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00:00:00to Sunday in the Journal of Africa on France
00:00:0224.
00:00:08Thank you for being with us on France 24, we are together to take stock
00:00:11of the news and in this
00:00:14newspaper we will talk about Abellardo de la Espriella,
00:00:17new president of Colombia who will be sworn in soon,
00:00:21the ceremony will take place in Cali, the third largest city in the country and not
00:00:25Bogotta, an ally of Donald Trump, he makes the fight against
00:00:28drug trafficking a priority: the shock in
00:00:32Thailand after the deadly shooting in a high school near Bangkok, a
00:00:3514-year-old teenager killed his grandparents, then five members
00:00:39of the staff of the establishment before committing suicide,
00:00:43an act that had been planned according to the authorities, and then
00:00:47Spain's ultimatum to Italy, Madrid
00:00:49Madrid demands from Rome a rapid lifting of controls concerning its
00:00:52nationals after the migratory crisis of Seuta, Italy
00:00:56had decided to re-establish them for Spaniards and does not intend to return.
00:01:00to that before next week,
00:01:16Colombia moves from the left to the far right with Abellardo de
00:01:19la Espriella, the new president elected last June
00:01:2321, he is officially sworn in shortly, not in
00:01:27Bogotta but in Cali, the third largest city in the country, a whole... symbol since it is
00:01:31which constantly hovers over the young people of one of the strongholds of armed groups involved in
00:01:35you are, and if you're interested in drug trafficking.
00:01:39patrols everywhere in Cali, 3rd city of
00:01:42Colombia, it is here under high security that the
00:01:45inauguration of the new elected far-right president,
00:01:47I was depressed, especially about my attention Abelardo de la Espriella, takes place.
00:01:51more than 1100 men and women have been deployed here with
00:01:54drones, anti-drone systems, armored
00:01:58estimated that more than 1100 unaccompanied vehicles and everything necessary for... a democratic event to take place peacefully.
00:02:02ordinarily, this inauguration of the
00:02:05Colombian president takes place in the
00:02:09Ministry of capital, Bogota, but not with Abelardo de la Espriella. The millionaire
00:02:12lawyer, a political novice, chose Cali where attacks
00:02:16claimed by guerrillas recently took place, a symbol, because the
00:02:19new president promises a strong approach to fight against these armed groups and
00:02:23drug trafficking, bombings against the camps of these
00:02:26organizations or even the creation of mega prisons. like in
00:02:30El Salvador, a program hammered home since his election last
00:02:34June and contrary to his left-wing predecessor Gustavo
00:02:37Petro who had tried to negotiate the disarmament of these armed
00:02:40groups. There will be no false peace process, the only possible
00:02:44peace is that imposed by arms. Any bandit who does not submit will be
00:02:48we know the strength of eliminated. I warned you. For this,
00:02:51Colombia can count on the support of the United States and Israel, whose
00:02:55representatives will be present at the
00:02:57indicates that it maintains the suspension of inauguration ceremony. But these very strong statements
00:03:00also worry part of the
00:03:02population,
00:03:04according to his announcements, we can clearly see that he will be a rather
00:03:08authoritarian leader,
00:03:11I just hope there will be no violence, new violence within the
00:03:14population,
00:03:17a challenge, because according to the Idea for Peace Foundation, in
00:03:202025, Colombia had nearly 25,000 armed
00:03:23people in illegal
00:03:25organizations,
00:03:29the shock and the... emotion in Thailand after the deadly shooting in a
00:03:32high school in the suburbs of Bangkok, a 14-year-old teenager killed five
00:03:36employees of the establishment, two of his grandparents before taking his own life,
00:03:40an act planned according to the authorities, the possession of firearms
00:03:44is very widespread in Thailand, a country which had also experienced several
00:03:47deadly shootings in recent years. Axel
00:03:50Simon:
00:03:54breakdowns, childhood outside the school, teachers in tears embracing. The staff and students of this
00:03:58school in the Bangkok suburbs experienced a nightmare in broad
00:04:02daylight, a 14-year-old teenager opened fire, killing
00:04:05several people and injuring about fifteen before
00:04:08committing suicide, some students and teachers managed to
00:04:11lock themselves in classrooms, others tried to hide or
00:04:15flee,
00:04:18found refuge in the toilets, we thought it was over,
00:04:23before our meeting, the UN then a teacher shouted run fast, the shooter went to another building and ran
00:04:26here.
