Original Broadcaster Captioning (Enhanced). Treat it as a searchable index of what was broadcast, not a quotation record.
00:00:00WHEN THE SHOTS RANG OUT. AND WHEN HE WAS GESTURING, I WAS, YOU KNOW, NOT AS CLOSE AS
00:00:04WE ARE, BUT MAYBE 4 OR 5FT BACK. AND I HAD MY LENS ON HIM.
00:00:08I WAS TRYING TO GET SOMETHING OF HE AND THE FLAG.
00:00:11AND THEN WHEN HE GESTURE TO THE RIGHT AND THE SHOTS RANG OUT, I
00:00:14WAS ACTUALLY TAKING PICTURES. AND THEN I JUST KEPT MY FINGER ON THE SHUTTER.
00:00:17AS SOON AS I HEARD THE BULLETS, THREE TIME PULITZER PRIZE
00:00:19WINNING PHOTOGRAPHER DOUG MILLS
00:00:22SUNDAY NIGHT AT 8 P.M. EASTERN ON C-SPAN Q&A.
00:00:26YOU CAN LISTEN TO Q&A AND ALL OF
00:00:28OUR PODCASTS ON OUR FREE C-SPAN
00:00:30NOW APP OR WHEREVER YOU GET YOUR PODCASTS.
00:00:34WELL, WELCOME, EVERYBODY, TO THE
00:00:37AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY.
00:00:39MY NAME IS PATRICK SPIRO AND I'M THE EXECUTIVE OFFICER OF THE
00:00:42AMERICAN PHILOSOPHIC SOCIETY HERE TONIGHT. AND WE ARE IN FOR A VERY SPECIAL
00:00:48TREAT TONIGHT. IT IS A VERY SPECIAL EVENT FOR THE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY
00:00:50BECAUSE PEOPLE OFTEN ASK ME, WELL, WHAT IS THE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY?
00:00:54DO YOU DO PHILOSOPHY? AND I OFTEN HAVE TO EXPLAIN WHAT
00:00:57THE APS DOES AND WHAT WE STAND FOR. AND WHEN YOU THINK ABOUT IT,
00:01:01WHAT THE APS COMES DOWN TO IS ONE WORD. IT'S SCHOLARSHIP.
00:01:05EVERYTHING WE DO AIMS TO REFLECT THE BEST SCHOLARSHIP.
00:01:08WE REFLECT EXCELLENCE IN SCHOLARSHIP, AND WE LOOK AT ALL
00:01:11THE VARIOUS PROGRAMS THAT WE SUPPORT. THAT'S WHAT WE AIM TO SUPPORT
00:01:15AND ALSO WHAT WE AIM TO REPRESENT, WHETHER IT'S ELECTING
00:01:19MEMBERS. WE HAVE OVER 850 ELECTED MEMBERS, OVER 100 NOBEL LAUREATES.
00:01:23OUR MEMBERS OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, WHETHER
00:01:26IT'S THROUGH OUR BOOKS IN PUBLICATIONS, WE HAVE THE
00:01:29LONGEST CONTINUOUSLY OPERATING SCHOLARLY PRESS IN NORTH
00:01:32AMERICA, OR WHETHER IT'S THROUGH ALL THE RESEARCH AND GRANTS THAT
00:01:36WE PROVIDE OVER 300 RESEARCH GRANTS EVERY YEAR TO SUPPORT
00:01:39EARLY CAREER SCHOLARS IN ALL DIFFERENT FIELDS.
00:01:43WE AIM TO SUPPORT AND REFLECT EXCELLENCE IN SCHOLARSHIP.
00:01:45AND WHAT MAKES TONIGHT SO SPECIAL IS THE WE GET TO CELEBRATE EXCELLENCE IN
00:01:51SCHOLARSHIP PRODUCED BY ONE OF OUR OWN, MICHELLE MCDONALD.
00:01:54NOW, I KNOW MICHELLE MAY BE FAMILIAR TO MANY OF YOU, BUT TO
00:01:58THOSE THAT AREN'T. SHE'S BEEN A LONG TIME FRIEND OF MINE. LET ME TELL YOU A LITTLE BIT
00:02:02ABOUT MICHELLE'S BACKGROUND BEFORE WE GET TO HER BOOK, THE BOOK ITSELF.
00:02:06SO MICHELLE IS THE LIBRARIAN AND DIRECTOR OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, A
00:02:10POSITION THAT GOES ALL THE WAY BACK TO 18TH CENTURY WHEN I BELIEVE THE FIRST HOLDER OF THE
00:02:14POSITION WAS DAVID RITTENHOUSE HIMSELF.
00:02:16SHE JOINED THE SOCIETY IN 2024, WHERE SHE HAD A REAL BIG MESS TO
00:02:20CLEAN UP.
00:02:22NO ONE'S LAUGHING.
00:02:25I WAS THE LIBRARIAN BEFORE
00:02:29CHURCH, SO AND SHE COMES WITH
00:02:34GREAT SKILLS TO CLEAN UP THAT MESS SHE HAS OVER THREE DECADES OF EXPERIENCE, BOTH AS A
00:02:38SCHOLAR, AS AN ADMINISTRATOR, AND AS A TEACHER.
00:02:40SHE JOINED US FROM STOCKTON UNIVERSITY, WHERE SHE WAS A PROFESSOR OF HISTORY BUT HAD
00:02:45ALSO SPENT SEVEN YEARS AS ADMINISTRATOR IN THE PROVOST OFFICE.
00:02:49SHE HAS A PH.D. FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. SHE HAS TWO EMMYS, ONE IN
00:02:53LIBERAL STUDIES, AND ANOTHER ONE IN MUSEUM STUDIES AND A B.A.
00:02:56FROM UCLA BEFORE SHE JOINED THE
00:03:00FACULTY AT STOCKTON UNIVERSITY, SHE WAS A FELLOW AT THE HARVARD
00:03:03BUSINESS SCHOOL. AND THAT'S BECAUSE HER RESEARCH IS REALLY FOCUSED ON ECONOMIC
00:03:07HISTORY. AND THAT'S HER BOOK IS A STUDY
00:03:11OF COFFEE AS A COMMODITY. NOW, SHE'S PUBLISHED A NUMBER OF
00:03:13DIFFERENT ARTICLES AND ESSAYS.
00:03:16SHE'S THE COAUTHOR OF A BOOK ON PUBLIC DRINKING AND EARLY MODERN
00:03:20WORLD. SHE'S PUBLISHED IN THE WILLIAM MARY QUARTERLY, SEVERAL
00:03:23ANTHOLOGIES, THE JOURNAL THE EARLY REPUBLIC, COMMONPLACE.
00:03:25I COULD GO ON AND ON. HER SCHOLARSHIP IS HAVE BEEN SUPPORTED BY SOME OF THE MOST
00:03:29DISTINGUISHED INSTITUTIONS IN THE UNITED STATES, SUCH AS THE
00:03:32FULBRIGHT FOUNDATION, THE NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE
00:03:34HUMANITIES, THE MCNEAL CENTER FOR EARLY AMERICAN STUDIES, THE LIBRARY COMPANY OF PHILADELPHIA
00:03:38ITSELF, AND A HOST OF OTHER ONES AND ALL THAT SUPPORT AND ALL
00:03:42THAT EXPERIENCE IS INCREDIBLE. BUT WE'RE NOT HERE BECAUSE OF
00:03:45ALL THAT MICHELLE HAS DONE. WE'RE HERE TONIGHT TO CELEBRATE HER NEW BOOK, HER NEW WORK OF
00:03:51SCHOLARSHIP, A COFFEE NATION, HOW ONE COMMODITY TRANSFORMED
00:03:54THE EARLY UNITED STATES. NOW, I HAVE TO ADMIT, YOU'RE PROBABLY THINKING I'M BIASED.
00:03:58IT'S PROBABLY IN MY JOB DESCRIPTION TO TELL IT HOW GREAT THIS BOOK IS.
00:04:01SO DON'T TAKE MY WORD FOR IT. THE FIRST REVIEWS ARE OUT.
00:04:04THIS IS THE FIRST REVIEW. SIX PAGES, SINGLE SPACED.
00:04:08AND HERE ARE SOME OF THE THINGS THAT OTHER SCHOLARS ARE SAYING ABOUT THE BOOK.
00:04:11IS A MAJOR CULTURE BOON TO THE HISTORY OF COMMODITIES AND TO
00:04:15THE ECONOMIC HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. IS WRITTEN IN AN ACCESSIBLE AND
00:04:18OFTEN WITTY PROSE. IT IS AN EXAMPLE OF CULTURAL
00:04:21HISTORY AT ITS VERY BEST. AND MICHELLE IS GOING TO COME ON
00:04:25STAGE AND GIVE US A LITTLE TASTE OF THIS WORK, AND I HOPE YOU ALL WILL DRINK IT IN.
00:04:29I JUST THOUGHT OF THAT PUN BY
00:04:31BUYING THAT BOOK AFTERWARDS, AND
00:04:34MICHELLE WILL BE HERE TO SIGN IT AS WELL.
00:04:38MICHELLE.
00:04:50I HAVE I HAVE MANY THINGS I'M GOING TO MOVE OUT OF MY WAY. GOOD EVENING.
00:04:53FIRST OF ALL, THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR COMING OUT TONIGHT.
00:04:56IT IS A BEAUTIFUL EVENING AFTER
00:04:58A FAIRLY WARM DAY AND IT'S VERY NICE TO SEE SO MANY FRIENDLY
00:05:02FACES AND SOME NEW FACES IN THE AUDIENCE AND TO BE ABLE TO SHARE
00:05:05THIS WORK WITH YOU.
00:05:07AND MY THANKS ALSO TO THE APS
00:05:09FOR ORGANIZING TONIGHT'S EVENT. I REALIZE MANY PEOPLE
00:05:13PARTICIPATED IN CREATING THIS OPPORTUNITY FOR ME, AND I
00:05:17APPRECIATE THEIR DOING SO. SO LET'S GET STARTED.
00:05:23WOMEN BEGAN GATHERING IN FRONT
00:05:25OF A WAREHOUSE IN BOSTON EARLY
00:05:27IN THE MORNING OF JULY 24TH, 1777.
00:05:32IT WAS ABOUT A YEAR AFTER NORTH AMERICA'S 13 COLONIES HAD
00:05:36DECLARED THEIR INDEPENDENCE.
00:05:39AT FIRST, THERE WERE ONLY A FEW MEN IN MOURNING.
00:05:42THERE WERE DOZENS. AND BY THE TIME THE BUILDING'S
00:05:45OWNER, A LOCAL MERCHANT NAMED THOMAS BOYLSTON, ARRIVED, MORE
00:05:50THAN 100 WOMEN WERE WAITING FOR HIM.
00:05:52FOR YEARS, THE CITY'S RESIDENTS
00:05:54HAD COMPLAINED ABOUT THE COST OF THEIR GROCERIES AND FOR VERY
00:05:58GOOD REASONS, SAYS BOSTON HAD
00:06:02PASSED A NON IMPORTATION AGREEMENT IN 1768 TO PROTEST
00:06:05PARLIAMENTARY TAXES. THE PRICE OF ALMOST EVERYTHING
00:06:09HAD SKYROCKETED.
00:06:11THE SITUATION ONLY GOT WORSE
00:06:13AFTER THE OUTBREAK OF WAR.
00:06:20ABIGAIL ADAMS WAS IN BOSTON AT THIS TIME WHILE HER HUSBAND WAS
00:06:25HERE IN PHILADELPHIA, AND SHE FREQUENTLY WROTE TO HIM ABOUT
00:06:28THE TRIALS AND TRIBULATIONS OF LIVING IN A CITY AT SIEGE, AS
00:06:31WELL AS BOSTONIAN, IS GROWING
00:06:34IRRITATION WITH MERCHANTS AND WITH SHOPKEEPERS.
