHT IN TWO DIFFERENT, THREE
00:02:50DIFFERENT CONTINENTS AND CERTAINLY WILL BE ONE OF
00:02:53AMERICA'S MOST IMPORTANT EARLY WARS, WE WILL JUST HAVE TO GO FOR IT TOGETHER.
00:02:58WE WILL SEE HOW WE DO IN THE NEXT FIVE OR SIX SLIDES.
00:03:01LET'S JUMP INTO THIS.
00:03:03AS ALWAYS, WHEN WE TALK ABOUT A
00:03:06HISTORICAL EVENT WE NEED TO GO BACK 400 AND 500 YEARS TO UNDERSTAND HOW THINGS START OFF.
00:03:11IN THIS CASE WE ARE GOING TO GO BACKWARDS AND LOOK AT WHAT GETS
00:03:15AMERICA TO THIS WAR. HOW AMERICA FINDS ITSELF
00:03:18INVOLVED IN THE WAR IN THE
00:03:21CARIBBEAN WHERE PREVIOUSLY IN THE 1800S MOST AMERICANS WOULD
00:03:24NOT HAVE BEEN TERRIBLY AWARE OF AND WOULD NOT HAVE CONCERNED
00:03:28THEMSELVES IN TERMS OF FIGHTING AN INTERNATIONAL WAR WITH ONE OF
00:03:31THESE ESTABLISHED EUROPEAN POWERS. FOR US TO DO THAT WE NEED TO GO
00:03:34BACKWARDS AND LOOK AT, WHOSE
00:03:37EMPIRE, WHOSE GREAT NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICAN EMPIRE ARE WE
00:03:41GOING TO TALK ABOUT TODAY? SPAIN.
00:03:44THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR PROBABLY INVOLVES THE SPANISH. SO, LET'S TALK ABOUT SPAIN.
00:03:49AS I HAVE PROBABLY MENTIONED
00:03:51BEFORE, WHEN WE TALK ABOUT
00:03:54AMERICA'S WARS OF EMERGENCE WE HAVE TO BE REALLY CLEAR. WHEN WE SAY EMERGENCE ON THE
00:03:58WORLD STAGE WE ARE TALKING ABOUT THE BIRTH OF AMERICA AS AN EMPIRE.
00:04:02THESE WILL BE THE DECADES WE WILL BE GOING THROUGH AND THEN
00:04:05NEXT FEW WEEKS IN WHICH AMERICA
00:04:07GOES FROM A CONTINENTAL EMPIRE,
00:04:10FROM C DECIDING SEE, TO POSSESSIONS WELL ACROSS THE WORLD.
00:04:14WE TALKED LAST WEEK ABOUT COALING STATIONS.
00:04:17WE TALKED ABOUT THE GROWTH OF THE AMERICAN NAVY. YOU WILL SEE HOW THAT WILL
00:04:21IMPACT THIS PROCESS.
00:04:24THE ENTIRE REASON FOR THIS IS AS
00:04:27SOME EMPIRES DIE, OTHERS EMERGE ON THE STAGE TO TAKE THEIR PLACE.
00:04:30TODAY IS VERY MUCH A CROSS ROADS
00:04:32IN WHICH ONE EMPIRE ON THE
00:04:34DOWNSLOPE OF ITS COURIER WILL GIVE WAY TO A NEW EMPIRE
00:04:39EMERGING IN WORLD AFFAIRS. LET'S THINK ABOUT WHAT WE KNOW
00:04:43ABOUT SPAIN. GO BACKWARDS 400 YEARS AND WHAT
00:04:46CAN YOU TELL ME ABOUT SPAIN ROLE IN THE WORLD?
00:05:02VERY GOOD.
00:05:04SPAIN, BEGINNING ALL THE WAY BACKWARDS IN THE EARLY 1500S
00:05:08WITH COLUMBUS AND THE VARIOUS
00:05:10CONQUISTADORS, CONQUER THEMSELVES AN EMPIRE IN NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA.
00:05:16AND THAT EMPIRE, PRIMARILY, FOR MOST OF ITS TIME, WILL BE PREDICATED ON TWO BIG POSITIONS.
00:05:21IT HAD TERRITORY STRETCHING FROM MODERN CALIFORNIA ALL THE WAY TO ARGENTINA.
00:05:26A TITANIC EMPIRE. BUT ITS TWO MOST BELOVED
00:05:30POSSESSIONS DURING THAT TIME WERE WHAT TWO MODERN COUNTRIES?
00:05:37CUBA AND -- NOT THE PHILIPPINES
00:05:41-- IN NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA. I WILL GIVE YOU A HEAD.
00:05:44AMERICA ALREADY HAD A WAR WITH THAT ONE TOO. MEXICO. VERY GOOD.
00:05:49CUBA AND MEXICO WERE ITS MOST IMPORTANT POSITIONS, BUT BY THE
00:05:53LATE 1890'S, WHEN WE GET TO THIS WAR HAS HAPPENED TO THE VAST
00:05:57MAJORITY OF THE SPANISH EMPIRE? IT IS GONE. WHAT HAPPENED?
00:06:05WE GO A LONG WAY BACK.
00:06:08IF WE JUST LOOK AT IN NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA WHAT HAS HAPPENED
00:06:12IN ALMOST EVERY ONE OF THE ITS FORMER IMPERIAL POSSESSIONS?
00:06:17THEY HAD REBELLIONS. VARIOUS REVOLUTIONS.
00:06:20MOST OF THEM AFTER THE NAPOLEONIC WARS IN WHICH THE
00:06:22SPANISH EMPIRE HAS BEEN DISCONNECTED FROM SPAIN ITSELF.
00:06:27VAST MAJORITY OF SPAIN'S FORMER COLONIES HAVE LEFT SPAIN IN SOME WAY.
00:06:32ALL THAT IS LEFT OF ITS MAJOR POSSESSIONS IN NORTH AND SOUTH
00:06:35AMERICA ARE WHAT TWO ISLANDS?
00:06:39CUBA AND PUERTO RICO. VERY GOOD.
00:06:41AS THAT SAYS TO US, WHOOPS.
00:06:45SEE? I TOLD YOU ALL ABOUT THE HANDWRITING. PUERTO RICO AND CUBA.
00:06:52THESE TWO POSSESSIONS ARE BASICALLY ALL THAT IS LEFT OF WHAT WAS ONCE A GREAT AND
00:06:56POWERFUL EMPIRE.
00:06:58MOST EUROPEANS NOW SEE SPAIN AS
00:07:02-- TO PUT IT IN THE WAY IN WHICH
00:07:04THEY MIGHT SAY IT, THE SICK MAN OF EUROPE.
00:07:07A COUNTRY THAT IS NO LONGER AS POWERFUL AS IT USED TO BE.
00:07:11THE LONGER AS STRONG AS IT USED TO BE, BUT IS CERTAINLY IN A LOT
00:07:14OF WAYS NOT WILLING TO FACE THAT FACT.
00:07:16NOT WILLING TO SEE ITSELF BEING ECLIPSED ON THE WORLD STAGE.
00:07:21AND AS WE CAN PROBABLY EXPECT,
00:07:23THIS, OF COURSE, IT'S AMERICA
00:07:27INVOLVED, BECAUSE WHAT HAPPENS IN CUBA? WHAT CAN WE ASSUME BASED ON WHAT
00:07:30IS HAPPENING IN NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA ACROSS ALL OF THEIR OTHER POSSESSIONS?
00:07:34ANOTHER REVOLUTION. CUBA WILL GO THROUGH A MAJOR REVOLUTION.
00:07:38CUBA WILL GO THROUGH SEVERAL MAJOR REVOLUTIONS STARTING IN
00:07:42THE 1860'S. THE ONE THAT MATTERS THE MOST TO
00:07:44US IS THE ONE THAT STARTS IN THE
00:07:47LATE 1880'S, AND THAT REVOLUTION, AS YOU MIGHT EXPECT,
00:07:51COMES VERY IMPORTANT FOR THE SPANISH GOVERNMENT. VERY IMPORTANT FOR THE SPANISH LEADERSHIP.
00:07:55AS WE CAN SEE, AND AS WE CAN PROBABLY TELL FROM THE PICTURES
00:07:59WE ARE LOOKING AT HERE, MOST OF
00:08:02SPAIN'S POLITICAL LEADERSHIP IS NOT ONLY AWARE OF CUBA'S IMPORTANCE TO THE SPANISH
00:08:06EMPIRE, BUT IS COMPLETELY AND UTTERLY UNWILLING TO SEE CUBA
00:08:10LET GO. WOULD BE LIKE FOR US AS
00:08:11AMERICANS TO WATCH -- WHAT IS THE MOST IMPORTANT STATE WE HAVE?
00:08:16YOU ALL SET CALIFORNIA QUICKLY.
00:08:21SINCE WE ARE IN KENTUCKY, WE ARE GOING TO SAY KENTUCKY.
00:08:24WOULD BE LIKE WATCHING KENTUCKY WALK AWAY ONE DAY NOT ONLY WALK
00:08:27AWAY, BUT IN A WAY THAT SHOWS
00:08:30YOUR EMPIRE IS GREAT AND POWERFUL EMPIRE THAT HAS EXISTED
00:08:34FOR 400 YEARS, IS WELL AND TRULY DONE. CAN SPAIN LET GO OF CUBA?
00:08:41NO. IN FACT, LET'S LISTEN TO THE SPANISH PRIME MINISTER AS HE
00:08:44SAYS IT IN 1897.
00:08:47THE SPANISH NATION IS DISPOSED
00:08:48TO SACRIFICE TO THE LAST OF ITS TREASURE AND THE LAST DROP OF
00:08:53BLOOD OF THE LAST SPANIARD BEFORE CONSENTING THAT ANYONE
00:08:57SNATCH FROM IT EVEN ONE PIECE OF ITS TERRITORY.
00:09:00DOES THIS SOUND LIKE A GOVERNMENT THAT IS WILLING TO CONCEDE ANYTHING TO THE
00:09:04REVOLUTION OR WILLING TO BROOK ANY OPPOSITION FROM OUTSIDE NATIONS?
00:09:09NO. DEFINITIVELY NOT. AS WE MIGHT EXPECT, IN
00:09:13REVOLUTIONS OF THIS NATURE IN WHICH THE CUBAN PEOPLE WISH FOR
00:09:15THEIR FREEDOM FROM THE SPANISH IMPERIAL POWER, WHAT GENERALLY HAPPENS?
00:09:19IS THIS A FRIENDLY, FUN TIME FOR EVERYBODY?
00:09:24NO. THIS BECOMES NOT ONLY A VERY BLOODY REVOLUTION, BUT AN
00:09:29IMMENSELY UGLY ANTI-REVOLUTION, SO TO SPEAK.
00:09:32FIRST, THE LEADERSHIP OF SPAIN,
00:09:34THIS IS MARIA CHRISTINA, THE
00:09:37QUEEN OF SPAIN, QUEEN CONSORT, AGAINST TO SEND THOUSANDS UPON
00:09:41THOUSANDS OF SPANISH TROOPS THEY ARE NOT WILLING TO LOSE CUBA TO
00:09:45THE CUBAN REBELS IN THE CUBAN REBELS ARE NOT WILLING TO DO
00:09:49WHAT WITH SPAIN? COMPROMISE, SO TO SPEAK.
00:09:51IT IS EITHER CUBAN FREEDOM OR IT
00:09:54IS WATER? THIS IS WHAT HAPPENS RELATIVELY QUICKLY.
00:09:58THIS BECOMES DEATH FOR THOUSANDS UPON THOUSANDS OF CUBAN REBELS
00:10:01AND THEN LABOR -- LATER FOR
00:10:07THOUSANDS UPON THOUSANDS OF CUBAN CIVILIANS, BECAUSE VARIOUS
00:10:11COMMANDERS ARE SENT OVER. EACH ONE HAS A DIFFERENT IDEA OF HOW TO PUT DOWN THE REBELLION.
00:10:16THE MOST WELL-KNOWN, CERTAINLY THE MOST BLOODY OF ALL OF THEM,
00:10:18IS VALARIANO VIELER.
00:10:29HE COMES UP WITH A POLICY THAT MIGHT SOUND VERY 20TH-CENTURY,
00:10:33IN THAT HIS IDEA FOR ENDING THE REVOLUTION IS TO PUT AS MANY OF
00:10:38THE CUBAN CIVILIANS IN WHAT WE WOULD CALL TODAY CONCENTRATION
00:10:41CAMPS, TO PREVENT THEM FROM ASSISTING THE REBELS.
00:10:45THE WHOLE IDEA FOR HIM IS THAT THE BEST WAY TO DEAL WITH THIS
00:10:48IS TO SEPARATE THE REBELS FROM THE CIVILIAN POPULATION.
00:10:52AS YOU MIGHT EXPECT, THIS LEADS TO WHAT?