00:04:30When I arrived there, it was total chaos. The students we
00:04:33took care of outside were injured in the back, chest and
00:04:38of the school arm. We gave them first aid, the shooter was still active at that
00:04:41moment.
00:04:43According to the police, the shooter is one of the college students. He fired more than
00:04:47twenty bullets with a pistol belonging to his grandfather and was
00:04:50found in possession of about thirty additional
00:04:53ammunition. The police specified that the shooter had killed his
00:04:57grandparents at their home before going to his college and opening
00:05:01fire, I am deeply saddened, not only for
00:05:06to avoid hating the victims, but also to see that such an incident can happen in our
00:05:09country, that is why the government has not
00:05:12authorized the extension of the right to possess firearms, it is precisely for this
00:05:16reason.
00:05:20Political commitments in recent years to toughen legislation on
00:05:23gun ownership have not prevented the multiplication of shootings.
00:05:27It is estimated that there are more than 10 million firearms in circulation in
00:05:31Thailand, or one for every seven inhabitants. This is the
00:05:34second fatal school shooting in Thailand this year.
00:05:38In 2022, a former police officer had also killed 36 people in a
00:05:42nursery in the north of the country, the majority of whom were
00:05:45children.
00:05:48Also in the news, this agreement sealed between Saudi Arabia,
00:05:52Pakistan and Turkey who today signed a mutual
00:05:56defense pact in Jeddah in a context of worsening tensions in
00:05:59the Middle East. Saudi Arabia is both targeted by the Iranian regime
00:06:03but is also engaged in a conflict with the Houthi rebels in Yemen.
00:06:07With this agreement, any armed attack against one of these three countries
00:06:10will be considered an attack against them all and
00:06:14Turkey specifies this evening that this agreement does not contradict its
00:06:17commitments with
00:06:18NATO.
00:06:22Spain's ultimatum to Italy. Spain threatens Italy
00:06:25with retaliatory measures if it does not lift the suspension of the
00:06:29Schengen agreement for its nationals. Rome had taken this decision following
00:06:32the massive influx of migrants into the Spanish enclave of Ceuta,
00:06:36and for now Italy does not intend to reverse it before next week.
00:06:40Lovon.
00:06:44In front of this police station, dozens of unaccompanied minors are waiting
00:06:48their turn to be identified and placed in a
00:06:51reception center, these young adolescents have been living on the streets for several
00:06:54days, in more than
00:06:56precarious conditions,
00:06:59they ate, washed themselves as best they could and asked people for help,
00:07:03some gave them 1 euro, others bread, that's how they
00:07:07get by day by day, it is
00:07:11minors are enough.
00:07:13local authorities are doing everything they can to take care of these minors and
00:07:17manage the few thousand migrants who are still in the enclave according to figures from the Spanish
00:07:21Interior. on the diplomatic front, the war of words continues between
00:07:25Spain and Italy. Madrid threatens to apply retaliatory
00:07:28measures against Rome, if Italy does not reverse its decision to suspend
00:07:32free movement with Spain before Sunday. Last
00:07:36July 31, Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni announced the
00:07:39strengthening of controls at land borders. We
00:07:43call on the Italian government to review its position, to
00:07:46end the control and to treat Spaniards like other
00:07:50European citizens. If it does not do so before the end of the
00:07:53day on Sunday, August 9, Spain will be forced to adopt
00:07:57proportional measures to protect the interests and dignity of its
00:08:01citizens. Italy says it does not want to give in to any
00:08:04ultimatum, in a statement, the Italian government
00:08:10the Schengen agreement with Spain until
00:08:13August 15 and we end this newspaper with images
00:08:17tinged with poetry and magic before next week's eclipse,
00:08:20another spectacle enchants evenings in
00:08:23Paris, dozens of visitors have been admiring these last few days the
00:08:26sunset that aligns with the Champs Élysées visible under
00:08:30the Arc de Triomphe, tourists and photographers rush to capture this
00:08:34moment which only happens twice a year in May and
00:08:38August.