00:06:38THERE IS A GENERAL CRY AGAINST THE MERCHANTS SHE'D WRITTEN TO
00:06:42HIM EARLIER THAT YEAR WHO JUST SAID HAVE CREATED A PARTIAL
00:06:46SCARCITY OF EVERY ARTICLE.
00:06:49NOT ONLY OF LUXURY, BUT EVEN THE
00:06:52NECESSARIES OF LIFE.
00:06:55THE WOMEN WHO CONFRONTED
00:06:58BOYLSTON IN THE SUMMER OF 1777
00:07:01CAME WITH ONE VERY SPECIFIC
00:07:03NECESSARY OF LIFE IN MIND. COFFEE.
00:07:09TODAY, COFFEE IS TRADED AND CONSUMED WORLDWIDE.
00:07:12IT IS SO COMMON THAT HIS
00:07:15POPULARITY IS OFTEN TAKEN FOR GRANTED.
00:07:17BUT EVEN EVERYDAY HABITS HAVE A HISTORY.
00:07:21WHEN AND WHY?
00:07:24COFFEE BECAME PART OF NORTH AMERICA'S DAILY LIFE IS AT THE
00:07:28CENTER OF COFFEE NATION. HOW ONE COMMODITY TRANSFORMED
00:07:31THE EARLY UNITED STATES. NOW, I'M OFTEN ASKED WHY I CHOSE
00:07:35TO WRITE A BOOK ABOUT COFFEE. AND THE ANSWER HONESTLY IS BY
00:07:40ACCIDENT. MY FIRST SEMESTER IN GRADUATE SCHOOL, I TOOK A COURSE IN EARLY
00:07:44BRITISH HISTORY, AND I BECAME
00:07:46INTERESTED IN THE IDEA OF WHAT I WAS CALLING PUBLIC LITERACY.
00:07:50HOW PEOPLE WHO CAN'T READ OR WRITE GET THEIR NEWS.
00:07:56TAVERNS, INNS AND COFFEE HOUSES WERE SOME OF THE PLACES THAT I
00:08:00EXPLORED, PLACES WHERE CURRENT EVENTS WERE READ ALOUD, WHERE
00:08:02IDEAS WERE ARGUED AND DEBATED.
00:08:06THE FOLLOWING SEMESTER, I TOOK A
00:08:08COURSE IN ATLANTIC HISTORY WHICH EXPLORED HOW EUROPE AND AFRICA
00:08:12AND THE AMERICAS BECAME
00:08:14INTERWOVEN FROM THE 15TH CENTURY ON.
00:08:18SINCE I'D ALREADY BEEN READING ABOUT COFFEEHOUSES AND BIG CUTS,
00:08:22SO MANY SCHOLARS HAVE ALREADY STUDIED THE EARLY HISTORY OF SUGAR.
00:08:25I THOUGHT I WOULD LOOK AT COFFEE
00:08:27CULTIVATION AND WHAT I FOUND WAS
00:08:33THIS. WHILE CONSUMER HISTORIANS HAD STUDIED HOW AND WHERE COFFEE
00:08:37BECAME POPULAR IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE WORLD, MOST OF THEIR WORK WAS WRITTEN AS IF THE
00:08:41COFFEE WAS JUST THERE READY FOR
00:08:47DRINKING. BY THE SAME TOKEN, BOOKS ABOUT
00:08:49COFFEE PLANTING, MOST OF WHICH FOCUS ON CENTRAL AND SOUTH
00:08:53AMERICA, WENT INTO GREAT DETAIL
00:08:55ABOUT HOW COFFEE WAS GROWN, HOW
00:08:58IT WAS HARVESTED, HOW IT WAS
00:09:00PACKAGED, HOW IT WAS PREPARED
00:09:02FOR SHIPPING, BUT USUALLY ENDED
00:09:04AT THE DOCKS WITH SHIPS READY TO TAKE THE PRODUCE ABROAD.
00:09:10RARELY DID THESE AUTHORS SPEAK TO EACH OTHER.
00:09:12AND THAT'S HOW THE IDEA FOR THIS
00:09:15BOOK CAME TO BE.
00:09:17A BROAD HISTORY THAT FOLLOWS COFFEE FROM ITS FIRST DOMESTIC
00:09:21OCEAN IN ETHIOPIA. THERE WERE EARLY MIDDLE EASTERN TRADE ROUTES AND FARMING
00:09:25EXPERIMENTS IN THE EAST INDIES AND THEN ACROSS THE ATLANTIC INTO THE CARIBBEAN, AND
00:09:30ULTIMATELY INTO THE STORES AND THE DINING ROOMS AND THE EXPORT
00:09:33WAREHOUSES OF NORTH AMERICA, WHICH BECAME WITHIN 50 YEARS OF
00:09:38AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE, ONE OF THE LARGEST SUPPLIERS OF COFFEE
00:09:42TO THE WORLD. NOW, THIS WAS NOT AN EASY
00:09:47PROJECT, ALTHOUGH IN ALL FAIRNESS, I DON'T KNOW MANY
00:09:50HISTORIANS WHO SAY THAT WAS A PIECE OF CAKE.
00:09:52AND IF I DID THAT CANDIDLY, I WOULD NOT NEXT WANT TO SIT NEXT
00:09:55TO THEM AT A DINNER PARTY, BECAUSE REALLY, WHO NEEDS THAT?
00:09:59THERE WERE NO BIG COFFEE MERCHANTS IN THE WAY THAT THERE
00:10:02WERE FOR SUGAR OR FOR WINE OR FOR LINEN UNTIL THE 19TH CENTURY.
00:10:07SO INSTEAD, I WOVE THE HISTORY
00:10:09OF COFFEE TOGETHER FROM BRIEF
00:10:13NOTICES THAT SOME NUMBER OF BAGS
00:10:15OR BARRELS HAD ARRIVED IN PORT,
00:10:17OR THAT FRIENDS HAD MET IN EACH
00:10:19OTHER'S HOMES OR WENT TO THE COFFEE HOUSE FOR THE LATEST
00:10:23POLITICAL NEWS THROUGH GLIMPSES
00:10:25IN A COUNT, BOOKS, LETTERS AND
00:10:29DIARIES, NEWSPAPER
00:10:31ADVERTISEMENTS AND IN THE CASE
00:10:34OF SMUGGLING, CAUGHT RECORDS.
00:10:38BUT THE SHEER VOLUME OF THESE
00:10:40REFERENCES DEMONSTRATE NOTES,
00:10:43COPIES, OMNIPRESENCE IN COLONIAL AMERICA AND THE EARLY UNITED
00:10:47STATES. IT QUICKLY BECAME APPARENT THAT
00:10:50THE DRINK IS EVERYWHERE.
00:10:52WHEN YOU START TO LOOK SO THIS
00:10:56EVENING, I'VE CHOSEN SIX PEOPLE
00:10:58TO HELP ME TELL THIS STORY. EACH ONE REPRESENTS A DIFFERENT
00:11:03ASPECT OF COFFEE'S HISTORY
00:11:07CULTIVATION, TRADE, CONSUMPTION, AND POLITICS.
00:11:11SMUGGLING AND ADVERTISING.
00:11:16WE START WITH SIR NICHOLAS LOTZ.
00:11:19NOW, SIR NICHOLAS LAWS, WHO
00:11:21SERVED AS JAMAICA'S COLONIAL
00:11:23GOVERNOR FROM 1718 TO 1722,
00:11:26SEEMS A BIT FAR AFIELD FROM THE EARLY UNITED STATES.
00:11:29BUT BEAR WITH ME. HE HAD GROWN UP ON A SUGAR
00:11:32PLANTATION, BUT HIS FAMILY SUCCESS MEANT THAT, LIKE MANY
00:11:36WEALTHY PLANTERS, HE'D SPENT MOST OF HIS ADULT LIFE IN ENGLAND.
00:11:40HE ONLY RETURNED TO JAMAICA WHEN IT WAS IN TROUBLE. YEARS OF ADMINISTRATIVE
00:11:45MISMANAGEMENT HAVE RESULTED IN A GOVERNMENT OF CORRUPTION AND A
00:11:48COLONY IN DEBT.
00:11:50NOW, DURING HIS FIRST TWO YEARS IN OFFICE, LAWS WROTE MORE THAN
00:11:5440 LETTERS SHIPPING REPORTS AND
00:11:56DEPOSITIONS TO PARLIAMENT
00:11:59DOCUMENTING SPANISH CUBA AS
00:12:01ATTACK ON BRITISH SHIPS AND EFFORTS TO TRACK DOWN AND RE
00:12:05ENSLAVE PEOPLE WHO HAD ESCAPED INTO JAMAICA'S MOUNTAINOUS INTERIOR.
00:12:08IN HIS LAST TWO YEARS AS
00:12:10GOVERNORS, JAMAICA, HE HELPED THE ISLAND WEATHER A DEVASTATING
00:12:16HURRICANE AND PRESIDED OVER THE TRIALS OF CAPTAIN JACK RACKHAM.
00:12:20OTHERWISE KNOWN AS CALICO JACK
00:12:23AND TEN OTHERS ACCUSED OF PIRACY.
00:12:26IS IT LITTLE WONDER, THEN, IN
00:12:291722, THAT AT THE AGE OF NEARLY
00:12:3270, ALL LAWS WANTED TO DO WAS TO
00:12:34RETURN TO HIS PLANTATION AND
00:12:38RESUME HIS BOTANICAL EXPERIMENTS?
00:12:41HE DIED LESS THAN A DECADE AFTER HE LEFT OFFICE.
00:12:45BUT IN HIS FINAL YEARS, HE LEFT
00:12:47JAMAICA A LEGACY THAT PROVED MORE ENDURING THAN HIS EFFORTS
00:12:51TO STANCH SMUGGLING PROVIDE HURRICANE RELIEF OR PROSECUTE PIRATES.
00:12:55AND THAT IS BECAUSE IN 1728,
00:12:58LAWS PLANTED JAMAICA'S FIRST COFFEE TREES FOREVER CHANGING
00:13:02THE ISLAND'S ECONOMY AS
00:13:04COMMUNITY, ITS LANDSCAPE, AS
00:13:06WELL AS THE LIVES OF THOUSANDS OF ENSLAVED AFRICANS AND AFRO
00:13:11JAMAICANS COERCED INTO THIS NEW
00:13:13COMMODITY SYSTEM. NOW, THOUGH, LAWES ONLY LIVED TO
00:13:17SEE THE FIRST FEW HARVESTS, THE CROP WAS PROMISING ENOUGH THAT
00:13:21MORE THAN 20 OF HIS FELLOW PLANTERS PETITIONED PARLIAMENT FOR SUPPORT.
00:13:26WHITEHALL RESPONDED IN 1732 WITH
00:13:28AN ACT FOR ENCOURAGING THE GROWTH OF COFFEE IN HIS
00:13:31MAJESTY'S PLANTATIONS IN AMERICA. THE FIRST OF SEVERAL LAWS THAT
00:13:37PAVED THE WAY FOR CULTIVATION TO THRIVE IN THE BRITISH WEST
00:13:40INDIES. AND THE RESULTS ARE READILY
00:13:44APPARENT IN THE SHIFT OF COFFEE PRODUCTION FROM THE EAST TO THE
00:13:49WEST. AS THE 18TH CENTURY PROGRESSED
00:13:52AND HERE YOU CAN SEE EARLY ON IN THE FIRST TWO COLUMNS, RIGHT IN
00:13:56THE IN THE BEGINNING OF THE 18TH CENTURY THROUGH 1724, THERE'S NO
00:14:00PRODUCTION THAT'S COMING OUT OF THE CARIBBEAN.
00:14:03BUT BY 1749, YOU BEGAN TO HAVE A
00:14:06SIGNIFICANT JUMP.