00:10:56BACKLASH? ABSOLUTELY. WE WILL GET TO THAT IN A MOMENT.
00:11:00100%. MASS KILLINGS. UPRISINGS CONTINUE.
00:11:06BUT WHAT WOULD YOU EXPECT IN THESE CAMPS THEMSELVES, AND TERMS OF THE POPULATION?
00:11:12DISEASE, MALNUTRITION. THOUSANDS DIE.
00:11:16DEPENDING ON WHICH HISTORICAL SOURCES YOU ARE WORKING FROM, AS
00:11:19MANY AS 250 TO 400,000 CIVILIANS
00:11:21WILL DIE DURING THIS UPRISING ALONE.
00:11:24AS YOU MIGHT EXPECT, DOES THAT
00:11:27LEAD TO AN INTERNATIONAL OUTCRY? VERY MUCH SO.
00:11:30THAT OUTCRY IS PROBABLY MOST IMPORTANT FOR WHAT COUNTRY THAT IS VERY CLOSE BY?
00:11:36THE UNITED STATES. HERE IS HOW THE UNITED STATES GETS INVOLVED, SO TO SPEAK.
00:11:42HOW FAR IS CUBA FROM THE U.S. AT ITS CLOSEST POINT?
00:11:4690 MILES. IT IS CLOSER, CUBA, TO THE
00:11:50UNITED STATES, THEN IT IS FROM LOUISVILLE TO LEXINGTON, PUTTING
00:11:54THAT AS BLUNTLY AS POSSIBLE.
00:11:58LOCAL WHEN WE ARE ON TV. CUBA IS CLOSE.
00:12:01WHAT DOES THAT PROBABLY MEAN FOR AMERICANS?
00:12:05CUBA IS IN OUR BACKYARD.
00:12:09AS YOU KNOW FROM WHAT HISTORICAL
00:12:12POLICY IS IN THE EARLY 1800S, THE UNITED STATES IS VERY
00:12:15CONCERNED ABOUT WHAT HAPPENS, SO TO SPEAK, IN ITS BACKYARD.
00:12:20THE MONROE DOCTRINE.
00:12:22THE MONROE DOCTRINE SAYS AS
00:12:27AMERICANS AND AS THE UNITED STATES, WE HAVE A RESPONSIBILITY
00:12:31TO COUNTRIES IN NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA.
00:12:40WE WILL SPEAK ABOUT THE DOWNSIDE OF THAT THROUGHOUT THIS COURSE.
00:12:46BUT EVENTS MIGHT EFFECT THE U.S. IN SOME FASHION.
00:12:50PRIMARILY IN WHAT WAY ARE MOST AMERICANS INITIALLY CONCERNED WITH WHAT IS GOING ON?
00:12:54WHAT IS THE BIGGEST REASON AMERICANS ARE PAYING ATTENTION TO ANYTHING?
00:13:00AMERICA HAS A LOT OF BUSINESS CONCERNS.
00:13:04THE UNITED STATES IS VERY INVOLVED IN THE CUBAN ECONOMY
00:13:07AND HAS BEEN FOR SEVERAL DECADES.
00:13:10MOST AMERICANS INITIALLY ARE ONLY PAYING ATTENTION TO THE
00:13:13REVOLUTION AS IT MIGHT IMPACT
00:13:16AMERICAN ECONOMIC SECURITY. YOU WILL SEE, PARTICULARLY AS WE
00:13:19GET TO THE BANANA WARS OF THE
00:13:22LATE 1800S, ABOUT -- AMERICAN
00:13:27ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY AND OUR NAVAL POWER WILL GO HAND IN HAND
00:13:30QUITE A LOT OF THE TIME. IN THIS CASE, AMERICA IS VERY
00:13:33MUCH AWARE THAT THINGS ARE CHANGING. HOWEVER, CUBA IS NOT THE BIGGEST
00:13:36THING ON AMERICAN MINDS IN THE MID-1800S.
00:13:40IN FACT, AMERICA IS GEARING UP
00:13:42FOR PROBABLY ITS MOST IMPORTANT PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION IT WILL
00:13:45HAVE UP TO THIS DATE, UNTIL AFTER THE CIVIL WAR.
00:13:55THE ELECTION IT'S VERY DIFFERENT MEN WITH VERY DIFFERENT
00:13:58POLITICAL OUTLOOKS AGAINST ONE ANOTHER. WHO ARE THE BIG PRESIDENTIAL
00:14:02CANDIDATES IN 1986? VERY GOOD.
00:14:06WILLIAM MCKINLEY AND WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYANT. IF WE WANTED TO GO INTO THE
00:14:10DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THESE GUYS, IT WOULD TAKE US THE NEXT HOUR
00:14:12AND A HALF AND WE DO NOT HAVE AN HOUR AND A HALF.
00:14:15SUFFICE TO SAY, BRYANT GENERALLY
00:14:18IS A REPRESENTATIVE OF WHAT PART OF AMERICA?
00:14:23POPULIST, WORKING-CLASS.
00:14:23TO PUT IT BLUNTLY, AMERICA'S
00:14:27POOR ELEMENTS. HIS MISSION FOR THE DEMOCRATIC
00:14:31PARTY IS A SILVER STANDARD, A WAY AMERICAN CREDIT CAN BE
00:14:35EXTENDED TO THOSE POOREST IN THE UNITED STATES, TO GIVE OPPORTUNITY ACROSS THE BOARD TO
00:14:39LOWER-LEVEL AMERICANS. ON THE CONVERSE IS WILLIAM MCKINLEY, WHO REPRESENTS THE
00:14:45RICH, BIG BUSINESS. THE REPUBLICAN PARTY AT THE TIME
00:14:47IS HAND IN GLOVE WITH MAJOR
00:14:50COMMERCIAL INTERESTS. IN 1896, ARE MOST AMERICANS
00:14:54PAYING ATTENTION TO WHAT IS HAPPENING IN CUBA? NO.
00:14:57OUR MOST AMERICANS PAYING
00:15:00ATTENTION TO THE ELECTION? YES. THIS IS ONE OF THE HIGHEST
00:15:04TURNOUT ELECTIONS IN AMERICAN HISTORY.
00:15:06AS MUCH AS 80% OF ALL AMERICAN
00:15:10VOTERS WERE ELIGIBLE TO VOTE IN THIS ELECTION. COMPARE THIS TO THE LAST
00:15:14AMERICAN ELECTION -- DID YOU ALL VOTE IN THIS LAST PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION?
00:15:17ABOUT HOW MANY AMERICANS VOTED IN THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION?
00:15:21IT IS NOT THAT BAD.
00:15:23IT GENERALLY HOVERS AROUND 50%. THINK ABOUT IT THAT WAY.
00:15:27YOU COMPARE THE AVERAGE AMERICAN ELECTION OF THE LAST 30 YEARS OR
00:15:31SO, IT HOVERS AROUND 50%.
00:15:34THIS ELECTION, AROUND 80%.
00:15:37CAN WE SAY THAT THE AMERICAN PEOPLE ARE PAYING ATTENTION TO
00:15:39THIS ELECTION?
00:15:42WHAT WE SHOULD NOT CONFUSE IS THE RELATIONSHIP OF THESE TWO
00:15:45MEN WITH THE POLITICS OF THE CUBAN REVOLUTION.
00:15:48MOST AMERICANS AT THE TIME, THE VAST MAJORITY OF AMERICANS AT
00:15:52THE TIME, HAVE ONE WORD THAT SUMMARIZES THEIR VIEW OF
00:15:55AMERICA'S PLACE IN THE WORLD, AND IT IS WHAT?
00:15:58IT IS AND IS HIM WE HAVE TO GET USED TO.
00:16:02IT IS NOT INTERVENTIONISM. IT IS ISOLATIONISM.
00:16:06VERY GOOD.
00:16:11ISOLATIONISM. THAT IS THAT THE UNITED STATES
00:16:14HAS BIGGER CONCERNS AT HOME THAN IT DOES ABROAD.
00:16:18THE NUMBER OF AMERICANS WHO ARE REALLY KEEN ON GROWING THE
00:16:21AMERICAN EMPIRE, SO TO SPEAK --
00:16:24MOST OF THEM WON'T EMERGE UNTIL THIS WAR ITSELF.
00:16:27BUT AS YOU MIGHT EXPECT, GIVEN HOW BAD THE CUBAN REVOLUTION IS
00:16:30GOING IN TERMS OF THE ATROCITIES, IN TERMS OF THE
00:16:34VIOLENCE, MOST AMERICANS BEGIN SLOWLY BUT SURELY TO TURN THEIR
00:16:37ATTENTION TO IT AFTER THE ELECTION OF 1896.
00:16:41WHO WINS THE ELECTION? MCKINLEY WINS THE ELECTION.
00:16:44AND HE WILL BE, FOR A LOT OF
00:16:47REASONS, ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT AMERICAN PRESIDENTS DURING THIS ERA.
00:16:53WHAT IS MCKINLEY'S OPINION ABOUT CUBA? WHAT IS HIS OPINION ABOUT SPAIN?
00:16:59HE DOES NOT REALLY CARE, TO PUT IT BLUNTLY.
00:17:02MOST AMERICANS ARE FAR MORE CONCERNED WITH WHAT IS GOING ON IN THE UNITED STATES.
00:17:06AS WE TALKED ABOUT WITH THE GILDED AGE, MOST AMERICANS ARE
00:17:10REALLY PAYING ATTENTION TO ECONOMICALLY WHAT IS HAPPENING IN THE COUNTRY.
00:17:15THE PANIC OF 1893 HAS JUST BROKEN OUT.
00:17:19THE AMERICAN ECONOMY IS NOT IN A GREAT PLACE. AMERICANS ARE FAR MORE CONCERNED
00:17:22ABOUT WHAT IS HAPPENING IN THEIR POCKET BOOKS THAN WHAT IS
00:17:25HAPPENING IN AN ISLAND 90 MILES TO THE SOUTH.
00:17:28WITH THAT BEING SAID, WHAT IS
00:17:30AMERICA LIKELY TO DO IF IT IS GOING TO INTERVENE IN SOMETHING
00:17:34LIKE THIS? WILL AMERICA SIMPLY DECLARE WAR ON SPAIN AND SAY WE ARE HERE TO
00:17:39CLEAN UP WHAT YOU ARE DOING IN CUBA? NO.
00:17:42BUT CAN IT BE BLIND TO THE
00:17:45HUMANITARIAN PROBLEMS OF THIS REVOLUTION? NO.
00:17:47AND WE SHOULD SEE THIS VERY CLEARLY.
00:17:50EVEN IF WE DO SAY THAT BUSINESS MIGHT BE THE STARTER FOR A LOT
00:17:53OF THE REASON AMERICANS ARE
00:17:55PAYING ATTENTION TO CUBA,
00:17:58FUNDAMENTALLY, AMERICA PAYS MORE ATTENTION TO THE CUBAN
00:18:01REVOLUTION FOR REASONS OF HUMANITARIANISM.
00:18:06WHAT DOES THAT MEAN TO YOU?
00:18:10WHAT IS HUMANITARIANISM?
00:18:14THE WELFARE OF NOT JUST OUR
00:18:17PEOPLE, BUT ALL PEOPLE SHOULD BE SOMETHING THE UNITED STATES CARES ABOUT.
00:18:21THIS IS A REALLY KEY CONCEPT FOR US TO GRASP IN THIS CLASS,
00:18:24BECAUSE THIS WILL NOT BE THE LAST TIME THE UNITED STATES
00:18:28INVOLVES ITSELF IN INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS FOR REASONS OF HUMANITARIANISM.
00:18:31CAN WE THINK OF OTHER EXAMPLES IN WORLD HISTORY IN WHICH
00:18:35AMERICA GETS INVOLVED BECAUSE OTHERS ARE SUFFERING? WORLD WAR II.
00:18:40THE BERLIN AIR DROP. MOGADISHU. ANY OTHERS?
00:18:47BOSNIA, DEFINITIVELY. WE WILL TALK ABOUT THAT LATER IN THIS CLASS.
00:18:53SUEZ CRISIS, A LITTLE LESS SO.
00:18:56BUT WE WILL TALK ABOUT MORE. YOU ARE ALL ON THE RIGHT TRACK.
00:19:00THIS NEED TO MAKE SURE THE UNITED STATES IS DOING RIGHT BY
00:19:03OTHERS WHO ARE SUFFERING IS A BIG PART OF OUR FOREIGN POLICY.
00:19:07WE WOULD ESSENTIALLY SEE THIS IS WHAT?
00:19:12THE FIRST EXAMPLE OF AMERICA'S MILITARY HUMANITARIANISM.
00:19:15I WANT YOU TO PUT A STAR BY THAT BECAUSE THE PHRASE WILL COME BACK A LOT IN THIS CLASS.