00:08:38d'août.
00:08:42We leave it there, but the training continues on France 24, next update on
00:08:46the news in a few minutes, see you
00:08:48soon,
00:08:53this video contains discussions about mental health, some comments may
00:08:57be offensive, so if you don't feel up to it, you can stop the
00:09:00video,
00:09:03it feels like psychologists are for crazy people who need
00:09:06to be institutionalized, when that's not true at all, 400 calls from young
00:09:10people in distress, from parents in distress. my addictions
00:09:13that save me a little bit, I suffered from
00:09:16depression, I was sad, in fact it's like the mountain that is there right now, it's about
00:09:20to, we feel that it's about to,
00:09:23where I am, the setting is just incredible, after that it's true
00:09:27that it's also a bit the image we have of Martinique, well I'm not here to show you
00:09:30my holidays, but because behind this idyllic landscape there is almost
00:09:34one in two young adults who would suffer from malaise or
00:09:37depression, that's twice as much as in mainland France,
00:09:41so if I'm here it's... to try to understand the reasons for this malaise and then to
00:09:45try to see how this Martinique youth is taken
00:09:47care of,
00:09:54when you are depressed, you don't necessarily want to go out, you isolate yourself a lot, so
00:09:58that was my case for a few years already, this is
00:10:01Henry Michel, he is 23 years old, he agreed to testify and tell me
00:10:05about his malaise, what made you realize that you were not
00:10:08well,
00:10:11I think it's... marks of loved ones, my mother told me that she didn't
00:10:14see me very often and that I didn't talk to her much and I hadn't realized
00:10:18that because
00:10:20well that's how time doesn't pass very quickly uh I tried
00:10:24several psychologists, but it wasn't
00:10:28great, the first psychologists I saw, it was someone who talked to me about
00:10:31God, it was after that my father, diagnosis of depression, I had been given
00:10:35Prozac but it didn't work, then
00:10:38after I went back again and then that's when I do diagnoses and
00:10:42so on to find out, high school was a
00:10:45very tumultuous period in my
00:10:49life, there were ups and downs, you can tell me a
00:10:52little more uh it's family
00:10:55level, divorce and so on, the death
00:10:59of loved ones,
00:11:00harassment,
00:11:03there were already stories of rejection in middle school, I really
00:11:07struggled, and there was also
00:11:10homophobia, homophobia, it's something I've experienced since I was
00:11:13well you know, a kid, you
00:11:17get a little disgusted with people and in the end you prefer to just
00:11:21isolate yourself, stay alone. and then
00:11:25there was also covid, that made it a little
00:11:27worse the
00:11:31depression, it also messed me up a lot, so right now I'm
00:11:34seeing a psychologist to try to catch up, but for
00:11:38example just going to sleep, it's a little
00:11:41complicated for example, how did you approach the subject of your
00:11:45malaise with your loved ones, I don't feel like I've
00:11:48really talked about that to people, because in fact I feel like they don't take it seriously in
00:11:52Martinique, they see it a bit like laziness and it's not true that I'm looking for something
00:11:55to do and that's it,
00:11:58I have depression, I find
00:12:01tension, I'm struggling, but I'm still
00:12:02trying,
00:12:08when I started talking about the fact that
00:12:12problems, they said "yeah but it's because yeah but you have to talk to God
00:12:16your faith is not strong enough, I can't find a job,
00:12:19but yeah but you have to ask God, it's so annoying, I want to talk to human
00:12:23beings who themselves are going through it.