00:14:08AND BY 1772, CARIBBEAN COFFEE
00:14:11NOW DOMINATES THE BRITISH MARKET.
00:14:16A GENERATION LATER, THE RESULTS
00:14:19OF BRITAIN'S DECISION TO INVEST IN CARIBBEAN COFFEE WERE EASY TO
00:14:23SEE. AND THIS BRINGS ME TO THE SECOND OF TONIGHT'S CHARACTERS, WILLIAM
00:14:27WEST, JR, A MERCHANT WHO IN
00:14:31APRIL OF 1765 WAS WAITING IN PHILADELPHIA'S HARBOR FOR THE
00:14:35ARRIVAL OF THE SHIP. POLLY. AND JUST IN CASE HE'S LISTENING, VIRTUALLY.
00:14:39MY DISSERTATION ADVISOR AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, A MAN
00:14:41NAMED DAVID HANCOCK, TOLD ME ONCE, BECAUSE I REWROTE THIS
00:14:45PARTICULAR CHAPTER ABOUT COFFEE COMING INTO PHILADELPHIA. SO MANY TIMES.
00:14:49IF THE GOOD SHIP POLLY SAILS ONE
00:14:53MORE TIME, MICHELLE, ONE MORE TIME. DAVID, THIS IS FOR YOU.
00:14:57IF YOU'RE LISTENING. THE POLLY HAD LEFT KINGSTON,
00:15:01JAMAICA, CARRYING CASKS OF COFFEE AND SUGAR BAGS OF LIMES
00:15:05AND BARRELS OF RUM. AND THERE WAS NOTHING REALLY
00:15:09REMARK ABLE ABOUT THIS VOYAGE. THE GOODS WERE COMMON ISLAND
00:15:13EXPORTS POPULAR WITH NORTH AMERICAN BUYERS, AND THE ROUTE THE SHIP TRAVELED WAS ONE SAILED
00:15:17BY HUNDREDS OF VESSELS IN AND
00:15:19OUT OF PHILADELPHIA THAT YEAR.
00:15:22THE WEST FAMILY HAD COME FROM IRELAND IN 1750, AND WEST JUNIOR
00:15:26WOULD ULTIMATELY SERVE AS A CAPTAIN IN THE THIRD
00:15:30PENNSYLVANIA REGIMENT. BUT THIS MORNING, THIS MORNING,
00:15:35THOUGHTS OF WAR WERE FAR FROM HIS MIND.
00:15:39INSTEAD, HE WAS WAITING FOR HIS SHARE OF THE POLLY'S COFFEE,
00:15:43WHICH HE WOULD THEN SEND TO CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA.
00:15:47OTHER CASKS ON THAT SHIP BELONGED TO WILLIAM REDMOND, WHO
00:15:50WOULD SEND THEM AS FAR NORTH AS NEWPORT, RHODE ISLAND.
00:15:54BUT THE MAJORITY OF THE COFFEE
00:15:56THAT ARRIVED THAT MORNING HAD
00:15:58BEEN BOUGHT BY A LOCAL FIRM
00:16:00NAMED CRAIG FULLER AND ASHE AND
00:16:04WOULD BE SOLD WITHIN PHILADELPHIA AND NEARBY TOWNS IN
00:16:08PENNSYLVANIA, DELAWARE AND NEW JERSEY.
00:16:12NOW, PHILADELPHIA WAS NOT THE
00:16:14ONLY BRITISH NORTH AMERICAN CITY TO IMPORT COFFEE, OF COURSE.
00:16:18BUT IT DID BRING IN THE MOST THE
00:16:20PRINCIPAL PORT OF PENNSYLVANIA HAD ENTERED THE WEST INDIES
00:16:24TRADE AFTER BOSTON AND AFTER NEW YORK, BOTH OF WHICH HAD
00:16:28DEVELOPED VERY SOLID FOUNDATIONS IN THE SUGAR AND RUM INDUSTRIES.
00:16:32SO RATHER THAN COMPETE, PHILADELPHIA TRADERS BEGAN
00:16:36TESTING INTEREST IN SEVERAL GOODS THAT COLLECTIVELY BECAME
00:16:39KNOWN AS THE SECONDARY COMMODITIES.
00:16:42AND BY THE 1760S, WHEN WILLIAM
00:16:46WEST WAS STANDING ON THOSE DOCKS, PHILADELPHIA LED AMERICAN
00:16:50IMPORTATION OF GINGER, A PEPPER
00:16:52AND OF COFFEE, ACCOUNTING FOR A
00:16:55THIRD AND SOMETIMES UP TO HALF
00:16:57OF WHAT CAME INTO THE MAINLAND IN ANY GIVEN YEAR.
00:17:01TO SEE WHO BOUGHT IT, I LOOKED
00:17:05AT TAX LISTS AT CITY DIRECTORIES
00:17:07AND ESPECIALLY AT NEWSPAPER ADVERTISEMENTS.
00:17:11THIS LAST SOURCE WAS REALLY FASCINATING.
00:17:14THE NUMBER OF VENDORS SELLING
00:17:16COFFEE ALMOST DOUBLED BETWEEN 1765 AND 1775.
00:17:21NOW THAT THE NUMBER OF ADVERTISERS COULD GROW IS AN
00:17:24INTERESTING LOCATION. BUT WHAT THESE NOTICES TELL US
00:17:28ABOUT THEIR IN THE CITY COFFEE
00:17:30WAS BEING SOLD. AND BY EXTENSION, TO WHOM IS
00:17:34JUST AS IMPORTANT.
00:17:36ABOUT A THIRD OF THESE SELLERS
00:17:39WERE BASED IN HIGH STREET CHESTNUT AND WALNUT WARD.
00:17:44THESE ARE THE DISTRICTS THAT ARE CLOSEST TO THE CITY'S PORTS AND
00:17:46ITS LARGEST PUBLIC MARKETS.
00:17:48SO PERHAPS TO BE EXPECTED,
00:17:52ANOTHER THIRD OF THESE SELLERS HAD BUSINESSES IN NORTH, MIDDLE
00:17:54AND SOUTH WARD, WHICH HOUSED THE
00:17:58PRINCIPAL PRINCIPAL BUSINESS DISTRICTS AND SOME OF THE CITY'S WEALTHIEST NEIGHBORHOODS.
00:18:01SO, AGAIN, NOT TERRIBLY SURPRISING.
00:18:05BUT COFFEE WAS ALSO SOLD IN THE
00:18:09UPPER AND LOWER DELAWARE WARDS, WHICH WERE WORKING CLASS
00:18:13NEIGHBORHOODS AND EVEN IN
00:18:15MULBERRY AND DARK WARDS, HOME TO
00:18:17MARGINAL COMMUNITIES.
00:18:19SINGLE AND WIDOWED WOMEN, AS
00:18:22WELL AS MOST OF PHILADELPHIA'S FREE BLACK COMMUNITY.
00:18:26IN OTHER WORDS, ANYONE WHO LIVED
00:18:29IN ANY WARD IN PHILADELPHIA AND
00:18:32WHO WANTED TO BUY COFFEE COULD
00:18:35FIND IT WITHIN EASY WALKING DISTANCE.
00:18:40ALL OF THESE DRINKERS BENEFITED FROM THE COMMERCIAL NETWORKS
00:18:43CREATED BY WILLIAM WEST AND HIS FELLOW MERCHANTS AND HELPED TO
00:18:48CREATE THE MARKET OF NORTH AMERICA'S COFFEE, WHICH TIED IT
00:18:51TO THE PLANTATIONS OF THE WEST
00:18:55INDIES. THIS HABIT ALSO TIED COLONIES TO
00:18:59EUROPE, HOWEVER, WHICH PRODUCED MOST OF THE CERAMICS AND THE
00:19:02METAL WARES USED TO BREW AND SERVE COFFEE AS WELL AS THE
00:19:06ADVICE, LITERATURE AND THE COOKBOOKS, WHICH TAUGHT THEM THE
00:19:08BEST WAYS TO DO SO.
00:19:11AND SOCIAL CUSTOM IS PRECISELY
00:19:13WHAT CONCERNED JANE SHIPMAN.
00:19:17THE THIRD PERSON I'M INTRODUCING
00:19:18THIS EVENING WHEN SHE WROTE TO
00:19:22HER HUSBAND IN 1772 ABOUT HER TRIP TO VISIT RELATIVES IN
00:19:26LANCASTER, PENNSYLVANIA, THE
00:19:28SHIPMAN'S WERE PART OF A
00:19:30POWERFUL AND INFLUENTIAL FAMILY
00:19:32OF DOCTORS, OF LAWYERS, OF MERCHANTS, OF LANDOWNERS WHO
00:19:36HELD OFFICES IN PENNSYLVANIA'S COLONIAL GOVERNMENT.
00:19:40JOSEPH'S FATHER HAD BEEN ELECTED MAYOR OF PHILADELPHIA IN 1744
00:19:44AND LATER TO BE THE JUDGE OF THE
00:19:46COURT OF COMMON PLEAS.
00:19:48THE OVERALL JANE THOUGHT HER
00:19:51VISIT WAS GOING WELL.
00:19:53THE HOMELESS LOVELY.
00:19:56THE COMPANY WAS DELIGHTFUL. IF A LITTLE PROVINCIAL.
00:20:00BUT SHE TOOK PAINS TO ALERT HER
00:20:02HUSBAND TO WHAT SHE CONSIDERED A SERIOUS SOCIAL GAFFE.
00:20:06HER HOSTS, IT SEEMS, WOULD
00:20:08ROUTINELY PUT OUT FEWER COFFEE
00:20:10CUPS THAN THERE WERE GUESTS AND
00:20:14REMEDY THE SITUATION BY
00:20:17SUBSTITUTING TEACUPS.
00:20:20AND THIS REMINDED JANE THAT HALF
00:20:23OF HER OWN COFFEE SET WAS
00:20:25CRACKED OR CHIPPED.
00:20:27AND SHE IMPLORED JOSEPH TO ORDER
00:20:29REPLACEMENTS SO THAT SHE WOULD
00:20:31NEVER FACE THIS SAME DILEMMA.
00:20:35WHAT HER LETTER ILLUSTRATES IS THAT NOT ONLY WAS COFFEE
00:20:38DRINKING COMMON, BUT ALSO THAT RULES OF ETIQUETTE AND OTHER
00:20:42DISTINCTIONS WERE COMING INTO PLAY. SOME FAMILIES COULD AFFORD
00:20:46COMPLETE COFFEE SETS, WHILE OTHERS WERE APPARENTLY LESS PICKY.
00:20:49AND SO MIXED A MATCHED CROCKERY TO JUST MAKE DO.
00:20:53IN OTHER WORDS, NOT EVERY COFFEE DRINKER DRANK COFFEE THE SAME
00:20:58WAY. THERE WERE OPTIONS.
00:21:02AT THE TOP OF THE MARKET WITH STERLING SILVER.
00:21:05THIS SET WAS FASHIONED BY JOSEPH APPRAISERS AND JR.
00:21:09PART OF A NOTED FAMILY OF PHILADELPHIA SILVERSMITHS.
00:21:12AND INCIDENTALLY IS CURRENTLY ON
00:21:14VIEW IN THE APS EXHIBITION PHILADELPHIA, THE REVOLUTIONARY
00:21:18CITY, WHICH IF YOU HAVEN'T
00:21:21VISITED YET, YOU REALLY SHOULD.
00:21:22THE MUSEUM IS OPEN THURSDAYS THROUGH SUNDAYS.
00:21:27IT IS FREE TO THE PUBLIC AND THE DISPLAY WILL BE UP UNTIL DECEMBER 28TH.
00:21:32THUS ENDS THE PUBLIC ANNOUNCEMENT PORTION OF MY
00:21:35PRESENTATION AND FOR THOSE WHO WANTED THE LOOK BUT COULDN'T
00:21:39AFFORD THE LUXURY OF STERLING SILVER.