00:19:19AS IT RELATES TO THIS MOMENT,
00:19:23THE UNITED STATES CANNOT BE SEEN TO BE DOING NOTHING.
00:19:28THERE ARE HUMANITARIAN ISSUES COME UP BUT MORE SPECIFICALLY
00:19:31PROTECTING AMERICA'S BUSINESS INTERESTS. THE U.S. GOVERNMENT DECIDES TO DO WHAT?
00:19:35WHAT DOES IT HAVE AVAILABLE SUDDENLY AFTER THE EARLY 1890'S?
00:19:39IT HAS A FLEET. IT HAS A NAVY.
00:19:41IF IT WISHES TO LOOK LIKE IT IS DOING SOMETHING, IF IT WISHES TO
00:19:45ACTUALLY DO SOMETHING, IT MIGHT
00:19:47BE GOOD TO HAVE MILITARY OPTIONS ON THE SCENE.
00:19:50SO IT SENDS WHAT? WHAT IS THE BIG PICTURE ON THE
00:19:55BOTTOM LEFT? THIS IS THE USS MAINE.
00:19:57THIS IS A BATTLESHIP.
00:19:59THIS IS ONE OF AMERICA'S BRAND SPANKING NEW BATTLESHIPS.
00:20:03THE USS MAINE IS SENT WHERE?
00:20:07IF YOU WANTED TO BE SURE YOU WERE KEEPING AN EYE ON WHAT IS
00:20:10HAPPENING IN CUBA, YOU SEND IT
00:20:12TO CUBA'S BIGGEST PORT, WHICH IS HAVANA.
00:20:16WE SEND THE USS MAINE TO HAVANA.
00:20:19THE USS MAINE IS SITTING IN THE
00:20:20HAVANA HARBOR WHEN EVERYTHING CHANGES.
00:20:24WHAT HAPPENS TO THE USS MAINE? IT EXPLODES.
00:20:28HERE IS A DRAWING OF THE DEVASTATION AND THE EXPLOSION OF
00:20:32THE USS MAINE. ONE NIGHT, SUDDENLY, IN THE
00:20:37MIDDLE OF THE NIGHT, THE USS MAINE BLOWS UP.
00:20:40AND WE WILL TALK ABOUT IT IN A SECOND, WHY THAT HAPPENS.
00:20:43BUT HERE IS A PICTURE OF THE AFTERMATH.
00:20:46IT SETTLES IN ROUGHLY 30 FEET OF WATER.
00:20:5180% OF THE CREW IS KILLED. WHAT CAUSED THE EXPLOSION OF THE USS MAINE?
00:20:56A FAULTY BOILER. THAT IS GENERALLY WHAT
00:21:00HISTORIANS HAVE SAID.
00:21:01THE BOILER OR THE ENGINE ROOM
00:21:04HAD A CHAIN FIRE WHICH GOT INTO THE AMMUNITION AND BLEW UP THE
00:21:08SHIP. IS THAT PROBABLY HOW AMERICA REACTED?
00:21:12NO, NOT REALLY. THE GENERAL ASSUMPTION AT THE
00:21:15TIME IS THAT SPAIN DID IT.
00:21:19WHY IN GOD'S NAME WOULD SPAIN DO THAT? YES.
00:21:22THE IDEA AMONG AMERICANS THAT SPAIN IS THREATENED.
00:21:25SPAIN HAS BEEN DOING THESE TERRIBLE THINGS AND DOES NOT WANT THE UNITED STATES INVOLVED
00:21:29IN WHAT IS HAPPENING IN CUBA, AND BLEW UP THE MAIN ON PURPOSE.
00:21:35THAT IS EXACTLY.
00:21:38WHO IS THE BIGGEST GROUP IN AMERICA THE TRUMPETS THAT IDEA?
00:21:42THE GERMANS -- THE JOURNALISTS.
00:21:44THIS IS THE AGE OF YELLOW JOURNALISM.
00:21:47AND THIS IS VERY IMPORTANT
00:21:49BECAUSE THE AMERICAN PUBLIC IN THE 1890'S IS DOING WHAT MORE
00:21:54THAN IT EVER HAS HISTORICALLY?
00:21:57IT IS READING NEWSPAPERS.
00:22:00ABOUT 50 YEARS BEFORE THIS, THERE WAS SOMETHING IN THE
00:22:03NATURE OF 300 MAJOR NATIONAL NEWSPAPERS CIRCULATING.
00:22:08BY 1895, HOW MANY NEWSPAPERS
00:22:10CIRCULATE DAILY IN THE UNITED STATES? 4500.
00:22:14WHICH MEANS AMERICANS ARE PAYING
00:22:16MORE ATTENTION.
00:22:20IF NOT EVERYTHING IS PAROCHIAL, CERTAINLY MORE AMERICANS ARE
00:22:24AWARE OF WHAT IS HAPPENING. TAKE A LOOK AT SOME OF THE NEWSPAPER HEADLINES.
00:22:29DOES THIS SEEM LIKE A NEWSPAPER THAT IS TERRIBLY INTERESTED IN FACTS?
00:22:34TERRIBLY INTERESTED IN MAKING SURE THAT THEY GET EVERYTHING RIGHT?
00:22:38BOTH SPAIN AND THE UNITED STATES OFFER INDEPENDENT INVESTIGATION.
00:22:42EVENTUALLY THAT INVESTIGATION WILL LEAD TO WHAT?
00:22:48AN INDEPENDENT INVESTIGATION WILL EVENTUALLY CONCLUDE IT WAS AN ACCIDENT.
00:22:51BUT BY THAT POINT, WHAT WILL HAVE ALREADY HAPPENED?
00:22:55THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR WILL HAVE ALREADY OCCURRED.
00:22:58WHAT THIS MEANS IS THAT
00:23:00AMERICANS, BY AND LARGE, ARE NOT ONLY SUDDENLY MUCH MORE AWARE OF
00:23:04THE HUMAN SITUATION. THEY ALSO NOW BELIEVE, AS YOU
00:23:08CAN TELL FROM THIS -- THESE VARIOUS WAYS OF LOOKING AT IT IN
00:23:12THE NEWSPAPERS, THAT SPAIN DID IT IN PERP -- ON PURPOSE AND IS
00:23:16EAGER TO FIGHT A WAR WITH THE UNITED STATES, SO THAT THE
00:23:19UNITED STATES DOES WHAT?
00:23:22LEAVES CUBA AND SPANISH BUSINESS TO SPAIN.
00:23:25AS YOU CAN PROBABLY EXPECT, IF
00:23:27WE HAVE DESCRIBED SPAIN AS THE
00:23:29SICK MAN OF EUROPE, WHAT DOES SPAIN ACTUALLY WANT IN TERMS OF
00:23:33A WAR WITH THE UNITED STATES? THE DIRECT OPPOSITE OF THAT.
00:23:36IF IT CANNOT PUT DOWN A
00:23:38REVOLUTION IN CUBA, HOW MUCH OF
00:23:40A STANCE -- CHANCE DOES IT STAND IN FIGHTING THE UNITED STATES?
00:23:44WE WILL SEE. WE WILL TALK ABOUT THAT.
00:23:47OBVIOUSLY, SPAIN DOES NOT WANT THE COMPLICATIONS OF A WAR.
00:23:50IF WE THINK ABOUT WHERE WE ARE HISTORICALLY ON THE WORLD STAGE,
00:23:54SPAIN HAS BEEN ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT COUNTRIES IN EUROPE
00:23:58FOR A THOUSAND YEARS. CERTAINLY THE LAST 500.
00:24:01WHAT ABOUT THE UNITED STATES? WELL, YEAH.
00:24:05THE U.S. IS NOT EXACTLY KNOWN AS A EUROPEAN POWER YET.
00:24:11AMERICA IS NOT REALLY RATED AS
00:24:14MUCH OF A POWER ON THE WORLD STAGE.
00:24:16IN FACT, OUR ARMY IS ONE 80TH
00:24:19THE SIZE OF THE GERMAN ARMY AT THE TIME.
00:24:21MOST AMERICANS DO NOT SEE US AS
00:24:25A POWER YET, AND EUROPEANS DEFINITELY DON'T SEE US AS A POWER YET.
00:24:29SO WITH THAT BEING SAID, WE END
00:24:32UP IN A WAR, AND WE END UP IN OUR FIRST BIG WAR.
00:24:36WE CAN TELL NOW IT WAS FROM A
00:24:39MIXTURE OF GOOD REASONS, THIS HUMANITARIANISM, AND AS WE NOW
00:24:43KNOW, A BIT OF THIS JOURNALISTIC MALPRACTICE IS THE BEST WAY TO PUT IT.
00:24:47THIS IS HOW WE GET IN A WAR WITH SPAIN.
00:24:50SO DO WE FEEL SOLID AS TO WHAT HAS GOTTEN US TO THIS WAR?
00:24:54IN THAT CASE, LET'S JUMP INTO THE WAR ITSELF.
00:24:59SPAIN HAS THREE BIG POSSESSIONS THE UNITED STATES CAN STRIKE AT EASILY.
00:25:02AS WE HAVE SEEN, IN THE EARLY
00:25:051890'S, THE UNITED STATES HAS
00:25:08WORKED VERY HARD TO BUILD ITSELF EIGHT FLEET.
00:25:11WE HAVE A NAVY. WE HAVE THE ABILITY
00:25:15THEORETICALLY TO GO ANYWHERE WE WANT IN THE WORLD AND STRIKE AT
00:25:19ANYONE'S POSSESSIONS IF WE NEED TO. THAT DOES NOT MEAN WE HAVE THE BIGGEST NAVY.
00:25:23IT DOES NOT MEAN WE HAVE THE MOST POWERFUL NAVY.
00:25:26BUT OVER THE COURSE OF 10 YEARS,
00:25:29THE UNITED STATES HAS -- UNITED STATES HAS SPENT A LOT OF TIME
00:25:32AND MONEY TO BUILD WHAT KIND OF NAVY?
00:25:37A BATTLESHIP NAVY, DEFINITIVELY.
00:25:38BUT WHAT WOULD WE SAY IN THE 1890'S WAS BEING BUILT, AS
00:25:42OPPOSED TO THE 1840'S?
00:25:48ADVANCED. IT IS A VERY MODERN FLEET.
00:25:51IT IS UP-TO-DATE IN THE MOST IMPORTANT WAYS.
00:25:54THE UNITED STATES, AS WE KNOW
00:25:56FROM THE GILDED AGE, HAS MONEY.
00:25:59IT HAS THE INDUSTRIAL BASE.
00:26:01IT CAN BUILD ITSELF A TOUGH, STRONG NEW NAVY.
00:26:04AND SPAIN IS VERY VULNERABLE
00:26:06BECAUSE IT'S POSSESSIONS ARE FAR
00:26:09AWAY, ON THE WATER. THIS SEEMS LIKE A REALLY GOOD
00:26:13MATCHUP FOR THE UNITED STATES. IS THERE ANY WORLD IN WHICH THE U.S. IS GOING TO DEPLOY
00:26:17THOUSANDS OF SOLDIERS TO SPAIN ITSELF? NOPE.
00:26:20IF THE FIGHT IS ABOUT THE CUBAN
00:26:23REVOLUTIONARIES, WE HAVE A WONDERFUL ADVANTAGE IN THAT CUBA
00:26:25IS RIGHT NEXT DOOR. PUERTO RICO IS RIGHT NEXT DOOR.
00:26:30THERE IS ONE OTHER BIG POSSESSION THAT IS NOT RIGHT
00:26:34NEXT DOOR, AND THAT IS WHAT? THE PHILIPPINES.
00:26:37SO THOSE ARE OUR THREE BIG, BIG POSSESSIONS THAT WE HAVE TO EXAMINE.
00:26:44I ALWAYS FILL PHILIPPINES WRONG. I ASSUME YOU GUYS ARE GOING TO
00:26:47SPELL CHECK THIS. WE WILL GET TO THE PHILIPPINES IN JUST A SECOND.
00:26:51BUT IN TERMS OF THE MAP, IN TERMS OF WHERE WE ARE WORLDWIDE,
00:26:55THE PHILIPPINES COULD NOT BE
00:26:59FURTHER FROM THE UNITED STATES.
00:27:00THEY ARE THOUSANDS OF MILES WEST
00:27:04OF CALIFORNIA. THEY ARE THOUSANDS OF MILES WEST OF HAWAII.
00:27:07IT IS QUITE A BOAT RIDE TO GET OVER THERE.
00:27:10BUT THE UNITED STATES HAS BEEN THINKING ABOUT THIS WAR FOR AT LEAST THE LAST SEVERAL MONTHS.
00:27:15DURING THOSE MONTHS, IT DISPATCHED ONE OF ITS FLEETS TO
00:27:19CHINA, WITH THE IDEA THAT IF A WAR BROKE OUT, IT COULD DO WHAT?