00:12:25I really like progress, I really want it to progress, I don't know if we're going back a bit to that
00:12:29community mentality where we connect without judging each other and
00:12:33how do you feel today
00:12:35uh well
00:12:39listen
00:12:41I'm here it's average
00:12:45I exist
00:12:48I live
00:12:49that's it.
00:12:56With Henry Michel's journey, I'm starting to perceive factors that could
00:13:00explain a certain
00:13:01malaise.
00:13:05Hearing another testimony seems important to me. A young
00:13:08woman agreed to talk to me, but without showing her face. Her
00:13:12name is Sokaïna and she is 20
00:13:14years old.
00:13:19You really feel like it's never going to stop and that there's nothing to
00:13:21do.
00:13:25we remain alone and we isolate ourselves most of the time,
00:13:28this malaise for you it started uh, it started
00:13:32when well since I was little because I always felt a
00:13:35little alone because my mother well I never really dared
00:13:38uh to talk to her or
00:13:41ask her for things because she was already very busy with my brothers and my
00:13:45older sister who does not have all her
00:13:48faculties voilà and it got worse after middle
00:13:51school because well I was experiencing...
00:13:55harassment in middle school and then when I came home it still wasn't going well but
00:13:59I had no one to talk to about it
00:14:02I didn't necessarily put words to it at the right time in fact I was sent
00:14:05to see a therapist because the only way I called for
00:14:09help was through self-harm
00:14:12you self-harmed yeah how old were
00:14:15you 15 years old
00:14:1814 15 years old because when I
00:14:21asked for help for example from the school counselor
00:14:25this kind of thing, even my mother sometimes, I felt like,
00:14:28it was well it will get better, stop, there are worse things and
00:14:32so on, I really wanted to say, but I really wasn't doing well,
00:14:36but then I found only that way to show that it
00:14:39was really really not going well, and how do you
00:14:42manage your this problem, this problem of
00:14:46malaise today, do you have any levers you can
00:14:49use? addictions,
00:14:51yeah.
00:14:56"I know it's not good but then it's my addictions
00:14:59that
00:15:01save me a little bit even if I know it's not ideal but right now it's the only thing that allows me to kind of
00:15:04hold on not cannabis because it scares me
00:15:08alcohol cigarettes and so on
00:15:12how do you feel today
00:15:14aujourd'hui
00:15:19we feel stuck sometimes that is
00:15:22when we want to find a job it's complicated"
00:15:26okay because if we don't have the expensive driver's license we
00:15:30can't go to work because well the buses
00:15:33here are a disaster are you looking for a job today?
00:15:38"Currently I would like to, but given where I live that
00:15:41I still don't have a license, it's hard to find solutions alone
00:15:44because even when we go to France Travail for example,
00:15:48we don't really get solutions or help, there's no follow-up. what do you do
00:15:52today with your days?
00:15:54nothing at all, I'm waiting for time to pass, and do you have friends?
00:15:58no, I have three or four scattered like that, most of them are in
00:16:01France too, and you also want to leave, yes,
00:16:05I love my island, but..." it's super complicated to live
00:16:09there,
00:16:16Henry Michel and Sokaïna have two different stories, but they also have common
00:16:20points. So I wanted to know if there were recurring factors that
00:16:23would explain the malaise of young people on the island. I called
00:16:27psychiatrists and psychologists. Hello, this is Eléonore, the
00:16:30journalist from Denter. I'm doing a report on the mental health of young people in
00:16:34Martinique, well young adults. And I also told them about the study that
00:16:37indicates that nearly one in two young people would suffer from depression on the island, I wanted to
00:16:41discuss it with you a little, ask you a few questions and above all get
00:16:45your opinion and your point of view. some are not surprised by this figure and think it is even
00:16:49underestimated, others more skeptical are surprised by it,
00:16:53but they still enlightened me on the reasons they find in some of their
00:16:56patients: precariousness and unemployment, which are in
00:17:00Martinique well above the national average, the consumption of
00:17:03toxic substances, domestic violence, the feeling
00:17:06of abandonment by the state
00:17:09the island, this is what they observe and it is
00:17:13obviously difficult to establish a complete
00:17:14list.