00:21:43YOU COULD TRY SILVER PLATE. IN FACT, WITH THE ADVENT OF WHAT
00:21:47BECAME KNOWN AS SHEFFIELD PLATING, WHICH BONDED SILVER TO
00:21:50COPPER WITH A LITTLE BIT OF ZINC AND LEAD MIXED IN COFFEE PODS
00:21:53COULD BE PLATED ON THE INSIDE AS WELL AS THE OUTSIDE.
00:21:57AND IT BECAME NEARLY IMPOSSIBLE
00:21:59FOR THE CASUAL OBSERVER TO TELL THE DIFFERENCE.
00:22:03COFFEE POTS COULD ALSO BE
00:22:05FASHIONED IN CHINESE EXPORT PORCELAIN IN STONEWARE AND CREAM
00:22:09WARE, WHICH WAS NOT JUST CREAM, BY THE WAY.
00:22:13THINK OF TORTOISESHELL WARE OR WHAT WE HAVE HERE.
00:22:16CAULIFLOWER, WHERE AN AGATE WHERE I KNOW THEY DID ALL KINDS
00:22:19OF CRAZY THINGS TO COPY POTS. I DON'T UNDERSTAND. AND PAINTED TIN.
00:22:23ALL OF THESE COULD BE RICHLY
00:22:25DECORATED, ENSURING THAT OPTIONS FOR DISPLAYING PERSONAL TASTE
00:22:29AND A SENSE OF STYLE WERE AVAILABLE. NO MATTER WHERE YOU FELL ON THE
00:22:33SOCIOECONOMIC LADDER, SHIPMENT
00:22:36FROM FAMILY AND FRIENDS COULD ALSO FILL THE GAPS IN FAMILY
00:22:41CUPBOARDS. WRITING FROM LONDON IN 1758, THE
00:22:44YEAR HE FIRST PUBLISHED THE WAY
00:22:46TO WEALTH, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN AND AS AN EMPLOYEE OF THE AMERICAN
00:22:51PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, WHICH WAS FOUNDED BY BENJAMIN FRANKLIN IN
00:22:531743, I'M OBLIGATED TO MENTION HIS NAME IN EVERY PUBLIC
00:22:57PRESENTATION AT LEAST ONCE.
00:22:59SO BENJAMIN FRANKLIN DESCRIBED
00:23:02THE GIFTS HE HAD SENT TO HIS WIFE, DEBORAH, INCLUDING A BEER
00:23:06JUG WHICH HE THOUGHT LOOKED LIKE A FAT LADY DAME.
00:23:09CLEAN AND TIDY WITH A NEAT BLUE
00:23:11AND WHITE CALICO GOWN ON.
00:23:15GOOD NATURED AND LOVELY, WHICH
00:23:16PUT HIM IN MIND OF SOMEBODY.
00:23:19I SINCERELY HOPE THAT WAS DEBORAH.
00:23:22IN THIS LETTER, BUT PACKED WITH
00:23:24IN THAT JAR NESTLED IN THE BEST
00:23:28CRYSTAL SALT FOR ADDED PROTECTION WERE COFFEE CUPS
00:23:32DECORATED WITH FIGURES THAT
00:23:35FRANKLIN URGED DEBORAH TO STUDY
00:23:37CLOSELY WITH YOUR SPECTACLES ON
00:23:39AS THEY BEAR EXAMINING UNDERLIE
00:23:44THIS GROWING INTEREST IN COFFEE. HOWEVER, WAS A PERSISTENT RELIANCE ON THE IMPERIAL
00:23:47MARKETPLACE. JUST AS NORTH AMERICAN COLONIES
00:23:51IMPORTED THEIR BEANS, THEY ALSO IMPORTED MOST OF THEIR COFFEE POTS.
00:23:55THEIR SUGAR BOWLS. THEIR CREAM PITCHERS, THEIR SPOONS.
00:23:58WHETHER FASHIONED AS SILVER, PORCELAIN OR CERAMIC.
00:24:02BRITISH NORTH AMERICA, IN OTHER WORDS, DEPENDED ON OTHERS TO
00:24:05GROW, PROCESS AND SHIP THEIR
00:24:08COFFEE AS WELL AS PRODUCE ALMOST EVERYTHING ELSE NEEDED TO
00:24:12PREPARE AND TO SERVE IT. IT WAS AN EXTENSIVE AND IT COULD
00:24:15BE AN EXPENSE OF HABIT.
00:24:19IT WAS ALSO INCREASINGLY A POLITICAL DECISION.
00:24:23THERE IS A COMMON
00:24:26MISUNDERSTANDING THAT AMERICA'S
00:24:28INTEREST WITH COFFEE ROSE AS
00:24:31THAT OF TEA CELL.
00:24:33AND FOR A FEW SHORT MONTHS IN
00:24:381773 AND EARLY 1774, THIS MIGHT
00:24:41HAVE BEEN THE CASE. ONE ENGLISH VISITOR TO
00:24:44ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA IN JULY OF 1774, FOR EXAMPLE, WITNESSED THE
00:24:49ELECTION OF TOWN BURGESSES AND LATER RECORDED IN HIS DIARY.
00:24:51IN THE EVENING, GEORGE WASHINGTON GAVE A BALL TO THE
00:24:55FREEHOLDERS AND GENTLEMEN OF THE TOWN. THIS WAS CONDUCTED WITH GREAT
00:25:00HARMONY. COFFEE AND TEA. SORRY, COFFEE AND CHOCOLATE, BUT
00:25:04NO. WHICH IS IN DISGRACE AMONGST THEM AT PRESENT.
00:25:09EVEN THE BOSTON TEA PARTY HAD
00:25:11HIS COFFEE MOMENT WHEN WILLIAM RUSSELL, A SCHOOLTEACHER WHO
00:25:14PARTICIPATED IN THE UPRISING, REPUTEDLY EMPTIED HIS FAMILY'S
00:25:18TEA CANISTER INTO THE FIRE AND WROTE COFFEE ON ONE SIDE AND NO
00:25:22TEA ON THE OTHER.
00:25:23BUT THEN IN 1774, NORTH AMERICA
00:25:29EXPANDED ITS EMBARGO OF BRITISH GOODS TO INCLUDE THE CARIBBEAN,
00:25:33AND THAT ENDED COPIES POTENTIAL
00:25:35AS A PATRIOTIC PROXY.
00:25:39THIS DOESN'T MEAN, HOWEVER, THAT PEOPLE STOPPED DRINKING COFFEE,
00:25:41WHICH IS WHAT LED TO THE
00:25:43STANDOFF BETWEEN THOMAS BOYLSTON
00:25:45AND THOSE WOMEN IN BOSTON THAT BEGAN THIS PRESENTATION.
00:25:49WHAT IT DEMONSTRATES IS
00:25:52DIFFERENCES OF OPINION IN THIS
00:25:54CASE REPRESENT DID BY ABIGAIL
00:25:56AND JOHN ADAMS, WHO ARE THE
00:25:59FOURTH ACTORS IN TODAY'S STORY.
00:26:05PERHAPS THESE ACTIONS WEIGHED HEAVILY ON ABIGAIL BECAUSE
00:26:10BOYLSTON WAS HER HUSBAND'S COUSIN AND THE MAN AFTER WHOM
00:26:12SHE HAD NAMED HER THIRD CHILD.
00:26:16HIS HOARDING WAS, SHE COMPLAINED, THE ACTIONS OF AN
00:26:19EMINENT, WEALTHY AND STINGY MERCHANT AND CLEARLY HER
00:26:23NEIGHBORS AGREED. THE WOMEN THAT BOSTON MORNING
00:26:26DEMANDED HIS KEYS, AND WHEN HE COMPLIED, ENTERED THE PROPERTY.
00:26:30THIS IS HER WRITING TO JOHN,
00:26:32ENTERED THE PROPERTY AND HOISTED OUT THE COFFEE THEMSELVES, PUT
00:26:35IT ON A TRUCK AND DROVE OFF. AND ABIGAIL CONCLUDED HER
00:26:40REMARKABLE ACCOUNT BY DESCRIBING HOW A LARGE CONCOURSE OF MEN
00:26:43STOOD AMAZED, HAVING REMAINED
00:26:45SILENT, SPECTATOR OF THE WHOLE
00:26:49TRANSACTION. THERE IS A MORAL TO THIS STORY.
00:26:51DO NOT STAND BETWEEN A WOMAN AND
00:26:53A CUP OF COFFEE WHEN SHE NEEDS
00:26:58AN. BUT JOHN SAW THINGS A LITTLE DIFFERENTLY.
00:27:02WRITING BACK TO HIS WIFE, HE STRESSED HIS HOPE THAT FEMALES
00:27:05WILL LIVE OFF THEIR ATTACHMENT FOR COFFEE.
00:27:09AS IT CREATED, HE ARGUED IN UNTO TENABLE DEPENDANCE ON FOREIGN
00:27:13TRADE. I ASSURE YOU, HE CONCLUDED, THAT
00:27:16THE BEST FAMILIES IN THIS PLACE HAVE LEFT OFF IN GREAT MEASURE.
00:27:19THE USE OF WEST INDIA GOODS. WE MUST BRING OURSELVES TO LIVE
00:27:22UPON THE PRODUCE OF OUR OWN COUNTRY.
00:27:27AT FIRST GLANCE, THIS EVENT SOUNDS A LITTLE LIKE THE FAR
00:27:31BETTER KNOWN BOSTON TEA PARTY, WHICH TAKE PLACE ONLY A FEW
00:27:34YEARS EARLIER AND PITCHED THE EFFORT OF A HANDFUL OF PATRIOTS
00:27:38IN THEIR QUEST FOR A TERMINATION AGAINST THE VAST MACHINERY OF
00:27:42EMPIRE. NOW, THIS FAMILIAR TALE, ONE OF
00:27:44THE BEST LOVED OF THE ENTIRE
00:27:46AMERICAN REVOLUTION, HAD ALL THE
00:27:48NECESSARY INGREDIENTS FOR A GOOD
00:27:50INTRIGUE, DISGUISES, BRAVERY,
00:27:54DARK OF NIGHT, AND A CLEARLY
00:27:58IDENTIFIED ENEMY. EAST INDIAN TEA, AS WELL AS A
00:28:00PITHY, RALLYING CRY, NO TAXATION
00:28:04WITHOUT REPRESENTATION, WHICH WAS ACTUALLY UTTERED BY JAMES
00:28:07OTIS OR PATRICK HENRY ALMOST A DECADE EARLIER. IN REACTION TO THE BRITISH STAMP
00:28:11ACT. BUT HEY, WHILE OUT THE DETAILS
00:28:13GET IN THE WAY OF A GOOD STORY.
00:28:16LIKE MOST SLOGANS, THIS ONE
00:28:18REDUCES COMPLICATED HISTORICAL
00:28:21EVENTS INTO AN EASILY DIGESTIBLE SOUNDBITE WHEN THE REALITY IS
00:28:26ACTUALLY MUCH MESSIER. OR BECAUSE THIS SHOWDOWN BETWEEN BOYLSTON AND THE WOMEN
00:28:31CONFRONTING HIM DEMONSTRATE THIS TIME IN THE LIGHT OF DAY AND
00:28:35FACE TO FACE MORE THAN ONE
00:28:38COMMODITY WAS CAUSING PROBLEMS. MOREOVER, WHILE THE BOSTON TEA
00:28:42PARTY WAS ABOUT EMMA'S EFFORTS
00:28:44TO LIMIT CONSUMPTION, BOSTON'S
00:28:46COPYWRITERS SOUGHT THE OPPOSITE
00:28:48ACCESS TO MORE.