00:27:23IMMEDIATELY JUMP ON THE PHILIPPINES FROM CLOSE BY.
00:27:26AS YOU MIGHT EXPECT, IF I AM PUTTING ALL THIS EMPHASIS ON THE
00:27:30FACT THAT THE UNITED STATES HAS A BRAND-NEW MODERN NAVY, WHAT IS
00:27:34SPAIN PROBABLY WORKING WITH?
00:27:35AN OLD, NOT MODERN, MUCH LESS
00:27:40ADVANCED NAVY. IT IS NOT USUALLY A GOOD THING HISTORICALLY TO BE CALLED THE
00:27:44SICK MAN OF ANY CONTINENT, MUCH LESS EUROPE.
00:27:47BUT THE SPANISH NAVY IN THE 1890'S IS GOING THE OPPOSITE
00:27:51DIRECTION OF THE UNITED STATES. IT IS OLDER. IT IS LESS ADVANCED.
00:27:55IT'S GUNS REACH SHORTER. IT IS LESS EFFECTIVE.
00:27:58IN EFFECT, THE U.S. NAVY IS WELL
00:28:01ADVANTAGED WHEN IT COMES TO FIGHTING THE SPANISH.
00:28:04AND SO AMERICA DISPATCHES, TOP
00:28:08LEFT, ONE OF ITS MOST AMBITIOUS YOUNG ADMIRALS, AND SENDS HIM
00:28:11OFF TO THE PHILIPPINES. THIS IS WHO? THIS IS GEORGE DEWEY.
00:28:16AND GEORGE DO WE WILL STRIKE THE
00:28:16FIRST BLOW IN THIS GREAT
00:28:20COLONIAL AND IMPERIAL WAR FOR
00:28:21THE UNITED STATES, THOUSANDS AND
00:28:25THOUSANDS AND THOUSANDS OF MILES FROM WHERE? CUBA.
00:28:31WE SAID WE GOT STARTED IN THIS BECAUSE OF CUBA. WHY DO WE END UP IN THE PHILIPPINES?
00:28:41BECAUSE SPAIN OWNS IT. THAT IS THE LONG AND SHORT OF IT.
00:28:43IF IT IS PART OF THE SPANISH EMPIRE, IS IT ELIGIBLE TO BE
00:28:47ATTACKED? YES. THERE ARE ALSO THINGS HAPPENING
00:28:51IN THE PHILIPPINES THAT WILL HAVE A MAJOR IMPACT ON THIS WAR.
00:28:55WHAT CAN YOU PROBABLY ASSUME IS HAPPENING IN THE PHILIPPINES IF
00:28:58IT IS HAPPENING IN CUBA? THERE IS YET ANOTHER REVOLUTION.
00:29:01BUT AT THIS MOMENT, IN THIS
00:29:04SPOT, ALL WE HAVE TO DO IS RECOGNIZE TWO BIG IMPORTANT
00:29:08BATTLES. THE U.S. WILL FIGHT TO NAVAL BATTLES DURING THIS WAR.
00:29:10THE FIRST OCCURS HERE.
00:29:14IF YOU LOOK AT THE PICTURE IN THE BOTTOM LEFT, YOU WILL SEE
00:29:17THE ACTUAL SCHEMATICS OF THE BATTLE. ESSENTIALLY WHAT HAPPENS HERE IS
00:29:21QUICK AND UGLY. DEWEY STEAMS UP TO MANILA.
00:29:25THE PHILIPPINES HAVE BEEN IN THE SPANISH EMPIRE SINCE WHEN?
00:29:32THE EARLY 1500S. STEAMS RIGHT UP TO THE CAPITAL
00:29:35OF THE PHILIPPINES. SEE'S THE SPANISH FLEET.
00:29:39DOES WHAT? ATTACKS. DESTROYS IT.
00:29:42HE FAMOUSLY TELLS HIS OFFICER AS SOON AS THEY SPOT THE SPANISH
00:29:46NAVY, YOU MAY FIRE WHEN READY, GRIDLEY.
00:29:50AND GREATLY DOES WHAT? FIRES.
00:29:53IN BARELY A FEW HOURS, THE
00:29:56ENTIRE SPANISH NAVY IS SUNK. THOUSANDS OF SPANISH SAILORS ARE
00:29:59KILLED AND WOUNDED. THE ENTIRE NAVY IS DESTROYED.
00:30:03THE AMERICANS LOSE HOW MANY MEN?
00:30:07FOUR. TWO OF WHOM DIE OF HEAT STROKE BECAUSE IT IS SO HOT.
00:30:11TO SAY IT IS A CLEAR VICTORY
00:30:14WOULD PROBABLY BE PUTTING IT LIGHTLY. SO FAR, AMERICA HAS HAD ONE
00:30:18TEST, AND HOW HAS THE NAVY DONE?
00:30:21REALLY, REALLY, REALLY WELL. TO SAY THE UNITED STATES HAS
00:30:25INVESTED IN THE NAVY, HAS DONE WELL PREPARING THE NAVY, HAS
00:30:29CREATED A NAVY THAT CAN FIGHT ON THE INTERNATIONAL STAGE. THIS IS OUR FIRST TEST.
00:30:33HOW HAS IT GONE? VERY WELL.
00:30:37HOW DO YOU THINK THE EUROPEANS BEYOND THE SPANISH THINK THIS IS GOING TO GO?
00:30:42IN FACT, MOST OF THE EUROPEANS
00:30:44BELIEVE WHO IS GOING TO WIN THIS WAR? SPAIN.
00:30:49WHY? WHEN IS THE LAST TIME THE UNITED STATES FOUGHT A WAR AGAINST EUROPEAN POWER?
00:30:55THE WAR OF 1812. IT IS NOW 1898.
00:30:58FOR THOSE OF YOU WHO TOOK AMERICA ONE, HOW DID THE WAR OF
00:31:021812 GO FOR US?
00:31:04NOT SO HOT IS A GOOD ANSWER.
00:31:07VERY POORLY, IN FACT. AMERICA HAS NOT FOUGHT AN
00:31:10INTERNATIONAL WAR TO THIS POINT THAT THE EUROPEANS HAVE BEEN INVOLVED IN.
00:31:14MOST EUROPEANS DO NOT SEE THIS COMING, AND WILL NOT SEE ANY OF
00:31:17THIS COMING AS IT CONTINUES. THE NEXT NAVAL BATTLE WE WILL
00:31:21GET TO IN JUST A MOMENT. BUT FIRST, LET'S EXAMINE WHAT IS
00:31:25HAPPENING THAT CAUSES THE NAVAL BATTLE.
00:31:28IF AMERICA IS GOING TO TAKE THE IMPERIAL POSSESSIONS OF SPAIN
00:31:32MILITARILY AS WELL AS DEFEATING THEIR NAVY, IT NEEDS TO PROBABLY DO WHAT?
00:31:38IT NEEDS TO INVADE. IT NEEDS TO PUT TROOPS IN WHAT
00:31:42COUNTRY IN PARTICULAR, WHAT ISLAND IN PARTICULAR?
00:31:45CUBA AND MAYBE PUERTO RICO. CUBA IS THE GOAL.
00:31:49CUBA IS THE FOCUS. BUT WE SPENT A LOT OF TIME IN
00:31:52THE LAST FEW WEEKS TALKING ABOUT THE GROWTH OF THE AMERICAN NAVY.
00:31:56WHAT KIND OF TIME HAVE WE SPENT TALKING ABOUT THE GROWTH AND
00:31:59PROFESSIONALISM OF THE AMERICAN ARMY? NONE.
00:32:02THE LOOK ON YOUR FACES, THAT
00:32:04"DID I MISS A LECTURE" FACE --
00:32:08YOU DID NOT MISS A LECTURE. THE AMERICAN ARMY HAS GENERALLY
00:32:12BEEN -- DECLINE MIGHT BE TOO
00:32:16STRONG. UNDERFUNDED. UNDERPREPARED.
00:32:18CERTAINLY NOT READY FOR WHAT?
00:32:22A MAJOR INTERNATIONAL WAR. THE REASONS FOR THIS ARE MYRIAD,
00:32:25SO I WANT US TO REMEMBER THIS REALLY CLEARLY AS WE GO FORWARD
00:32:28IN THIS CLASS, BECAUSE IT WILL IMPACT THIS WAR.
00:32:32IT WILL IMPACT WORLD WAR I. AND IT WILL CERTAINLY COME A
00:32:35DOWN THE ROAD, IMPACT AMERICA'S PREPAREDNESS FOR WHAT BIG WAR?
00:32:39WORLD WAR II.
00:32:42HERE'S THE STATEMENT I WANT YOU TO REMEMBER.
00:32:46AMERICA WOULD PERFORM SO EFFECTIVELY IN WORLD WAR II
00:32:49BECAUSE IT LEARNS THE LESSONS OF ITS FAILINGS WHERE? HERE.
00:32:56AND WORLD WAR I. KEEP THAT IN MIND AS WE GO
00:32:59THROUGH THE NEXT FEW WEEKS. THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR SHOWS
00:33:02THE AMERICAN ARMY THAT HAS BEEN
00:33:08ESSENTIALLY NOT GROWING, NOT PROFESSIONALIZING IN THE SAME LINES AS THE AMERICAN NAVY IN
00:33:12THE POST-CIVIL WAR PERIOD, WILL HAVE A SIGNIFICANT ISSUE AS IT
00:33:16ATTEMPTS TO GO FROM FIGHTING WARS PRIMARILY AGAINST -- WHO
00:33:21WERE THE ONLY WARS WE HAVE TALKED ABOUT IN THE POST-CIVIL
00:33:24WAR PERIOD? THE NATIVE AMERICANS OUT WEST.
00:33:27CAN YOU GO FROM SMALL CAVALRY ACTIONS OUT WEST TO A MAJOR
00:33:31INTERNATIONAL INVASION, JUST LIKE THAT? NOPE.
00:33:34HERE IS THE ISSUE. THE UNITED STATES SUDDENLY NEEDS
00:33:36TO DEPLOY A LARGE ARMY THAT IT
00:33:38DOES NOT HAVE, AGAINST CUBA AND
00:33:41PUERTO RICO, AT A TIME WHERE IT ESSENTIALLY HAS NOT BEEN
00:33:44PREPARING FOR ANYTHING LIKE THIS. THE NAVY, GOOD.
00:33:48THE ARMY, LESS GOOD. IF YOU WANT TO SUM IT UP IN YOUR
00:33:51NOTES THAT WAY, THIS IS WHERE WE ARE GOING.
00:33:54LET'S LOOK AT WHAT CAUSES THESE BASIC ISSUES.
00:33:58FOR, THE BIGGEST SINGLE ISSUE IN THE UNITED STATES ECONOMY IN THE
00:34:011800S IS A LACK OF WHAT?
00:34:03IT STARTS WITH AN O.
00:34:07ORGANIZATION. IT IS A LACK OF ORGANIZATION.
00:34:12THE ORGANIZATIONAL PROBLEMS FACED BY THE ARMY ARE LARGELY
00:34:16ONE OF ITS OWN CREATION, BUT ALSO FUNDAMENTALLY ONE OF ITS
00:34:20FOREIGN POLICY. HAS THERE BEEN A NEED FOR A LARGE LAND ARMY AND THE
00:34:24POST-CIVIL WAR PERIOD? NO, SO I WOULD YOU HAVE ONE?
00:34:29IF YOU THINK ABOUT AMERICA'S HISTORICAL ROOTS AS A COUNTRY
00:34:31WITH A MILITARY, IF WE WERE TO
00:34:33GO BACKWARD TO AMERICAN MILITARY
00:34:36ONE, LOOKING AT MY AMERICAN MILITARY ONE PEOPLE, THE WAY IN
00:34:39WHICH THE AMERICAN ARMY WAS
00:34:42SUMMONED DURING MORE TIMELESS WITH WHAT ORGANIZATION?
00:34:46MILITIAS. BY NOW, THE MILITIA HAS BEEN
00:34:50TRANSFORMED INTO WHAT BIG ORGANIZATION THAT STILL EXISTS?
00:34:54THE NATIONAL GUARD. VERY GOOD.
00:34:57I HOPE YOU GUYS CAN READ UPSIDE
00:35:00DOWN AND SIDEWAYS BECAUSE AS I RUN UP SPACE, THAT IS WHAT WE ARE DOING.
00:35:05AND THE NATIONAL GUARD IS PREDICATED ON WHAT LEVEL OF
00:35:09ORGANIZATION? WHERE IS IT ORGANIZED?
00:35:13STATE-BY-STATE. VERY GOOD. STATE-BY-STATE.
00:35:16AS YOU MIGHT EXPECT THEM, WHAT DOES THAT MEAN IN TERMS OF HOW
00:35:19EFFICIENT IT IS, HOW READY FOR
00:35:24AN INTERNATIONAL WAR IT IS? IF I WERE TO TELL YOU THAT
00:35:26INSTEAD OF THE ARMY, OUR INTERNATIONAL NAVY WAS ORGANIZED
00:35:30ON STATE LINES, WOULD THAT MAKE MUCH SENSE TO YOU?
00:35:33KENTUCKY HAS A BATTLESHIP. DOES THAT SENTENCE MAKE A LOT OF
00:35:37SENSE? YES, TO DEFEND THE OHIO RIVER IS OUR TOP PRIORITY.
00:35:41NO, THAT DOES NOT MAKE A TON OF SENSE.
00:35:44BUT THAT IS HOW THE ARMY IS ORGANIZED. A SMALL ARMY OF REGULARS AND
00:35:48THEORETICALLY TENS OF THOUSANDS OF WHO?
00:35:53VOLUNTEERS. RESERVISTS. NATIONAL GUARD SOLDIERS THAT CAN BE CALLED UP.
00:35:56AS YOU MIGHT EXPECT, DOES THAT MEAN THEY ARE ORGANIZATIONALLY ON THE SAME LEVEL?
00:36:01IS THERE A DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NEW YORK NATIONAL GUARD IN
00:36:05KENTUCKY NATIONAL GUARD, INDIANA AND FLORIDA? FLORIDA NATIONAL GUARD AND ALL
00:36:09THE REST OF THE PEOPLE IN THIS COUNTRY?
00:36:12THE BEING THAT THERE IS VERY
00:36:14LITTLE COORDINATION AND THERE IS
00:36:16VERY LITTLE ORGANIZATION PROCESS BEHIND THIS.
00:36:20AND SO WHEN IT COMES TIME FOR A
00:36:22MAJOR WAR, IS THE U.S. MILITARY READY? NO.
00:36:27DESPITE THE FACT THAT THE NAVY IS PREPARED FOR THIS WAR, THE
00:36:30ARMY HAS DONE VERY LITTLE TO PREPARE.
00:36:32AS YOU WILL SEE, ONCE THE CRISIS
00:36:35GOES FROM POSSIBLE WAR WITH SPAIN TO WE NEED SOLDIERS IN
00:36:38CUBA AS FAST AS POSSIBLE, WHAT DOES THAT PROBABLY MEAN FOR
00:36:42AMERICA'S READINESS? IT IS NOT GREAT.
00:36:46I WILL PUT IT THIS WAY.
00:36:4910 TIMES MORE AMERICAN SOLDIERS WILL DIE IN THE SPANISH-AMERICAN
00:36:53WAR FROM DISEASE, MALNUTRITION,
00:36:56AND A LACK OF MEDICAL SUPPLIES THAN THEY WILL OF SPANISH
00:37:00BULLETS, BECAUSE THE ARMY IS SIMPLY WHAT? IT IS NOT READY.
00:37:05IT IS NOT PREPARED. THOUSANDS OF AMERICAN SOLDIERS
00:37:07WILL BE DEPLOYED TO CUBA LONG BEFORE HOW THEY WILL BE
00:37:11SUPPLIED, LONG BEFORE HOW MEDICINE WILL BE TRANSPORTED,
00:37:14AND LONG BEFORE THEY WILL BE ORGANIZATIONALLY PREPARED TO DO
00:37:17THAT WILL EVER BE ESTABLISHED.
00:37:22STUDENT: [INDISCERNIBLE]
00:37:25>> GREAT QUESTION.
00:37:28IS THIS BECAUSE THE NAVY IS BETTER PREPARED AND IS RECRUITING?
00:37:32BY AND LARGE, NO. WHILE THE NAVY IS RECRUITING AND
00:37:35IS BETTER PREPARED, THE ISSUE IS THIS. YOU HAVE HIT ON THE BIG
00:37:39QUESTION. IT IS FUNCTIONALLY NOT JUST ONE
00:37:41OF ORGANIZATION, BUT ONE OF PROFESSIONALISM.
00:37:45WE HAVE TALKED A LITTLE BIT IN THIS CLASS -- WE CERTAINLY
00:37:49TALKED AN AMERICAN ONE, ABOUT
00:37:52THE BIG PROFESSIONAL PROCESS OF
00:37:54THE AMERICAN ARMY, AND THAT WAS CREATED BY WHAT?
00:37:57HOW DO YOU BECOME A PROFESSIONAL IN THE MILITARY?
00:38:00YOU GO TO MILITARY SCHOOLS. WE WILL TALK ABOUT WHAT THAT
00:38:04MEANS IN TERMS OF GOING TO WEST POINT VERSUS BEING IN THE
00:38:08NATIONAL GUARD. BUT BY AND LARGE, WHY WOULD SOLDIERS AT THE TIME JOIN THE NATIONAL GUARD?
00:38:14WHAT IS THE BEST THING ABOUT
00:38:17BEING IN THE NATIONAL GUARD FROM A KENTUCKIAN'S PERSPECTIVE IN
00:38:22THE 1800S? IS HE EVER GOING TO BE SENT OVERSEAS?
00:38:26NO. WHO PICKS THE OFFICERS IN THE
00:38:27NATIONAL GUARD? STATE LEGISLATURES.
00:38:32STATE POLITICIANS. IF I WANTED TO PICK MY COUSIN TO
00:38:36BE A COLONEL IN THE NATIONAL GUARD IN 1890, IS THERE ANY RULE
00:38:39THAT I CANNOT DO THAT? WHAT IF MY COUSIN IS MY IDIOT
00:38:43COUSIN WHO SHOULD NOT BE SERVING IN THE NATIONAL GUARD?
00:38:46CAN I PICK HIM? YES.
00:38:48BECAUSE WHAT DOES THAT OFFICE COME WITH? MONEY.
00:38:52THE NATIONAL GUARD IS NOT NEARLY AS PROFESSIONAL AS THE NAVY.
00:38:56THE NATIONAL GUARD TODAY, VERY DIFFERENT.
00:38:59THE NATIONAL GUARD IN THE
00:39:031890'S, THEY KEEP THE POWER AND
00:39:06THE PURSE AT THE STATE LEVEL. THESE ARE NOT ARMY UNITS
00:39:10DESIGNED FOR INTERNATIONAL COMBATS. THEY ARE ESSENTIALLY DESIGNED FOR WHAT?
00:39:14EVEN MORE BLUNT.
00:39:17DEFENSE IS NOT A VENT ANSWER, BUT BE REAL.
00:39:20THEY ARE DESIGNED FOR WHAT?
00:39:23WHAT IS THE BIGGEST SINGLE DEPLOYMENT THE NATIONAL GUARD
00:39:26HAS SEEN INTERNALLY SINCE THE PLANES WARS?
00:39:31RIOTS. LABOR RIOTS PRIMARILY.
00:39:33WHAT THEY ARE DESIGNED FOR IS STAYING AT HOME.
00:39:37THEY ARE NOT DESIGNED FOR INTERNATIONAL WAR.
00:39:39SO WHAT THAT GENERALLY MEANS IS
00:39:44OUR NATIONAL GUARD UNITS TERRIBLY WILLING TO SERVE
00:39:47ALONGSIDE WEST POINT? NO.
00:39:50WE DON'T HAVE TO DO TOO MUCH OF ME ANSWERING THIS.
00:39:53HERE IS AN OFFICER IN THE SEVENTH NEW YORK NATIONAL GUARD.
00:39:56I FIGHT -- TO FIGHT IN THE
00:39:59REGIMENT I LOVE IS GLORIOUS PLEASURE. BUT TO SERVE IN A REGULAR ARMY
00:40:03AND DO CHORES FOR SOME WEST
00:40:04POINT OR -- WEST POINTER?
00:40:10THE NATIONAL GUARD IS NOT WILLING TO SUBMIT ITSELF TO THE
00:40:14REGULAR ARMY'S DISCIPLINE. IT IS NOT WILLING TO SUBMIT TO THE WAR DEPARTMENT ITSELF.
00:40:18BY AND LARGE, THAT IS PROBABLY GOING TO CREATE WHAT PROBLEM?
00:40:21IN FIGHTING.
00:40:26THIS ORGANIZATION. AND AS WE WILL SEE, IT IS GOING
00:40:30TO LEAD TO AMERICAN DEATHS IN THE FIELD BECAUSE OF THIS LACK
00:40:34OF PROFESSIONALISM. YOU HAVE TO REMEMBER, BY AND LARGE, THE ARMY THAT WILL GET
00:40:38CALLED UP IS MADE UP OF WHO?
00:40:41THESE ARE ALL, OTHER THAN THE
00:40:43REGULARS, WHAT KIND OF SOLDIERS? THESE ARE VOLUNTEERS.
00:40:48THESE ARE CITIZEN SOLDIERS.
00:40:49THE PROMISE, SO TO SPEAK, OF
00:40:52AMERICAN HISTORY, THROUGHOUT ITS HISTORICAL MILITARY APPARATUS,
00:40:56HAS BEEN THAT WHEN IN DOUBT, THE U.S. MILITARY WILL BE FILLED
00:41:00WITH PEOPLE WHO ARE WILLING TO GO SERVE. IN THIS WAR, IS THAT THE CASE?
00:41:06YES, TENS OF THOUSANDS, FOLLOWED BY HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS, WILL
00:41:10VOLUNTEER. THE SINGLE BIGGEST ISSUE IS NOT THE NUMBER VOLUNTEERING, BUT WHAT?
00:41:15GETTING THEM THERE, AND GETTING
00:41:17THEM THERE WITHIN OF MEDICINE,
00:41:20SUPPLIES, AND FOOD TO ACTUALLY MAKE THE WAR WINNABLE.
00:41:24ONE WILL HAPPEN. THE OTHER WILL NOT HAPPEN.
00:41:28IT IS NOT JUST WISHING PEOPLE TO VOLUNTEER, BUT WHETHER THEY CAN
00:41:32GET ON THE BOAT AND GET OVER THERE. THE MOST FAMOUS OF ALL WHO WILL
00:41:36VOLUNTEER IS WHO? TEDDY ROOSEVELT.
00:41:39AS WE WILL SEE LATER, TEDDY
00:41:41ROOSEVELT QUITS HIS JOB AS WHAT,
00:41:46IRONICALLY? THE UNDER SECRETARY OF THE NAVY.
00:41:49TO FORM A VOLUNTEER REGIMENT CALLED THE ROUGHRIDERS.
00:41:53AND HE, LIKE THOUSANDS OF OTHER
00:41:55AMERICANS, WILL VOLUNTEER. AND HE WILL USE HIS POLITICAL
00:41:59POWER TO MAKE SURE HE GETS A SPOT ON THE BOAT.
00:42:02BUT HE WILL USE THIS VERY EFFECTIVELY AS A SPRINGBOARD FOR
00:42:06HIS POLITICAL CAREER, AS WE WILL SEE IN THIS CLASS.
00:42:10WHAT HAPPENS IS THE UNITED STATES HAS TO DEPLOY A LARGE ARMY.
00:42:13IF WE WOULD ASSUME THAT IS THE PREDICATE PROBLEM, BY AND LARGE,
00:42:18THE WAY IN WHICH THAT HAPPENS IS HAPHAZARD AT BEST.
00:42:22THAT MIGHT EVEN BE A POLITE WAY OF PUTTING IT.
00:42:25CONCERNS AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL
00:42:28ARE NOT NECESSARILY ABOUT STRATEGY.
00:42:31THEY ARE NOT NECESSARILY EVEN ABOUT HOW THE WAR IS GOING TO BE ONE, SO MUCH IS ABOUT MAKING
00:42:35SURE THAT THE ARMY THAT GETS
00:42:36OVER THERE IS REPRESENTATIVE OF
00:42:40NATIONAL INTERESTS AND SHOWS
00:42:43NATIONAL SOLIDARITY, SO TO SPEAK.
00:42:45WHY WOULD THAT BE A CONCERN OF
00:42:48THE ARMY OR THE GOVERNMENT AT ALL?
00:42:50THE CIVIL WAR THING, RIGHT?
00:42:53REMEMBER THAT THING 30 YEARS BEFORE, WHEN WE WERE TEARING
00:42:56EACH OTHER APART OVER SECTIONAL INTERESTS?
00:42:58IS THERE A REASON THE U.S. GOVERNMENT MIGHT BE INTERESTED
00:43:02IN PUTTING THOSE FEELINGS AWAY?
00:43:05WHAT MIGHT BE SOME IDEAS THEY
00:43:07WOULD HAVE TO MAKE THAT PART OF THE PROCESS? WHAT IS SOMETHING THE U.S.
00:43:11GOVERNMENT COULD DO TO MAKE IT FEEL LIKE THOSE SECTIONAL
00:43:14DIVIDES ARE GOING AWAY IN THIS WAR?
00:43:20THEY ARE ALREADY STATES AGAIN. RECONSTRUCTION IS OVER.