00:28:54COLONIAL LEGISLATORS SIDED WITH
00:28:56ABIGAIL RECOGNIZE THAT COLONISTS
00:28:59WERE UNLIKELY TO GIVE UP THEIR COFFEE. THEY INSTEAD TRIED TO FIX THE
00:29:04PRICE TO AVOID PRECISELY THE KIND OF GOUGING THE WOMEN
00:29:07ACCUSED BOYLSTON, A PRACTICING
00:29:11DELEGATES FROM MASSACHUSETTS, MET FIRST WITH THEIR COUNTERPARTS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE,
00:29:15RHODE ISLAND AND CONNECTICUT. BUT THEIR ACTIONS WERE SOON COPIED BY NEW YORK AND
00:29:20PENNSYLVANIA. THE RESULT WAS AN ACT TO PREVENT
00:29:25MONOPOLY AND OPPRESSION BY EXCESSIVE AND UNREASONABLE
00:29:29PRICES. VERY CATCHY. 20 GOODS WERE SINGLED OUT AS
00:29:33ESSENTIAL FOR THE PUBLIC WELFARE.
00:29:37AND COFFEE WAS ONE OF THEM. TAKEN TOGETHER, THIS KIND OF
00:29:42LEGISLATION AND PUBLIC PROTEST
00:29:45REVEAL HOW POPULAR COFFEE HAD BECOME BY THE 1770S.
00:29:48COFFEE DRINKING WAS NOT THE HABIT OF A PRIVILEGED FEW.
00:29:52IT WAS THE DAILY AND DEMANDED
00:29:55HABIT OF THE MANY CONSIDERED AS
00:29:57IMPORTANT TO PROTECT AS WHEAT,
00:29:59AS PORK, AS BUTTER, AS POTATOES.
00:30:06INDEED, NORTH AMERICANS DRINK SO
00:30:09MUCH COFFEE BY THE END OF THE
00:30:11REVOLUTIONARY ERA THAT WHEN U.S.
00:30:13POLITICIANS SOUGHT TO IDENTIFY
00:30:15WHAT GOODS TO TAX THEMSELVES IN AID OF PUBLIC REVENUE, COFFEE
00:30:19TOPPED THE LIST.
00:30:23SOUTH CAROLINA BEGAN TAXING
00:30:26COFFEE IN 1783 AND CONNECTICUT, MASSACHUSETTS AND PENNSYLVANIA
00:30:29ALL PROPOSE SIMILAR LAWS BETWEEN
00:30:331785 AND 1789. AND WHILE THIS MAY SEEM IRONIC,
00:30:37GIVEN THE ROLE THAT TAXATION PLAYED IN CREATING THE CONFLICT THAT RESULTED IN THE NEW
00:30:41NATION'S POLITICAL INDEPENDENCE, STATE GOVERNMENTS NEEDED TO
00:30:43BALANCE THEIR BUDGETS AND CONTINUE TO RELY ON COFFEES,
00:30:47WIDESPREAD POPULARITY TO
00:30:49GENERATE THAT INCOME.
00:30:52BUT WHERE THE COFFEE CAME FROM,
00:30:54THAT COFFEE THAT WAS BEING TAXED
00:30:56LOOKED VERY DIFFERENT THAN IT
00:31:00DID IN 1776 RATHER THAN JAMAICA.
00:31:04THE COFFEE MOST AMERICANS DRANK
00:31:07AFTER 1783 CAME FROM SPANISH,
00:31:10DUTCH AND ESPECIALLY FRENCH COLONIES.
00:31:14SOMETIMES LEGALLY, SOMETIMES
00:31:16LESS SO. AND THIS BRINGS US TO THE FIFTH
00:31:20PERSON IN TONIGHT'S PRESENTATION
00:31:24HERE RHONDA. JOHN, A FREE BLACK OVERSEER WHO
00:31:30IN 1792 PILOTED TWO CANOES
00:31:32FILLED WITH 16 BAGS OF COFFEE FROM ROSEAU.
00:31:36DOMINIQUE GOES CAPITAL CITY, DOMINICA, A VERY SMALL ISLAND IN
00:31:39THE EASTERN ANTILLES.
00:31:40SOON AFTER HE SET SAIL, HE WAS
00:31:43HAILED BY ANOTHER VESSEL,
00:31:45ALTHOUGH WRONGLY ON INITIALLY IGNORED. THIS.
00:31:49HE TESTIFIED LATER THAT QUOTE, A MUSKET OR SOME KIND OF GUN WAS
00:31:52FIRED TWICE. AND SO HE STOPPED FOR FEAR THAT
00:31:56EITHER HE OR THE ENSLAVED WORKERS WITH WHOM HE WAS
00:31:59TRAVELING MIGHT BE KILLED OR INJURED.
00:32:02THE SHIP THAT WAS SIGNALING TO HIM WAS A BRITISH FRIGATE
00:32:06CAPTAINED BY A MAN NAMED JAMES ARMES.
00:32:09THROUGH A TRANSLATOR. BECAUSE LIKE MANY IN DOMINICA,
00:32:13BARONI SPOKE FRENCH RATHER THAN ENGLISH.
00:32:15HE TOLD THEM HE WAS FERRYING
00:32:17COFFEE FROM THE BRITISH ISLAND
00:32:20TO RESELL IN BASSETERRE, WHICH WAS THE CAPITAL OF NEIGHBORING
00:32:23FRENCH GUADELOUPE. WHEN ASKED FOR MORE INFORMATION
00:32:26ABOUT WHERE THIS CARGO MIGHT ULTIMATELY GO ON THE OWN
00:32:30SPECULATE, HE SPECULATED THAT IT WAS PROBABLY DESTINED FOR NORTH AMERICA.
00:32:33AS HE SAID, MANY U.S. SHIPS CAME TO THE FRENCH COLONY.
00:32:38NOW SELLING COFFEE OUTSIDE THE
00:32:41BRITISH EMPIRE WITHOUT PAYING
00:32:43FOREIGN DUTIES WAS ILLEGAL, AND
00:32:46ARMS ASKED TO SEE THE CARGOES CUSTOMS PAPERS.
00:32:49RANDY OWEN RESPONDED IN DISBELIEF THAT HE DIDN'T HAVE
00:32:52ANY AND MOREOVER, THAT HE HAD BEEN LONG ACCUSTOMED TO CARRYING
00:32:56COFFEE IN LIKE MANNER AND HAD NEVER HEARD OF SUCH A THING AS A PERMIT.
00:33:00BEING REQUIRED.
00:33:02ROSEAU MERCHANTS QUICKLY TAMPED DOWN THE SITUATION, PERSUADING
00:33:05THE COURTS THAT THE OVERSEER HAD MISUNDERSTOOD HIS INSTRUCTIONS
00:33:09AND THE COFFEE WAS RELEASED INTO THEIR CUSTODY WITH A STRONG
00:33:13ADMONISHED AND TO GET THE APPROPRIATE PAPERWORK. NEXT TIME.
00:33:15BUT GIVEN THE LENGTH OF TIME
00:33:18THAT RHODE ISLAND HAD BEEN
00:33:20WORKING AS AN OVERSEER, THESE
00:33:22CLAIMS OF CONFUSION SEEM
00:33:26SUSPECT. INSTEAD, WHAT I THINK HAPPENED
00:33:30IS THAT TWO CANOES OUT OF AN UNTOLD NUMBER OF VESSELS AND
00:33:33CARGOES THAT RAN DOWN AND OTHERS HAD SUCCESSFULLY TAKEN BEYOND
00:33:37BRITISH BORDERS TO SUPPLY THE COFFEE NEEDS OF NORTH AMERICA,
00:33:41HAD BEEN CAUGHT.
00:33:44NOW, SMUGGLING WAS ONE WAY TO MOVE COFFEE AROUND THE REGION,
00:33:48BUT THERE WERE OTHERS. SOME COLONIAL GOVERNORS TURNED A
00:33:51BLIND EYE MORE INTERESTED IN THE GOODS THEY GOT IN RETURN THAN
00:33:55ENFORCING IMPERIAL LAW.
00:33:56SOME CUSTOMS OFFICIALS EVEN
00:33:59COLLABORATED, NOT DURING PAPERS
00:34:01TO TRANSFORM U.S. VESSELS INTO A
00:34:03BRITISH SHIP, A FRIENDSHIP EVEN
00:34:07A SPANISH SHIP, AND SOME EMPIRES EXPERIMENTED WITH FREEPORTS,
00:34:11WHICH ARE, AS THE NAME IMPLIES, THE 18TH CENTURY EQUIVALENT OF DUTY FREE.
00:34:16EACH BROUGHT SOME COFFEE INTO THE UNITED STATES, BUT NOT
00:34:19NEARLY ENOUGH TO SATISFY A GROWING DEMAND.
00:34:22TO DO SO, MERCHANTS TURNED TO THE FRENCH WEST INDIES, WHICH
00:34:27ACCOUNTED FOR MORE THAN 60% OF ALL COFFEE SOLD TO NORTH AMERICA
00:34:31BY 1789, A SHARE THAT ROSE TO
00:34:3677% JUST TWO YEARS LATER.
00:34:38THE LEADING PARTNER IN THIS
00:34:41PATTERN WAS SANDAL MAN, NOW
00:34:42KNOWN AS HAITI, WHICH SENT LESS
00:34:47THAN 4 MILLION POUNDS OF COFFEE TO THE UNITED STATES IN 1789.
00:34:52BUT ALMOST 54 MILLION POUNDS OF COFFEE.
00:34:55FIVE YEARS LATER, IT WAS A
00:35:00SPECTACULARLY PROFITABLE BUSINESS.
00:35:02UNTIL THE HAITIAN REVOLUTION ENDED, SLAVERY IN SEND, A MAN
00:35:06AND THE AMERICAN GOVERNMENT EMBARGO WOULD ALL TRADE WITH THE
00:35:09NEWLY INDEPENDENT FREE BLACK NATION.
00:35:13IN 1806. U.S. MERCHANTS ONCE AGAIN
00:35:15SEARCHED FOR A REGULAR COFFEE
00:35:19SUPPLIER, AND THIS TIME THE ANSWER WOULD BE BRAZIL.
00:35:24COFFEE HAD BEEN A MINOR INDUSTRY IN THE PORTUGUESE COLONY THROUGH THE 18 TENS.
00:35:30OVERSHADOWED, SHADOWED BY BOTH SUGAR AND COTTON.
00:35:32BUT THE GAP CREATED IN THE COFFEE MARKET AFTER HAITI'S
00:35:36REVOLUTION AND RESULTED IN PATTERNS BOTH THERE AND IN THE
00:35:39UNITED STATES THAT WOULD BECOME AMAZINGLY PROFITABLE AND A
00:35:43GLOBAL INDUSTRY FOR BOTH NATIONS OR FOR BRAZIL.
00:35:47THIS WAS ITS INDEPENDENCE FROM
00:35:49THE EMPIRE OF PORTUGAL IN 1822
00:35:51FOR THE UNITED STATES.
00:35:54THIS WAS A STRANGE COMBINATION
00:35:56OF TAXES AND TEMPERANCE. THINK BACK.
00:36:00THINK BACK TO WHAT I TOLD YOU ABOUT STATES DECIDING TO TAX
00:36:04COFFEE AFTER THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION TO RAISE STATE REVENUE.
00:36:06THEIR SUCCESS CAUGHT THE EYE OF
00:36:08MANY FEDERAL FIGURES, INCLUDING ALEXANDER HAMILTON.
00:36:12WHEN HE WAS ARGUING FOR FEDERAL TARIFFS ON FOREIGN GOODS,
00:36:15ESPECIALLY COFFEE, SUGAR,
00:36:19TOBACCO AND TEA. NOW, TWO OF THESE SUGAR AND TOBACCO ALSO GREW IN THE UNITED
00:36:24STATES. AND SO TAXING WHAT CAME IN FROM
00:36:26ABROAD HELPED BOLSTER DOMESTIC PRODUCTION.