00:43:23ALL THE SOUTHERN STATES HAVE BEEN READMITTED TO THE UNION.
00:43:27VERY GOOD. YOU SEE IN THE PICTURE IN THE
00:43:30TOP LEFT -- JOSEPH WHEELER.
00:43:33X CONFEDERATE GENERAL, WILL BE
00:43:37SELECTED AS ONE OF THE DIVISIONAL LEADERS FOR THE U.S.
00:43:40MILITARY TO FIGHT IN THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR.
00:43:43HE IS A SHORT AND GAUNT MAN BY
00:43:46THIS POINT, IN HIS 60'S, BUT THE
00:43:50U.S. MILITARY THINKS
00:43:52RECONCILIATION MATTERS ALMOST AS MUCH AS MILITARY PREPAREDNESS.
00:43:56WHAT IS ANOTHER BIG DECISION THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT MAKES IN THIS WAY?
00:44:02>> NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN TROOPS ON THE SAME BATTLEFIELDS?
00:44:06>> VERY GOOD. WHAT NEEDS TO HAPPEN?
00:44:14THE U.S. GOVERNMENT PRIORITIZES
00:44:14THAT EVERY STATE GET AT LEAST
00:44:18ONE UNIT ONTO A BATTLEFIELD OVER
00:44:19WHETHER OR NOT THAT IS THE BEST
00:44:23WAY TO DO THINGS. DOES THIS SOUND LIKE THE BEST ORGANIZED WAR?
00:44:27IT DOES NOT NECESSARILY SOUND LIKE WE ARE SPENDING THE MOST
00:44:30TIME ON WINNING IT SO MUCH AS WE
00:44:32ARE SPENDING TIME ON VIBES,
00:44:34DOING AT THE RIGHT WAY, SO TO SPEAK.
00:44:37WHAT THAT CREATES IS A BIT OF A CONFUSED MESS. THE MAN WHO IS PICKED TO LEAD
00:44:41THE AMERICAN ARMY, WILLIAM
00:44:45SHAFTER, IS ANOTHER EXAMPLE. HE IS LARGELY THE MOST SENIOR.
00:44:48HE IS NOT HEALTHY ENOUGH TO FIGHT IN THIS WAR.
00:44:51HE WILL SPEND THE VAST MAJORITY OF HIS TIME IN CUBA MILES BEHIND
00:44:54THE LINE BECAUSE HE DOES NOT FEEL WELL ENOUGH TO BE FIGHTING IN THE WAR.
00:44:59AGAIN, IT IS A PIC THAT IS MORE
00:45:01POLITICAL THAN IT IS PROFESSIONAL. WHAT HAPPENS IS THE UNITED
00:45:05STATES LANDS IN CUBA IN THE FAR
00:45:09SOUTHEAST, AND WILL MOVE SLOWLY
00:45:12ALONG TO WHERE THE SPANISH FLEET HAS SAILED.
00:45:15AS WE SAW, WHAT HAPPENED IN THE
00:45:19PHILIPPINES? THE SPANISH FLEET WAS DESTROYED.
00:45:22THE SECOND SPANISH FLEET IS UNDER THE COMMAND OF THIS MAN ON THE BOTTOM RIGHT.
00:45:28HE HAS LESS -- WHAT'S THE BEST
00:45:32WAY TO PUT THIS? HE IS LESS THAN OPTIMISTIC ABOUT
00:45:36THE TASK THAT HAS BEEN SET TO HIM. HE HEARS ABOUT THE PHILIPPINES.
00:45:40HE KNOWS ABOUT THE GROWTH OF THE AMERICAN NAVY. HE IS TOLD BY THE SPANISH
00:45:44GOVERNMENT, I NEED YOU TO SAIL FROM SPAIN TO CUBA.
00:45:49PLEASE DON'T DIE. HOW DOES HE SEE HIS JOB?
00:45:54YES, A SUICIDE MISSION. SEVERAL TIMES HE TELLS THE SPANISH GOVERNMENT WHAT?
00:45:59PLEASE DON'T MAKE ME GO.
00:46:01FOR THE LOVE OF GOD, DON'T SEND ME TO CUBA.
00:46:04WHAT DOES THE SPANISH GOVERNMENT SAY? GOOD LUCK. HAVE FUN.
00:46:08THEY SEND HIM TO CUBA, WHERE THE VERY FIRST THING HE DOES IS --
00:46:12DOES HE CONFRONT THE AMERICAN NAVY THAT IS WAITING FOR HIM? NO.
00:46:17HE DOES WHAT? HE RUNS.
00:46:19VERY SMARTLY, HE FINDS THE BEST
00:46:23PLACE HE CAN HIDE, AND THAT
00:46:25PLACE TO HIDE IS IN SANTIAGO,
00:46:28CUBA, WHICH IS THE BIG HARBOR ON
00:46:30THE EASTERN SIDE OF CUBA ITSELF.
00:46:33HE PUTS HIS SHIPS OF THE CREEK,
00:46:35AS YOU CAN SEE, UP THE BIG RIVER
00:46:39, TO MAKE SURE THE AMERICAN BATTLESHIPS CANNOT DO WHAT? CANNOT GET TO HIM.
00:46:43HE IS GOING TO SIT OUT THIS WAR AS LONG AS POSSIBLE WITHOUT
00:46:46HAVING TO SEND HIS FLEET TO DISASTER.
00:46:50THEY WILL GET BLOWN OUT OF THE WATER.
00:46:54HE IS NOT TERRIBLY EXCITED ABOUT THE PROSPECT OF FIGHTING.
00:46:57THE ONLY WAY THEY CAN BE FORCED OUT OF THIS HARBOR AND THE WORK AND BE ONE IS WHAT?
00:47:04VERY GOOD. CAPTURING THE HARBOR BY LAND. WHICH IS WHERE WHO COMES IN?
00:47:09THE AMERICAN ARMY, WHICH HAS
00:47:12BEEN LANDED FAR TO THE EAST AND
00:47:15MUST NOW MARCH OVERLAND. THESE ARE THE FAMOUS BATTLES WE
00:47:18WILL PUT DOWN AS OUR CASE STUDY
00:47:22NUMBER THREE. THIS IS SAN JUAN HILL. THESE ARE FAMOUS BATTLES FOR A
00:47:25VARIETY OF REASONS, MOSTLY BECAUSE TEDDY ROOSEVELT IS VERY
00:47:29GOOD AT SELF-PROMOTION, AND ALSO BECAUSE THEY ARE REALLY
00:47:34AMERICA'S BIGGEST WAR BETWEEN THE CIVIL WAR AND WORLD WAR I.
00:47:37THE IMAGES THAT COME OUT OF THESE BATTLES ARE MIXED UP IN
00:47:41AMERICAN ROMANTICISM. CERTAINLY A BYPRODUCT OF
00:47:45AMERICA'S YEARNING FOR VICTORY AT THE TIME.
00:47:49THE BIGGEST ARTIST AND ILLUSTRATOR OF THIS ERA WILL
00:47:53WATCH THIS WAR FROM CUBA.
00:47:56DOES ANYBODY KNOW THE ARTIST FREDERIC REMINGTON?
00:48:00MAYBE? REMINGTON IS A VERY BIG ARTIST
00:48:01AT THE TIME. HE MOSTLY PAINTS -- WHAT DO YOU
00:48:05EXPECT? BATTLE SCENES.
00:48:09PARTICULARLY IN WHAT ERA?
00:48:12THE PLANES WARS. IF YOU GOOGLE FREDERIC REMINGTON, LIKE A THOUSAND
00:48:16THINGS WILL COME UP.
00:48:19GOOGLE FREDERIC REMINGTON, OK? HE WILL BE PRESENT AT THIS WAR.
00:48:23THE WAY IN WHICH THIS IS FOUGHT
00:48:26IS, THEY MUST MOVE THE AMERICAN
00:48:31ARMY OVERLAND. WHICH MEANS THE SPANISH ARMY IS WHAT?
00:48:35ENTRENCHED AND READY FOR HIM. THE SPANISH ARMY IS LED BY THIS MAN IN THE CENTER.
00:48:41THIS IS ARSENIO LENARES.
00:48:45THEY HAVE TWO MAJOR ADVANTAGES AGAINST THE AMERICANS. THE SINGLE BIGGEST ADVANTAGES WHAT?
00:48:50WE WILL GET TO THE MOUNTAINS AND A SECOND. THAT IS THE SECOND-BIGGEST.
00:48:56THEY ARE ENTRENCHED. AND THEY ARE ALSO -- THERE IS
00:49:00MORE OF THEM. BY AND LARGE, THE SPANISH HAVE
00:49:03BEEN READY FOR THE AMERICANS FOR SOME TIME.
00:49:06THERE ARE AT LEAST 15,002 20,000
00:49:10MORE SPANISH SOLDIERS IN THE AREA THAN THERE ARE AMERICANS.
00:49:13BUT THAT COMES WITH A HUGE CAVEAT.
00:49:16THEY ARE GENERALLY DEMORALIZED AFTER YEARS OF FIGHTING A
00:49:18REBELLION THEY ARE NOT WINNING. FOOD AND MEDICINE FOR THEM ARE
00:49:22JUST AS IN SHORT SUPPLY AS THE AMERICANS.
00:49:25AND THEY KNOW THE AMERICANS ARE COMING FOR THEM.
00:49:27SO LENARES TELLS THEM TO ENTRENCH.
00:49:32-- LINARES TELLS THEM TO
00:49:38ENTRENCH.
00:49:39THEY ARE USING A MAUSER RIFLE
00:49:43PURCHASED FROM THE GERMANS PURE THE U.S. HAS PURCHASED A NEW GUN
00:49:47AS WELL, WHICH IS A
00:49:52SIGNIFICANTLY LESS -- WHAT IS THE WORD FOR IT? IT IS NOT AS GOOD OF A GUN IS
00:49:55THE BEST WAY TO PUT IT. THE MAIN MILITARY WEAPON OF THE
00:49:59TIME, THE RIFLE, THE MAUSER OUT
00:50:04RANGES THE AMERICAN WEAPON BY TWO TO ONE.
00:50:07THE SPANIARDS ARE ENTRENCHED. THEY HAVE MORE MEN.
00:50:10THEY ARE CARRYING A BETTER GUN. AND THE AMERICANS ARE IN AN
00:50:14ORGANIZATIONAL MESS. HOW ARE THESE BATTLES GOING TO
00:50:18GO? THERE WILL BE CRUSHING DEFEATS FOR THE UNITED STATES.
00:50:23THAT FEELS LIKE A REAL MISDIRECT.
00:50:24I KNOW I DID THAT SOMETIMES. THE QUESTION IS WHY?
00:50:29THE ANSWER COMES DOWN TO THE HILLS THEMSELVES. LOOK AT THE MAP ON THE TOP RIGHT
00:50:32AND YOU WILL SEE THAT THE AMERICANS DON'T REALLY HAVE MUCH
00:50:35OF A CHOICE BUT TO ATTACK DIRECTLY INTO THESE ENTRENCHMENTS.
00:50:40GENERALLY, IF YOU WERE TO PUT ALL OF THOSE THINGS TOGETHER -- THEY OUT RANGES.
00:50:44THEY ARE DUG IN. WE HAVE TO ATTACK FRONTALLY.
00:50:47DOES THAT SOUND LIKE A VICTORY FOR THE AMERICANS? IT SOUNDS LIKE A BLOODY DEFEAT.
00:50:54THE MISTAKE HERE IS TACTICAL.
00:50:56WHAT LEVEL DID WE SAY TACTICS BELONG UNDER?
00:51:00AT THE BATTLES THEMSELVES, THE WAY IN WHICH SOLDIERS ARE
00:51:04DEPLOYED IN A FIGHT. TECHNICALLY, THE UNITED STATES
00:51:07SOLDIERS WILL HAVE A MASSIVE ADVANTAGE BECAUSE THE SPANIARDS
00:51:11MAKE A TERRIBLE MISTAKE. HOW MANY OF YOU, WHEN YOU WERE
00:51:14KIDS, PLAYED THE GAME KING OF THE HILL? A SURPRISING NUMBER OF HAND RACES.
00:51:18WHAT IS THE GAME KING OF THE HILL? YOU'VE GOT TO STAY ON TOP OF THE HILL.
00:51:22THE SPANIARDS IN THIS CASE HAVE WHAT?
00:51:25THEY HAVE THE HILL. THEY HAVE THE ENTRENCHMENTS.
00:51:28THEY HAVE DUG THEMSELVES IN AT THE TOP OF THESE HILLS. BUT THERE IS A PROBLEM.
00:51:33IF YOU ARE EVER GOING TO PLAY KING OF THE HILL AGAIN -- I
00:51:36SUGGEST YOU ORGANIZE YOUR DORM ROOM AND PLAY KING OF THE HILL,
00:51:38BECAUSE I WILL TELL YOU THE SECRET TO WINNING KING OF THE HILL.