00:36:30BUT DESPITE THESE BEST EFFORTS OF BOTANISTS AND OF
00:36:34ENTREPRENEURS, THERE WAS NO DOMESTIC OPTION FOR EITHER
00:36:36COFFEE OR FOR TEA.
00:36:40THIS IS A HINT. SOMEBODY ASKED ME A QUESTION
00:36:42ABOUT WHETHER WE EVER TRIED TO GROW COFFEE IN NORTH AMERICA.
00:36:46IN THE Q&A, JUST DROPPING THAT
00:36:48PIN, DROPPING THAT BEAN.
00:36:52IT'LL COME TO YOU.
00:36:56IN 1828, NO LESS THAN ANDREW JACKSON ENTERED THE FRAY,
00:37:01ARGUING THAT THE DUTIES OF THOSE ARTICLES OF IMPORTATION, WHICH
00:37:03CANNOT COME IN COMPETITION WITH OUR OWN PRODUCTIONS, ARE THE
00:37:07FIRST THAT SHOULD ENGAGE THE ATTENTION OF CONGRESS IN THE
00:37:10MODIFICATION OF THE TERRA OF
00:37:12THESE TEA AND COFFEE ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT.
00:37:16THEY ENTER LARGELY INTO THE CONSUMPTION OF THE COUNTRY AND HAVE BECOME ARTICLES OF
00:37:20NECESSITY. NECESSITY TO ALL CLASSES.
00:37:23HE WAS PERSUASIVE.
00:37:25AND IN 1832, EXACTLY ONE CENTURY
00:37:29AFTER BRITAIN FIRST REPEALED TAXES TO ENCOURAGE COFFEE
00:37:32PLANTING IN THE CARIBBEAN, THE UNITED STATES BECAME THE ONLY
00:37:36NATION IN THE WORLD NOT TO TAX
00:37:39FOREIGN COFFEE.
00:37:41THE FOLLOWING YEAR, IMPORTS LED
00:37:44LEAPT SORRY TO 100 MILLION
00:37:48POUNDS. 20 YEARS LABOR. IT WAS DOUBLE THAT.
00:37:53BUT IF U.S. IMPORTERS RECOGNIZE SIZE THEIR INCREASING DEPENDANCE
00:37:58ON ONE SUPPLIER, MOST COFFEE
00:38:01DRINKERS DID NOT.
00:38:02INSTEAD, COFFEE'S MARKETERS AND
00:38:05SELLERS VERY CONSCIOUSLY ALIGNED
00:38:07THEMSELVES WITH U.S. INTERESTS AND IMAGES, AS WELL AS THE
00:38:11NATION'S EXPANSIONIST DREAMS. TAKE, FOR EXAMPLE, THIS
00:38:15ADVERTISEMENT FROM OLD DOMINION TOUTING ITS COFFEE AND ITS
00:38:19COFFEE POT AS PART OF THE RICH
00:38:21HISTORICAL LEGACY OF VIRGINIA. THERE IS A STATE WELL KNOWN TO
00:38:25FAME THAT EVERY MAN ADMIRES THE
00:38:29NOBLEST OF THE OLD 13. THE STATE THAT NEVER TIRES THE
00:38:33MOTHER. SHE OF PRESIDENTS.
00:38:35AND IT IS OUR INTENTION TO SHOW
00:38:39THAT SHE HAS GIVEN BIRTH THROUGH GENIUS AND INVENTION FOR
00:38:43SOMETHING MORE THAN ONE WHO RULES THE PEOPLE OF A NATION.
00:38:47THAT IS THE BOON TO BLESSED
00:38:49MANKIND THROUGHOUT THE VAST CREATION.
00:38:53BUYERS IN OTHER WORDS, WERE ENCOURAGED TO SEE THEIR
00:38:57PURCHASES FROM THE OLD DOMINION AS MUCH MORE THAN A WAY TO BREW COFFEE.
00:39:01IT WAS CHOOSING TO SUPPORT A
00:39:04U.S. BASED INDUSTRY, A BUSINESS
00:39:06WITH GLOBAL ASPIRATION.
00:39:08AS JOHN R BUCKLES, WHO FOUNDED
00:39:12THE PITTSBURGH BASED COFFEE COMPANY OF OUR BUCKLES AND COMPANY, IS THE SIXTH AND FINAL
00:39:16CHAPTER OF TONIGHT'S PRESENTATION.
00:39:18AND HE WAS A MASTER AT REBRANDING.
00:39:21HE WORKED IN GROCERY RETAIL FOR ALMOST TWO DECADES.
00:39:25WHEN HE PERFECTED AND PATENTED A GLAZE OF EGG WHITE AND
00:39:29CONFECTIONERS SUGAR TO COAT COFFEE BEANS WHILE THEY WERE ROASTING.
00:39:31AND HE NEVER LOOKED BACK.
00:39:33AT A TIME WHEN BOTH BENDERS WERE
00:39:35STILL SELLING THEIR BEANS, GREEN
00:39:37IN PAPER BAGS, OUR BANKERS AND
00:39:40COMPANY SOLD AS ROASTED GROUND AND PACKAGED IN DISTINCTIVE,
00:39:45REUSED BOWL TINS. ITS SUCCESS WAS BASED ON MORE
00:39:49THAN A CONSISTENT PRODUCT AND PACKAGING.
00:39:51BILL ARBUCKLE SENT AGENTS TO SAN PAOLO TO CULTIVATE RELATIONSHIPS
00:39:55WITH COFFEE EXPORTERS. HE INVESTED IN BRAZILIAN
00:39:59RAILROADS TO EASE TRANSPORTATION FROM MOUNTAINOUS PLANTATIONS TO THE COAST.
00:40:03HE BOUGHT A SHIPPING FLEET TO BRING BEANS DIRECTLY FROM
00:40:07BRAZILIAN SUPPLIERS TO HIS FACTORIES AND HIS INNOVATIVE
00:40:11PACKAGING MEANT THAT HE HAD A STRONG HOLD ON CONSISTENCY
00:40:15REGARDLESS OF WHERE HE SENT THE FINISHED PRODUCT.
00:40:17HIS FLAGSHIP BRAND, ARIUS,
00:40:20BECAME KNOWN FROM COAST TO COAST, ITS REPUTATION GROWING AS
00:40:22THE NATION DID, TOO. AND IT WAS PRECISELY THIS MOMENT
00:40:26OF NATIONAL EXPANSION AND FLOURISHING PATRIOTISM THAT OUR
00:40:30BUCKLES HIGHLIGHTED IN HIS MARKETING, HE DEVELOPED A SERIES
00:40:33OF TRADE CARDS, A COMMON SALES
00:40:37GIMMICK BY THE MID-NINETEENTH CENTURY TO LINK HIS STILL
00:40:39FOREIGN GROWN COFFEE TO KEY
00:40:41IDEAS AND PLACES IN THE UNITED STATES.
00:40:44THE MOST POPULAR BECAME A SET KNOWN AS THE MAP SERIES, ONE
00:40:47CARD FOR EACH STATE, TOBACCO FOR
00:40:51VIRGINIA, GRAPES FOR CALIFORNIA,
00:40:54SILVER MINING FOR COLORADO AND
00:40:58POTTERY FOR A NEW JERSEY.
00:41:02HOW I THOUGHT OF BLUEBERRIES BUT
00:41:04HELPFUL HINTS FOR BREWING. THE BEVERAGE APPEARED ON THE BACK OF EVERY CARD.
00:41:08AND IN THIS SENSE, OUR BUCKLES WAS SHAPING HIS CONSUMER'S
00:41:12UNDERSTANDING OF THE NATION, ALLOWING DRINKERS TO CELEBRATE
00:41:14THE SEEMING UNSTOPPABLE TRIUMPH
00:41:17OF ECONOMIC EXPANSION, ALL WHILE SIPPING WHAT THEY NOW REGARDED
00:41:21AS THE NATION'S BREW. IT WAS MASTERFUL. IT WAS PROFITABLE.
00:41:25AND IT IS HOW I WOULD ARGUE
00:41:27COFFEE BECAME AMERICANIZED.
00:41:29NOW, DEPENDING ON THE TIME AND
00:41:32PLACE, COFFEE HAS BEEN CHARACTERIZED AS EXOTIC, AS
00:41:36COMMON AS FOREIGN, AS PATRIOTIC.
00:41:40THIS INDUSTRY IS BOUND UP WITH THE HISTORY OF COLONIALISM, WITH
00:41:44ENSLAVEMENT, WITH REVOLUTION,
00:41:46AND WITH NATIONALIST IN THE
00:41:51UNITED STATES REMAINS THE
00:41:53LARGEST BUYER OF COFFEE IN THE WORLD.
00:41:56AND BRAZIL REMAINS ONE OF ITS
00:41:59LEADING SUPPLIERS.
00:42:00THIS WEB OF INTERDEPENDENCE IS
00:42:04NOW TWO CENTURIES OLD AND
00:42:09GENERATED. $8.2 BILLION FOR THE UNITED STATES LAST YEAR.
00:42:16THIS IS THE STORY OF COFFEE
00:42:18NATION, AN ETHIOPIAN PLANT TRANSPLANTED FIRST TO THESE
00:42:22ENTITIES BEFORE BEING BROUGHT ACROSS THE ATLANTIC TO BECOME A CARIBBEAN STAPLE.
00:42:26THE SAME BEVERAGE GROWING TO
00:42:28BECOME A LEADING IMPORT IN PHILADELPHIA, REDISTRIBUTED
00:42:32BEYOND THE CITY INTO OTHER COLONIES IN THE BACK COUNTRY.
00:42:35IT IS THE STORY OF HOW COFFEE AND COFFEE HOUSES BECAME
00:42:39EMBROILED IN REVOLUTIONARY ACTIVITY, TURNING WHAT HAVE BEEN
00:42:42SITES OF BUSINESS INTO PLATFORMS
00:42:44FOR PROTEST AND ULTIMATELY HOW
00:42:48THE UNITED STATES INVESTED HEAVILY IN THE PRODUCTS OF OTHER NATIONS. FIRST IN THE WEST INDIES AND
00:42:53THEN IN BRAZIL TO CREATE A
00:42:56GLOBAL COFFEE NETWORK ON WHICH
00:42:58IT DEPENDS AND WHICH PERSISTS TO THIS DAY.
00:43:02THANK YOU.
00:43:18AND NOW I THINK WE HAVE SOME TIME FOR SOME QUESTIONS.
00:43:20AND WE HAVE SOME MICROPHONE WHICH ARE COMING AROUND SO THAT
00:43:23PEOPLE CAN HEAR YOU BOTH IN THE ROOM AND ON ZOOM. OH, I FORGOT TO SAY, WELCOME TO
00:43:27THOSE OF YOU WHO ARE ON ZOOM.
00:43:29WE'RE GLAD YOU'RE HERE.
00:43:32THANK YOU, MICHEL, FOR A GREAT TALK.
00:43:35YOU MENTIONED THAT DURING THAT
00:43:37COLONIAL PERIOD, COFFEE DID NOT REALLY REPLACE TEA.
00:43:41BUT TODAY, AMERICANS AT LEAST MY
00:43:45IMPRESSION, DRINK MUCH MORE COFFEE THAN TODAY. SO DO WE HAVE OUR GOLD TO THANK
00:43:48FOR THAT? OR HOW DID THAT SORT OF THING COME ABOUT?
00:43:52THAT'S A GREAT QUESTION.
00:43:53IF I HAD THE I HAD A SLIDE IN,
00:43:56IT WAS I RECOGNIZE AGAIN, AS SOMEONE WHO'S A BUSINESS HISTORIAN, I AM FASCINATED BY
00:44:00NUMBERS. BUT SOME REASON NOT EVERYONE IS
00:44:02I DON'T KNOW WHY I'D HAD AN I
00:44:06HAVE ANOTHER TABLE IN THE BOOK THAT CHARGED THE GROWTH OF COFFEE RELATIVE TO TEA.