00:51:42IF I WERE TO TELL YOU -- I DON'T HAVE A GOOD ERASER, BUT WE ARE
00:51:45GOING TO DO THE BEST WE CAN. I GUESS I CAN JUST TURN IT
00:51:49AROUND. I KNOW.
00:51:53SAY THIS IS A HILL. THAT IS OUR HILL. GREAT HILL.
00:51:59WHERE WOULD YOU CHOOSE TO DEFEND IT, IF YOU ARE THE KING OF THE
00:52:02HILL AND MUST PREVENT THE AMERICANS FROM GETTING ON TOP OF IT?
00:52:06THE TOP, RIGHT?
00:52:07IF I AM AT THE BASE, WHAT HAPPENS?
00:52:11DO I HAVE THE HILL ANYMORE? I TAKE THE BASE, I'VE GIVEN UP
00:52:15THE HILL. WHERE DO I GO? THE TOP. THE TOP OF THE HILL.
00:52:19THAT IS EXACTLY WHERE WHO DID EXAM? THE SPANIARDS.
00:52:23AND IT IS A TITANIC MISTAKE.
00:52:26ONE OF THE WEIRD LITTLE IDIOSYNCRASIES OF MILITARY
00:52:30TACTICS IS THAT IF YOU ARE EVER IN CONTACT PLANE -- COMBAT AND
00:52:34YOU ARE TOLD TO HOLD THE HILL, NEVER SEES THE TOP.
00:52:38YOU HAVE TO SEIZE WHAT? NOT THE BASE. NOT THE TOP.
00:52:42WHAT IS IT CALLED?
00:52:43HERE'S THE $10 WORD FOR THE DAY.
00:52:48THE MILITARY CREST. WHAT DO WE THINK THAT MEANS?
00:52:55>> JUST SO YOU CAN SEE OVER THE TOP AND SHOOT OVER IT?
00:52:59>> CLOSE.
00:53:02THE MILITARY CREST IS WHEREVER ON THE HILL YOU HAVE THE BEST WHAT?
00:53:07LINE OF SIGHT TO THE ENEMY, AND
00:53:11ARE LEAST EXPOSED TO RETURN FIRE.
00:53:16WHERE ON THIS IS THE MILITARY CREST?
00:53:22THIS IS OUR FRONT. SORRY. WHERE IS THE MILITARY CREST?
00:53:27HERE? HERE?
00:53:31HERE? COME ON. GIVE ME SOMETHING. I AM WORKING HARD HERE.
00:53:36HERE. VERY GOOD. THE MILITARY CREST IS ALMOST ALWAYS ON THE FORWARD OF THE
00:53:40HILL AND OUT OF IT FROM THE TOP OF THE HILL BECAUSE IT AFFORDS
00:53:44THE DEFENDER THE ABILITY TO SEE
00:53:46THE ENEMY COMING, BUT ALSO NOT
00:53:49HAVE FIRE RETURNED AT THEM AUTOMATICALLY WHEN THEY OPENED FIRE.
00:53:53THIS IS A VERY ELEMENTARY TACTIC
00:53:57THAT A HYPER PROFESSIONALIZED MODERN MILITARY AT THE TIME IS
00:54:00WELL KNOWN. IT DEPENDS ON WHICH MILITARY TEXTBOOK YOU USE.
00:54:04WHICH MILITARY TEXTBOOK DID
00:54:08ARSENIO LINARES USE?
00:54:13NOT ONE THAT EXPLAINED THAT CONCEPT. SO THEY DO NOT HAVE THE
00:54:16ADVANTAGE OF THE MILITARY CREST. I KNOW.
00:54:22IT IS EMBARRASSING, BUT WE ARE EMBARRASSED TOGETHER.
00:54:24LINARES DEPLOYS HIS SOLDIERS
00:54:28FORWARD, AND THE AMERICAN SOLDIERS BY AND LARGE HAVE NO
00:54:30CHOICE BUT TO DO WHAT? CHARGE HIM.
00:54:34THAT IS EXACTLY WHAT HAPPENS. IT HELPS IN PARTICULAR THAT
00:54:37THERE ARE A SERIES OF VERY BRAVE
00:54:40COMMANDERS IN THE AMERICAN UNITS. LEONARD WOOD, TEDDY ROOSEVELT,
00:54:44DOZENS OF OTHERS WILL LEAD
00:54:47AMERICAN UNITS NOT ONLY VERY BRAVELY, BUT IMMENSELY
00:54:51TENACIOUSLY, WHEN EVEN A SINGLE
00:54:53COUNTERTOP -- COUNTERATTACK BY
00:54:56THE SPANISH MIGHT HAVE BEEN DEVASTATING. JOSEPH WHEELER, WHO YOU MET
00:55:00BECAUSE HE WAS AN EX CONFEDERATE
00:55:05, APPARENTLY KIND OF LOST IT DURING THE FIGHTING.
00:55:07HE SAW SPANISH SOLDIERS RUNNING AND APPARENTLY YELLED "WE'VE GOT
00:55:11THE YANKEES ON THE RUN.
00:55:15-- RON." A LITTLE CONCERNING IS
00:55:20THE NEXT CONFEDERATE. THE UNITED STATES, DOES WHAT?
00:55:26WINS. TAKES ALL OF THESE POSITIONS,
00:55:29FROM THE FAR NORTHERN SECTOR TO BASICALLY DOWN TO SAN JUAN HEIGHTS.
00:55:34THE AREA THAT WE GIVE TEDDY
00:55:35ROOSEVELT SUCH A NAME AND THE AMERICAN BODY POLITIC.
00:55:40WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT?
00:55:42FOR ONE, ON THE STRATEGIC LEVEL,
00:55:45WHAT DOES IT MEAN FOR THE HARBOR ITSELF IN SANTIAGO?
00:55:49IT IS CUT OFF. AMERICAN FORCES HAVE GOTTEN
00:55:52CLOSE ENOUGH TO THE CITY TO BRING UP ARTILLERY.
00:55:55WHAT DOES THAT MEAN FOR THE NAVY?
00:55:57THEY ARE SITTING DUCKS, WHICH LEADS TO WHAT?
00:56:02ANOTHER NAVAL BATTLE. AFTER HEARING ABOUT WHAT HAS
00:56:05HAPPENED ABOUT SAN JUAN HEIGHTS,
00:56:07THE NAVAL COMMANDER SAYS IT IS TIME TO GO.
00:56:11I'VE GOT TO LEAVE.
00:56:12THE PROBLEM IS, HE IS NOT
00:56:17PARTICULARLY EXCITED ABOUT THIS PROSPECT. HE IS PRETTY SURE THE SECOND
00:56:20THEY LEAVE WHAT WILL HAPPEN? THEY WILL ALL DIE.
00:56:24LET'S LISTEN TO HIM. DOES THIS SOUND LIKE A RINGING ENDORSEMENT OF WHAT IS ABOUT TO HAPPEN?
00:56:29THE ENEMY COVETS ARE OLD AND
00:56:34GLORIOUS. HE HAS SENT ALL THE MIGHT OF HIS YOUNG SQUADRON.
00:56:37BY ONLY THE SPLINTERS OF HIS SHIPS WILL HE BE ABLE TO TAKE,
00:56:42AND ONLY OBTAIN OUR WEAPONS WHEN CORPSES FLOAT ON THESE WATERS
00:56:45WHICH HAVE BEEN AND ARE SPAIN'S.
00:56:48IF I WAS A GUY ON THE SHIP AND
00:56:50THAT IS WHAT THE ADMIRAL SAYS,
00:56:52THIS IS GOING TO BE A ROUGH AFTERNOON. WHAT IS HE SAYING?
00:56:57THEY ARE ALL GOING TO DIE. BUT AT LEAST WE ARE GOING TO DIE
00:57:01FOR SPAIN. AND BRAVELY.
00:57:06WE HAVE TO GET THE SPANIARDS CREDIT.
00:57:08TO MAKE THIS DECISION, TO KNOW
00:57:11THEY ARE GOING TO CERTAIN DEATH,
00:57:14REQUIRES A GREAT DEAL OF BRAVERY. IN A MOMENT LIKE THIS, THAT IS
00:57:17ALL THAT CAN REALLY BE SAID. ONCE THE NAVY DECIDES TO HEAD
00:57:21OFF, ALL THAT MATTERS IS WHETHER THE AMERICAN NAVY IS WAITING FOR THEM.
00:57:25IS THE AMERICAN NAVY WAITING FOR THEM?
00:57:27IT IS UNDER A BLOCKADE LED BY THESE MEN ON THE TOP RIGHT.
00:57:33THE IMPORTANT PART -- SAMPSON IS
00:57:35ONE OF THE MOST PROFESSIONAL, MOST DEDICATED, AND HARDEST
00:57:39WORKING NAVAL OFFICERS IN AMERICAN HISTORY.
00:57:41WHAT IS THE PROBLEM WITH SHALY?
00:57:46THEY HATE EACH OTHER. THEY DON'T LIKE EACH OTHER.
00:57:50AND SIMPSON HAS A BLOCKADE SQUADRON WHICH HE HAS CREATED TO
00:57:53LIAISE WITH THE AMERICAN ARMY ON
00:57:56LAND, LEAVING THE OTHER GUY IN COMMAND OF THE BLOCKADE. WHAT HAPPENS?
00:58:03POPS OUT OF THE RIVER.
00:58:05SO HE WILL GET ALL THE CREDIT FROM WHAT SIMPSON HAS ORGANIZED
00:58:09IN TERMS OF A BLOCKADE THAT HAS LASTED MONTHS.
00:58:11YOU WILL SEE WHAT HAPPENS.
00:58:14WHAT CAN WE PROBABLY ASSUME HAS HAPPENED?
00:58:16HOW DOES THE BATTLE GO FOR THE SPANIARDS?
00:58:20POORLY.
00:58:23THE NAVY, THE SPANISH NAVY, HAS
00:58:26TO SAIL OUT ONE SHIP AT A TIME.
00:58:30THE AMERICANS NOTICE THEM AFTER HOW LONG? THE FIRST SHIP.
00:58:34SO FOR THE NEXT FEW HOURS, EACH SPANISH SHIP WILL COME OUT ONE
00:58:38AT A TIME, AND THE AMERICAN BATTLESHIPS WILL WAIT UNTIL WHAT?
00:58:42THEY WILL POUNCE.
00:58:50>> HOW DID THEY END UP WITH FIVE BEACHED SHIPS?
00:58:54>> AS YOU CAN SEE FROM THE MAP,
00:58:57THE RED LINE IS WHAT? SPANISH SHIPS. THE BLUE LINE IS AMERICAN SHIPS.
00:59:02WHAT CAN WE PROBABLY GUESS FROM WHAT THE MAP TELLS US?
00:59:06THE AMERICAN SHIPS, AS SOON AS
00:59:08THEY SEE SPANIARDS COME OUT, DO WHAT? THE GIVE CHASE.
00:59:12THE QUESTION FOR THE SPANIARDS IS ONE OF TWO THINGS.
00:59:15WE CAN EITHER DIE FIGHTING OR WE
00:59:17CAN RUN THE SHIP ON GROUND.
00:59:21THAT IS WHAT HAPPENS. ALL THE SPANISH NAVY IS EITHER
00:59:25RUN AGROUND OR DESTROYED IN THE WATER.
00:59:28NOT A SINGLE ONE ESCAPES.
00:59:30THE AMERICAN NAVY ANNIHILATES THEM.
00:59:33THOUSANDS OF SPANISH SAILORS DIE AND ARE CAPTURED IN WHAT IS
00:59:37ESSENTIALLY A FOUR HOUR FIGHT.
00:59:40AMERICAN CASUALTIES -- TWO NAVAL
00:59:48FIGHTS, TO STUNNING VICTORIES.
00:59:51SO FAR, HAS THE AMERICAN NAVY PERFORMED?
00:59:56REALLY, REALLY, REALLY WELL. IN DOING SO, IT HAS ASSURED
00:59:59SPAIN OF WHAT?
01:00:03WITH NO NAVY, IS THERE A WAY THE
01:00:05SPANISH CAN GO TO THE PHILIPPINES AND RECONQUERED THE PHILIPPINES?
01:00:09CAN THEY PREVENT AMERICAN LANDINGS ON PUERTO RICO WHICH
01:00:13WOULD FOLLOW? CAN THEY PREVENT THE AMERICANS FROM SEIZING ALL OF CUBA?
01:00:17WHAT IS GOING TO HAPPEN NOW?
01:00:21THAT IS EXACTLY IT. SPAIN HAS TO SURRENDER.
01:00:25THEREFORE WE GET TO THE END OF TODAY'S LESSON.
01:00:28WHAT IS THE TREATY THAT WILL END THE WAR BETWEEN THE UNITED
01:00:32STATES AND SPAIN? THE TREATY OF PARIS. HERE IS A TRIVIA QUESTION.
01:00:37WHENEVER THERE IS A TREATY SIGNED IN ANY CLASS I AM
01:00:40TEACHING, IT IS PROBABLY WHAT? THE TREATY OF PARIS.
01:00:44REMEMBER THAT NEXT TIME YOUR PLAYING WORD OR WHATEVER THOSE
01:00:48GAMES YOU MIGHT PLAY. NEXT TIME THEY ARE ASKING YOU
01:00:51TRIVIA QUESTIONS ABOUT A TREATY
01:00:54IN THE 1900S, IT IS PROBABLY THE TREATY OF PARIS.
01:00:58LET'S EXAMINE THE TREATY OF PARIS.
01:01:02THE TREATY OF PARIS, 1899
01:01:05VERSION, BECAUSE THERE ARE ONLY
01:01:08LIKE 40 MORE VERSIONS, IS REALLY, REALLY, REALLY IMPORTANT FOR US.
01:01:13IT IS THE BIRTH OF THE EMPIRE.
01:01:17IN THIS TREATY, THE UNITED STATES WILL ACQUIRE, FOR THE FIRST TIME, WHAT?
01:01:24OUR FIRST COLONIES WILL COME TO US THROUGH THIS TREATY.
01:01:28OF THE THREE ISLAND GROUPINGS WE HAVE LOOKED AT, THE THREE
01:01:32ISLANDS THAT BELONG TO SPAIN, WHICH OF THE THREE CAN WE
01:01:35DEFINITIVELY NOT KEEP AS A COLONY?
01:01:40CUBA. WHY CUBA? CUBA WILL GAIN ITS WHAT? WHY?
01:01:46WOULDN'T IT BE A LITTLE BIT HYPOCRITICAL FOR US TO GO TO WAR
01:01:49WITH SPAIN OVER CUBA'S INDEPENDENCE AND THEN SAY WE ARE
01:01:53GOING TO KEEP IT ACTUALLY? THAT WOULD BE A BIT ROUGH.
01:01:58SO WE DECIDE, THANKS TO THE TELLER AMENDMENT, THAT WE WILL
01:02:01NOT KEEP CUBA.
01:02:03WHAT WILL HE KEEP FROM CUBA? GUANTANAMO BAY.
01:02:07YOU KNOW WHERE WE GET GUANTANAMO
01:02:09BAY OF SUCH RECENT FAME? GUANTANAMO BAY, WE KEEP AS PART
01:02:12OF THE TREATY OF PARIS. WE WILL MAINTAIN A RELATIONSHIP
01:02:16WITH CUBA FOR A VERY LONG TIME.
01:02:18WE WILL TALK ABOUT IN THE 1950'S WHY THAT CHANGES.
01:02:21WHAT ARE THE OTHER ISLANDS? PUERTO RICO.
01:02:24DO WE KEEP? YES.
01:02:27WHAT IS AMERICA'S CURRENT RELATIONSHIP TO PUERTO RICO?
01:02:30IT IS STILL A TERRITORY. IT IS STILL PART OF THE UNITED
01:02:33STATES GOVERNMENT WITHOUT BEING A STATE.
01:02:36NEXT WEEK, WE WILL EXAMINE A
01:02:39SIMILAR SITUATION, HAWAII, WHICH INSTEAD OF BECOMING A TERRITORY WILL BECOME A STATE.
01:02:44LAST AND MOST IMPORTANT FOR OUR MILITARY HISTORY CLASS IS GOING
01:02:47TO BE THE PHILIPPINES.
01:02:50THE PHILIPPINES ARE VERY KEY FOR US UNDERSTANDING WHERE WE ARE HEADED.
01:02:57WE ARE HEADED TO THE PACIFIC.
01:02:59AMERICA WILL GET BIGGER. IT WILL GET MORE POWERFUL.
01:03:03IT WILL GET INVOLVED IN WARS
01:03:05FAR, FAR AWAY FROM WHERE IT IS. LOOK AT THE MAP IN THE TOP LEFT
01:03:08AND YOU WILL SEE HOW THINGS BEGIN TO STRETCH.
01:03:12IT IS NOT ONLY FAR FROM THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.
01:03:16IT IS IMMENSELY FAR FROM WHAT? THE MAINLAND.
01:03:19WE COULD NOT HAVE PICKED A TERRITORY TO KEEP FURTHER AWAY.
01:03:24AND WHAT ARE THE PHILIPPINES IN THE MIDST OF WHEN WE ARRIVE?
01:03:28THEY WERE IN A REVOLUTION AS WELL. WHEN WE COME BACK ON MONDAY, WE
01:03:32WILL TALK ABOUT THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION, WHO LEADS IT, AND
01:03:36HOW THE UNITED STATES DECIDES, RATHER THAN LETTING THE PHILIPPINES HAVE THEIR
01:03:40INDEPENDENCE AS WELL, TO DO WHAT?
01:03:43WE ARE GOING TO KEEP IT. THEY WILL BE A COLONY.
01:03:47WE WILL SEND HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF AMERICAN TROOPS, FAR MORE THAN WE EVER SENT TO
01:03:51SPAIN, TO MAKE SURE THE REBELLION WE SEE AS A PROBLEM
01:03:55FOR US IS PUT DOWN. THAT WILL BE OUR FIRST GREAT WAR
01:03:58OF IMPERIALISM.
01:04:01WHAT WE WILL REALLY GET INTO,
01:04:03AND WHAT I WANT US TO LEAVE ON
01:04:05TODAY, IS THE FUNDAMENTAL DEBATE
01:04:08THAT THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR WILL CREATE IN THE UNITED STATES, BECAUSE IT WAS
01:04:11FUNDAMENTALLY ABOUT TWO OPTIONS FOR AMERICA'S FUTURE.
01:04:17LOOK AT THE PICTURE IN THE BOTTOM CENTER, AND YOU WILL SEE
01:04:20WHERE WE ARE HEADED. THERE IS A QUESTION WHETHER OR
01:04:22NOT THE UNITED STATES IS A
01:04:25NATION FOUNDED ON THE
01:04:27RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EQUALITY,
01:04:32BETWEEN AMERICAN VALUES, AND
01:04:34BETWEEN OUR DEMOCRACY, CAN ALSO BE WHAT?
01:04:39EXPANSIONIST AND AN EMPIRE. HAVE OTHER DEMOCRATIC
01:04:43INSTITUTIONS AT VARIOUS POINTS, DEMOCRATIC STATES -- HAVE THEY
01:04:46DECIDED THEY CAN BE AN EMPIRE AND A DEMOCRATIC NATION?
01:04:50WHAT IS THE BIGGEST MOST OBVIOUS HISTORIC EXAMPLE?
01:04:54GREAT BRITAIN AND -- NOT FRANCE.
01:04:59GREECE, THE ANCIENT ATHENIANS. A DEMOCRACY AND AN EMPIRE.
01:05:03GREAT BRITAIN, A DEMOCRACY AND AN EMPIRE.
01:05:07THE UNITED STATES ATTEMPTS TO MIX THOSE TOGETHER, DEMOCRACY AND EMPIRE.
01:05:11WILL AMERICANS DEBATE THAT?
01:05:16DEFINITIVELY. WILL WE SEE THE CONSEQUENCES OF
01:05:18THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR WILL HAVE AN IMPACT ON WHAT THAT
01:05:22EMPIRE IS AND WHAT WARS WE GET INTO? LOOK AT THE MAP.
01:05:26THINK LONG AND HARD ABOUT THIS.
01:05:29IN ABOUT 40 YEARS, OUR
01:05:32RELATIONSHIP TO THE PHILIPPINES
01:05:34WILL LEAD US DEFINITIVELY INTO CONFLICTS IN THE PACIFIC.
01:05:39AS WE CAN ASSUME, IT WILL BE THE
01:05:42PHILIPPINES AND AMERICA'S EYE ON THE WIDER WORLD THAT WILL LEAD
01:05:45US DOWN A COLLISION COURSE WITH
01:05:47WHAT OTHER GROWING EMPIRE? THE JAPANESE.
01:05:50WHEN WE COME BACK NEXT WEEK, KEEP ALL OF THAT IN MIND.
01:05:54YOU ALL DID WONDERFULLY TODAY. I WILL SEE YOU ON MONDAY.
01:05:58GOOD JOB, SQUAD. [CAPTIONS COPYRIGHT NATIONAL CABLE SATELLITE CORP. 2026]
01:06:01[CAPTIONING PERFORMED BY THE NATIONAL CAPTIONING INSTITUTE, WHICH IS RESPONSIBLE FOR ITS CAPTION CONTENT AND ACCURACY. VISIT NCICAP.ORG]
01:06:05>> YOU ARE WATCHING CSPAN3 -- DEMOCRACY UNFILTERED.
01:06:11>> YOU LOOK BACK ON WHAT YOU
01:06:15HAVE ACHIEVED IN YOUR LIFE. WHAT MAKES YOU THE HAPPIEST SO
01:06:19FAR? >> THIS INTERVIEW IS THE APEX.
01:06:22>> LEADERS SEEM TO LIKE TO WEAR WIGS.
01:06:25HOW COME HE DIDN'T WEAR A WIG?
01:06:28PRESIDENT TRUMP SAID, I MADE A MISTAKE THE FIRST TIME. I SHOULD HAVE GIVEN IT TO YOU
01:06:32THE FIRST TIME. YOUR FIRST BOOK WAS CALLED A TIME TO KILL.
01:06:35HOW MANY PUBLISHERS TURNED THEM DOWN? ALL OF THEM.
01:06:38>> IT IS RARE TO SEE DONALD
01:06:43TRUMP LAUGHED. >> WHEN YOU GO TO THE OSCARS,
01:06:46DOES EVERYONE SAY, THERE IS THE AUTHOR?
01:06:49>> THEN THERE IS ANOTHER PATH IN THE OSCARS WHERE PEOPLE LIKE I GO.
01:06:55IS IT SAFE TO DO IT?
01:06:58>> ABSOLUTELY NOT. >> YOU WERE OPINIONATED ABOUT
01:07:01THE SITUATION, WHICH IS WHY WE LOVE YOU, DAVID.
01:07:12>> THE BEST IDEAS AND BEST PRACTICES CAN BE FOUND ANYWHERE.
01:07:16>> WE HAVE TO LISTEN SO WE CAN GOVERN BETTER.
01:07:20>> YOU CAN FIGHT AND STILL BE FRIENDLY.
01:07:24>> BRIDGING THE DIVIDE IN AMERICAN POLITICS.
01:07:27>> YOU FIND AREAS WHERE YOU DO AGREE.
01:07:31>> HE VOTES WRONG ALL THE TIME, BUT WE ARE ACTUALLY FRIENDS.
01:07:35>> A HORRIBLE SECRET THAT SCOTT AND I HAVE IS WE ACTUALLY RESPECT EACH OTHER.
01:07:39>> WE ALL DON'T HATE EACH OTHER.
01:07:42>> THESE ARE THE KINDS OF SECRETS WE LIKE TO EXPOSE.
01:07:46>> IT IS NICE TO BE WITH A MEMBER WHO KNOWS WHAT THEY ARE TALKING ABOUT.
01:07:49>> YOU GUYS DID AGREE TO THE CIVILITY.
01:07:53>> EOS MY SON $10 FROM A BET.
01:07:56>> I AM THRILLED TO BE ON THIS
01:07:58SHOW WITH HIM.
01:08:00X THERE ARE NOT SHOWS LIKE THIS,
01:08:03INCENTIVIZING THAT RELATIONSHIP. >> CEASEFIRE, FRIDAY NIGHTS ON C-SPAN.
01:08:16>> WELCOME TO THE NATIONAL WORLD WAR I MUSEUM AND MEMORIAL.
01:08:20I AM THE CHIEF CURATOR HERE.
01:08:22THE NATIONAL MEMORIAL REALLY
01:08:27STARTED BEFORE THE WAR WAS EVEN
01:08:29OVER, BEFORE THE ARMISTICE ON NOVEMBER 11, 19 18.
01:08:33THERE WAS A CALL IN KANSAS CITY
01:08:36TO BUILD A LASTING MEMORIAL FOR THOSE WHO SERVED IN THE WAR, AND
01:08:40THE 441 WHO PERISHED IN THE CONFLICT ITSELF.
01:08:43SHORTLY AFTER THE WAR IN 1919,
01:08:44THE PEOPLE OF KANSAS CITY CAME
01:08:48TOGETHER AND IN 10 DAYS RAISED TWO AND HALF MILLION DOLLARS,
01:08:51WHICH TODAY IS AROUND 35 MILLION DOLLARS. THEY DID THIS THROUGH SMALL
01:08:55SUBSCRIPTIONS. OVER