00:44:09SO IN THAT CONVERSATION IN 1832
00:44:13THAT I MENTIONED WITH ANDREW JACKSON, BOTH COMMODITIES
00:44:16ACTUALLY HAD FIRST A REDUCTION. AND THEN IN THEN ABOLITION OF OF TARIFFS.
00:44:20AND YOU CAN CHART FROM 1830 TO
00:44:23THE NEXT 25 OR SO YEARS HOW MUCH
00:44:26TEA AND COFFEE CAME IN AND HOW MUCH REVENUE AND WHAT THAT WAS
00:44:30VALUED AT IN TERMS OF U.S. DOLLARS.
00:44:32AND YOU SEE A MASSIVE TIPPING
00:44:35POINT FROM COFFEE TO TEA. SO REALLY, BETWEEN 1830, AS
00:44:38EARLY AS 1850, WE HAD BECOME A
00:44:40COFFEE DRINKING NATION.
00:44:47I, I, I'M VERY INTERESTED MORE
00:44:50LEARNING ABOUT HOW BRAZIL FILLED
00:44:52THAT GAP, ESPECIALLY WITH THE EMBARGO.
00:44:54AND THEN YOU LATER TALKED ABOUT HOW OUR BUCKLE INVESTED ALLY IN
00:44:58BRAZIL TO HELP HIS BUSINESS CLIP
00:45:01BEFORE OUR BOOK BARCODE.
00:45:03DID YOU SEE ANY MORE INVESTMENTS INDIVIDUALS OR THE TO KIND OF
00:45:06FILL THAT HUGE GAP THROUGH BRAZIL THROUGH ANY KIND OF FUNDS
00:45:10OR INITIATIVES OR DIPLOMACY? REALLY GREAT QUESTIONS.
00:45:14NOT SIGNIFICANTLY BEFORE 18,
00:45:17BEFORE THE 1820S, THE FIRST RECORDED SHIPMENT OF BRAZILIAN
00:45:21COFFEE THAT I COULD FIND FOR THE UNITED STATES WASN'T UNTIL 1810.
00:45:24BEFORE THEN, REALLY, THE WEST INDIES WERE THE THE DOMINANT SUPPLIERS.
00:45:28WHAT HAPPENED AFTER THE HAITIAN
00:45:30REVOLUTION WAS THE SEND HOME AS
00:45:32THE FRENCH CARIBBEAN COLONY WAS THE JEWEL OF THE FRENCH EMPIRE,
00:45:36AND IT PRODUCED MORE THAN HALF THE WORLD SUGAR AND MORE THAN
00:45:4060% OF THE WORLD'S COFFEE. AFTER THE HAITIAN REVOLUTION, THERE WAS A SIGNIFICANT GLOBAL
00:45:44GAP IN BOTH OF THESE COMMODITIES. THERE HAVE BEEN EARLIER
00:45:48EXPERIMENTS IN BRAZIL AND IN OTHER PARTS OF LATIN AMERICA AND
00:45:50IN COFFEE, BUT IT WASN'T UNTIL
00:45:53AFTER 1822 THAT THIS BECAME BOTH
00:45:55AN INDUSTRY THAT BRAZIL INVESTED IN AND THAT THE UNITED STATES INVESTED IN.
00:45:59OUR BUCKLES IS ONE EXAMPLE. ALL OF THE MAJOR AND MAJOR
00:46:02COFFEE IMPORTERS WERE BEGINNING
00:46:04TO SEND AGENTS WERE BEGINNING TO BUY SHIPPING. FLEETS WERE INVESTING IN
00:46:08BRAZILIAN RAILROADS AND I SHOULD ALSO SAY FACILITATING THE
00:46:14ONGOING IMPORTATION OF ENSLAVED PEOPLE IN BRAZIL.
00:46:16THERE IS A IT IS NOT AN UNDERSTATEMENT TO SAY THAT U.S.
00:46:20INVESTMENT IN BRAZILIAN COFFEE
00:46:22AND IS SPECTACULAR RISE THROUGH
00:46:25THE 19TH CENTURY IS ONE OF THE REASONS WHY BRAZIL WAS THE LAST
00:46:29PLACE IN THE AMERICAS TO ABOLISH SLAVERY.
00:46:31NOT UNTIL 1890.
00:46:35HELLO. YEAH. THANKS FOR YOUR TALK.
00:46:39I'M CURIOUS ABOUT.
00:46:41OF YOUR RESEARCH FOR, LIKE, THE
00:46:47EARLY THE EARLY IMPORTATION OF
00:46:50COFFEE AND WAS WAS IT MORE
00:46:53FRUITFUL TO LOOK AT LIKE THE
00:46:56IMPERIAL, YOU KNOW.
00:47:00LIKE THE SOURCES OF THE THE IMPERIALISM?
00:47:02OR WAS IT FRUITFUL TO LOOK AT
00:47:06LIKE THE COLONIES THEMSELVES IN THE WEST INDIES?
00:47:10OR WHERE WAS WHERE WAS YOUR RESEARCH?
00:47:12SO I SPEND A LOT OF TIME WITH
00:47:15BRITISH NAVAL OFFICE SHIPPING
00:47:18LESS, WHICH WHERE REQUIRED OR
00:47:22OUT OF OUT OF THE COLONIES ON A REGULAR BASIS TO BE SENT BACK TO LONDON TO DOCUMENT BOTH
00:47:25PRODUCTION LEVELS AND SALE LEVELS.
00:47:27AND THEY ARE NOW I THIS PROJECT TOOK A WHILE.
00:47:31I'M GOING TO TELL YOU, THIS PROJECT TOOK A WHILE. IN FACT, I WILL GO AHEAD AND SAY
00:47:36THAT IF THIS BOOK WERE A CHILD, IT WOULD NOW BE OF LEGAL
00:47:39DRINKING AGE.
00:47:41IRONIC FOR A COFFEE BOOK, RIGHT?
00:47:45BUT AND THE REASON WHY I'M TELLING YOU THIS IS IT WAS AFTER
00:47:48I HAD DONE MY RESEARCH ON THE NAVAL OFFICE SHIPPING LIST
00:47:50THROUGH A FANTASTIC FELLOWSHIP, WHICH ALLOWED ME TO GO TO LONDON AND STAY FOR SOME PERIOD OF TIME
00:47:54THAT THE NAVAL OFFICE SHIPPING LIST WERE DIGITIZED.
00:47:58YEAH, A GOOD FACT CHECKING, THOUGH.
00:48:02BUT I ALSO LOOKED AT COLONIAL REGISTERS BECAUSE THE NAVAL
00:48:05OFFICE SHIPPING LISTS WOULD TELL ME HOW MUCH COFFEE HAD BEEN PRODUCED AND WHERE IT HAD GONE,
00:48:09BUT MUCH COPY, AS I JUST MENTIONED WITH THAT EXAMPLE FOR
00:48:13WILLIAM WEST WAS RESHIFT WAS TRANSSHIPPED TO TWO DIFFERENT PLACES.
00:48:16SO THAT'S ONLY TO GET YOU THE FIRST PORT OF EMBARKATION.
00:48:19I SPENT A GOOD DEAL OF TIME AND THAT'S WHERE PLACES LIKE THE
00:48:22MCNEIL CENTER FOR EARLY AMERICAN STUDIES AND THE LIBRARY COMPANY
00:48:24OF PHILADELPHIA WERE SUCH BENEFICIAL SUPPORTERS OF THIS
00:48:28WORK. I SPENT A LOT OF TIME LOOKING AT
00:48:30MERCHANT RECORDS IN PHILADELPHIA.
00:48:33SO IT WAS BOTH SIDES OF THE EQUATION. HELLO.
00:48:37THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR YOUR WONDERFUL TALK.
00:48:41DID WE EVER TRY TO GROW COFFEE IN NORTH AMERICA?
00:48:44OH, THEY DID, YEAH. THANK YOU.
00:48:47I APPRECIATE THAT. THE ANSWER IS YES.
00:48:51WE TRIED SEVERAL TIMES.
00:48:53MY FAVORITE EXAMPLE IS FROM
00:48:581821, AND IT WAS UNDERTAKEN BY A
00:49:00MAN NAMED PIERRE SCALZO, WHO
00:49:04CAME TO THE NORTH AMERICA FROM SAINT-DOMINGUE DURING THE
00:49:07HAITIAN REVOLUTION. HE LATER ANGLICIZED HIS NAME TO
00:49:10PETER STEVEN CHAZELLE.
00:49:12BUT HE HE WRITES THIS PETITION
00:49:17FIRST IN 1819 TO THE U.S. CONGRESS, WHICH THIS IS AFTER
00:49:21THE UNITED STATES HAS HAD HAD ACQUIRED FLORIDA.
00:49:25HE WRITES THIS PETITION TO
00:49:26CONGRESS WITH THE BACKING OF
00:49:29SEVERAL OTHER WHAT HE CALLS TRUE
00:49:31NATIONAL PATRIOTS, ALTHOUGH A NUMBER OF THEM HAVE FRENCH
00:49:35SURNAMES FOR THE EAST FLORIDA COFFEE LAND ASSOCIATION.
00:49:40AND HE WANTS 50,000 ACRES OF
00:49:43LAND NEAR KEY LARGO TO TRY
00:49:45EXPERIMENTING WITH A VARIETY OF
00:49:47TROPICAL CROPS, INCLUDING, AS THEIR NAME WOULD INDICATE, THE
00:49:50EAST FLORIDA COFFEE LAND ASSOCIATION. COFFEE, RIGHT.
00:49:55THEIR PETITION, HIS FANTASTIC.
00:49:57AND IT INCLUDES A HUGE AMOUNT OF DATA ABOUT HOW MUCH COFFEE WAS
00:50:00COMING IN TO NORTH AMERICA, ABOUT WHAT THE GROWING CONDITIONS WERE IN TERMS OF
00:50:05LONGITUDE AND LATITUDE. IT REALLY COUCHES ITSELF IN THIS
00:50:10PATRIOTIC LANGUAGE. ALL RIGHT. THIS WILL BE DOING A NATIONAL
00:50:13BENEFIT FOR THE NATIONAL GOOD BY REDUCING OUR FOREIGN DEPENDENCY.
00:50:16THERE'S EVEN AN EXPEDITION WHEN THERE'S EVEN AN EXPEDITION THAT
00:50:21LEAVES FROM PHILADELPHIA AND GOES DOWN TO KEY LARGO. AND THERE'S RECORDS AND
00:50:26NEWSPAPER, AS ARE WHERE THEY ARRIVE AND HOW PEOPLE RESPOND. THEY CHANGE THEIR NAME TO THE
00:50:30UNITED STATES COFFEE ASSOCIATION, BECOMING EVEN MORE
00:50:35PATRIOTIC. IN ALL OF THIS MATERIAL. IT ASTOUNDS ME THAT WHILE
00:50:38THEY'RE LOOKING THIS WAY AND THEY'RE LOOKING THIS WAY,
00:50:42THEY'RE NOT LOOKING THIS WAY. RIGHT.
00:50:46COFFEE GROWS BEST AT 2000FT ABOVE SEA LEVEL.
00:50:49IT GROWS EVEN BETTER AT 4000FT ABOVE SEA LEVEL.
00:50:53WOULD ANYONE LIKE TO GUESS WHAT
00:50:55THE AVERAGE ABOVE SEA LEVEL IS IN KEY LARGO? AS NOW.
00:50:59GOOD. IT'S NOT GOOD.
00:51:02GARVIE WOULD NEVER HAVE SUCCEEDED THERE. THERE WERE SEVERAL OTHER
00:51:06EXPERIMENTERS WHO TRIED PLANTING COFFEE TREES, BUT WE JUST DON'T
00:51:10HAVE THE RIGHT CLIMATE FOR GROWING. IT CERTAINLY NOT ON A LARGE COMMERCIAL LEVEL.
00:51:14AND THERE WERE EFFORTS TO TRY TO FIND COFFEE SUBSTITUTES.
00:51:17THERE WERE STATE AND FEDERAL BOTANICAL COMPETITIONS.
00:51:21THEY WOULD LOOK AT THINGS LIKE TOASTED RYE, CHICORY, CHICORY
00:51:24THAT WAS STUCK AROUND FOR SOME
00:51:26FOR SOME TIME OR OR OR ROASTED
00:51:31POTATOES. NONE OF THESE WERE OUT THERE VERY BAD.
00:51:35VERY BAD. BUT THERE WERE SOME REAL INTEREST. EVEN GEORGE WASHINGTON BECOMES
00:51:40INTERESTED AND THOMAS JEFFERSON BECOMES INTERESTED IN SOMETHING THEY CALL KENTUCKY COFFEE FOR A
00:51:44WHILE, THESE HUGE NUTS THAT GROW ON A TREE AND THEY THINK MAYBE IF THEY GRIND THESE, THEY CAN
00:51:48GET SOMETHING NOW. NOW THEY REALLY CAN. COFFEE WAS HERE TO STAY AND
00:51:52IMPORTING IT WAS THE ONLY WAY TO GET IT.
00:51:53THANK YOU FOR THE QUESTION.
00:51:58ALL RIGHT. GREAT PRESENTATION. I BOUGHT YOUR BOOK. OH, THANK YOU.
00:52:01I STARTED READING IT. I REALLY ENJOYING IT.
00:52:04I GOT THE IMPRESSION IN THE FIRST CHAPTER SO THAT I'M JUST
00:52:08NOW IN THAT NOT ONLY EARLY ON
00:52:12WAS THE USE OF AN ENGINE FOR
00:52:14GROWING DEMAND, BUT THAT SOMEHOW
00:52:18DISTRIBUTION LATER GLOBALLY WAS
00:52:21SOMETHING THAT THE U.S. WAS VERY GOOD AT. YOU TALK ABOUT THAT JUST FOR A SECOND.
00:52:25YEAH, ABSOLUTELY.
00:52:27WHAT YOU'RE REFERRING TO IS THE EXPORT TRADE.
00:52:30SO THE UNITED STATES IMPORTED MORE COFFEE THAN ANY OTHER COUNTRY.
00:52:35BY 1850. BUT IT ALSO REFLECTS BOARDED
00:52:38COFFEE AROUND THE WORLD. AND THE ULTIMATE TAKEAWAY, AT
00:52:42ONE POINT IT WAS COFFEE, THIS ONE COMMODITY. IT OUTSTRIPPED SALES IN SUGAR.
00:52:46IT OUTSTRIPPED SALES, AND IN WINE IT OUTSTRIPPED COMBINED A
00:52:49VARIETY OF DIFFERENT COMMODITIES. IT APPLIED.
00:52:52IT WAS EQUIVALENT OF 15% OF OUR
00:52:56REEXPORT TRADE INCOME. THIS IS A HUGE AMOUNT OF OUR TRADE INCOME FOR SOMETHING WE
00:53:00CAN'T PRODUCE, RIGHT? MY MOST OF OUR REEXPORT GOODS
00:53:04WERE VERY SMALL, MINOR INDUSTRIES. MOST OF OUR SHIPPING ABROAD WAS
00:53:07IN THINGS WE WE MADE THINGS. WE GREW.
00:53:11THAT COFFEE BECAME SUCH A PROMISE AND REEXPORT A COMMODITY.
00:53:15AND STILL IS.
00:53:16BY THE WAY, WAS PHENOMENAL.
00:53:20THAT'S WHY I HAD A REAL ARGUMENT WITH MY MY PUBLISHER.
00:53:24I LIKE THIS IS A GOOD TITLE. THERE'S A GOOD JOB THAT MY HUSBAND FOR THIS TITLE. WHERE IS HE?
00:53:27THERE IS, I THINK MY HUSBAND FOR THIS TITLE. I WANTED TO CALL IT CAFFEINE
00:53:30DEPENDANCE BECAUSE TO ME IT'S A
00:53:33GOOD ONE TO WRITE.
00:53:35TO ME, REALLY WHAT THIS THIS
00:53:38BOOK IS ABOUT IS HOW THE UNITED STATES NOT JUST BECAME DEPENDENT
00:53:42ON COFFEE AS A BEVERAGE, BUT BECAME DEPENDENT ON COFFEE AS AN ECONOMY.
00:53:47RIGHT. AND IT STILL PLAYS A MAJOR ROLE IN OUR CULTURE.
00:53:50AND WITH OUR RELATIONSHIPS AROUND THE WORLD.
00:53:55HEY, MICHELLE. MUCH. OH, HEY.
00:53:58OH, I WON'T BE SURPRISED TO HEAR THIS QUESTION FOR ME.
00:54:01WHAT WAS OUR OUR GOAL THINKING WITH THE SUGAR AND THE EGG
00:54:06WHITES BEFORE ROASTING?
00:54:08SO IT WAS WHILE IT WAS ROSY, IT
00:54:11CREATED A SHEEN. AND HE THOUGHT A PROTECTIVE
00:54:14BARRIER IS NOT AS CRAZY AS IT SOUNDS. IF YOU LOOK AT EARLIER COOKBOOKS
00:54:17FROM THE LATE 18TH AND EARLY 19TH CENTURY, YOU SEE A VARIETY
00:54:21OF VERY ODD WAYS TO PREPARE COFFEE. BUTTER WAS ONE THAT WAS USED AND
00:54:24ROASTING HAD BEEN USED IN ROASTING FOR QUITE A PERIOD OF TIME. HIS INNOVATION WAS ADDING IT
00:54:28WITH CONFECTIONERS SUGAR AND CREATING THIS GLAZE A HARD GLAZE
00:54:32THAT WAS ON THE ROASTED BEANS THAT HE THOUGHT CREATED A
00:54:34PROTECTIVE BARRIER. MY LEAST FAVORITE, THOUGH NOT
00:54:38UNCOMMON. MY LEAST FAVORITE EXAMPLE OF A
00:54:41COFFEE RECIPE WAS THE ADDITION OF ICING GLASS, WHICH IS MADE
00:54:44FROM THE SWIM BLADDERS OF STURGEON.
00:54:50IT CREATES IT WAS LIKE A GELATIN. SO IT CREATED KIND OF AN
00:54:53AFFIXING ACROSS THE COFFEE BEANS. BUT IF IT'S ALL THE SAME WITH YOU, I THINK I'LL TAKE MY COFFEE
00:54:57WITHOUT A SIDE OF FISH. ALL RIGHT.
00:55:01WE HAVE ONE FINAL QUESTION. HI.
00:55:04THANK YOU FOR THIS WONDERFUL PRESENTATION.
00:55:07I'M CURIOUS ABOUT ARBUCKLE.
00:55:09YOU SAID THAT HE SHIPPED DIRECTLY.
00:55:12WAS THAT UP THE MISSISSIPPI AND THE OHIO? HOW DOES HE HOW DID HE SHOW?
00:55:16NOW, BY THAT TIME, IT'S AN EXCELLENT QUESTION BY THAT TIME,
00:55:19HE HAD EXPANDED. HE HAD PROCESSING PLANTS IN A VARIETY OF PORT CITY IS MOST
00:55:22NOTABLY NEW YORK. SO HE WAS ABLE TO SHIP DIRECTLY
00:55:26TO THE EAST COAST AND THEN REDISTRIBUTE THE PROCESS IN
00:55:29PLACES OTHER OTHER OTHER IN OTHER CITIES IN NORTH AMERICA.
00:55:32BUT THANK YOU FOR THE QUESTION. THANK YOU ALL SO MUCH FOR
00:55:36JOINING ME THIS EVENING.
00:55:49TODAY, PRESIDENT TRUMP WILL AWARD THE CREW OF THE ARTEMUS,
00:55:52TOO, WITH A CONGRESSIONAL SPACE MEDAL OF HONOR. THE CREW TRAVELED A RECORD
00:55:55DISTANCE FROM EARTH OF OVER
00:55:58250,000 MILES AND WERE THE FIRST TO LEAVE LOW EARTH ORBIT SINCE
00:56:01THE APOLLO 17 MISSION BACK IN 1972.
00:56:04WATCH LIVE FROM THE WHITE HOUSE AT 11 A.M. EASTERN ON C-SPAN THREE.
00:56:08C-SPAN NOW OUR FREE MOBILE APP
00:56:10AND ONLINE AT C-SPAN DOT ORG.
00:56:17TODAY ON C-SPAN. CEASE FIRE. A BIPARTISAN AND DISCUSSION ON THE STATE OF POLITICS TODAY.
00:56:22THE FUTURE OF BOTH PARTIES AND THE MIDTERM ELECTIONS. FEATURING FORMER NEW HAMPSHIRE
00:56:25REPUBLICAN GOVERNOR CHRIS SUNUNU AND FORMER NORTH DAKOTA DEMOCRATIC SENATOR HEIDI
00:56:29HEITKAMP. JOINED BY POLITICO PLAYBOOK COAUTHOR AND CEASEFIRE HOST
00:56:33DASHA BURNS. THEY'LL ALSO DISCUSS THEIR JOINT EFFORTS TO TACKLE CHALLENGES IN
00:56:36RURAL COMMUNITIES. WATCH CEASEFIRE TODAY AT 7 P.M.
00:56:40AND 10 P.M. EASTERN AND PACIFIC. ONLY ON C-SPAN.
00:56:47AMERICAN HISTORY TV SATURDAYS ON
00:56:50C-SPAN TWO EXPLORING THE PEOPLE AND EVENTS THAT TELL THE
00:56:53AMERICAN STORY. AT 1:30 P.M. EASTERN, WE'LL TAKE
00:56:57YOU ON A TOUR OF THE IOWA STATE FAIR FOR A LOOK AT THE ANNUAL
00:56:59CELEBRATION'S FAMOUS LANDMARKS.
00:57:01STORIES FROM THE FAIR'S PAST AND
00:57:03AN UP CLOSE ENCOUNTER WITH THE ICONIC BUTTER COW.
00:57:07LATER, A HISTORICAL TOUR OF THE MARINE BARRACKS IN WASHINGTON,
00:57:10D.C., HOME OF THE PRESIDENTS OWN U.S. MARINE BAND. YOU'LL HEAR FROM THE BAND'S DRUM
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00:57:18MARINE CORPS AT 5 P.M. EASTERN. AND THEN AT 7:30 P.M. EASTERN,
00:57:21AS PART OF OUR IN PURSUIT SERIES
00:57:23ON PRESIDENTIAL LEADERSHIP, JOURNALISTS AND HISTORIANS
00:57:26REFLECT ON THE LEGACIES OF PRESIDENT WARREN HARDING, FIRST
00:57:29LADY FLORENCE HARDING, PRESIDENT WOODROW WILSON AND FIRST LADY EDITH WILSON.
00:57:34EXPLORING THE AMERICAN STORY. WATCH AMERICAN HISTORY TV.
00:57:38SATURDAYS ON C-SPAN TWO AND FIND THE FULL SCHEDULE ON YOUR
00:57:41PROGRAM, GUY OR WATCH ONLINE ANYTIME AT C-SPAN.
00:57:45DAWGS. HISTORY.
00:57:48GOOD AFTERNOON. MY NAME IS ALLISON BAINBRIDGE
00:57:51AND I AM THRILLED TO WELCOME YOU
00:57:54AS WELL AS OUR AUTHORS, TO BOOK PASSAGE FOR THIS DELICIOUS
00:57:58AUTHOR EVENT IN CELEBRATION OF