00:17:18Eléonore, let's go, come, I'm coming, I think they're
00:17:22waiting for me, hello, welcome, hello
00:17:26Géraldine,
00:17:29so now we're going for a little ride with our itinerant bus,
00:17:33this bus was set up in fact to meet
00:17:37the Martinique public, young Martinique residents for the
00:17:39time being, Géraldine works daily with young people, she is a specialized
00:17:43educator for the house of adolescents and young adults in Fort de France, so
00:17:47it's about awareness and it can also concern
00:17:51mental health as well as other areas, so at the
00:17:54house of adolescents, we work on the mental health well-being of young people, the
00:17:58main mission, anyway mental health encompasses a lot of
00:18:02problems already since covid indeed
00:18:05uh... well
00:18:09on the island we fell into a great precariousness which
00:18:12led a major part of the population
00:18:16uh to have a fragile
00:18:19mental health. The team intervenes everywhere on
00:18:22the island, or like this. today she decided to make a
00:18:26stop at the exit of a high school near Fort de
00:18:28France.
00:18:31come with us so we can explain a little bit about the context of the house of
00:18:35adolescents, it's a system that has... supported young people from 11 to 25 years old in the
00:18:39different problems they encounter, it can be job search who suffers
00:18:43from harassment, who has problems at home, you can call us via a phone
00:18:47number, you can contact us there, even
00:18:50if it's just to talk because your
00:18:53health is not going well, you can send us a message, you
00:18:57can remain anonymous as you wish, a small
00:19:00flyer with our number inside. In
00:19:032025, the structure received more than 400 calls on this
00:19:06number. It also offers follow-up and appointments with
00:19:10psychologists.
00:19:12Before going in, Géraldine wants to introduce me to another specialized
00:19:16educator, Pegy Charles. She is also
00:19:19an elected delegate for mental health at the town hall of Fort de France. For you, what
00:19:23are the reasons for the malaise uh among young
00:19:26adults in Martinique? Well, these reasons are multiple, family
00:19:32traumas, economic reasons, but
00:19:35also identity issues. Identity is knowing where we come from, who we
00:19:39are, it's important, knowing
00:19:41who we are really allows us to project ourselves into the future, not to be constantly
00:19:45questioning and not to fall into deviations. For Peggy
00:19:49Charles, the painful colonial past of Martinique is not sufficiently recognized
00:19:53or taught, and this also weakens the mental health of young people.
00:19:57And by coincidence of the calendar, 2 days
00:20:00recognized slavery as the most serious crime against
00:20:03humanity, but France abstained from voting on this text.
00:20:07you went to seek, tear people away from their culture and their identity
00:20:11to do what you needed to do, it's not a
00:20:15crime against humanity, and yes, it leaves wounds, yes it
00:20:19leaves stigmas that mean that today there is a
00:20:22youth that is boiling,
00:20:25let's recognize it and let's go because we avoid
00:20:28riots, we avoid a suffering population, we
00:20:32avoid all that, I believe that mastering this
00:20:34history will allow us to love ourselves. it will allow
00:20:38us, as I said and I repeat, to project ourselves, but also
00:20:43others. Peggy Charles also told me about the mental
00:20:47health care for young people in Martinique. Like her, I realized
00:20:51that many were not aware of the existing
00:20:53facilities on the island, here there are about ten
00:20:57psychological medical centers, CMPs. these care facilities are
00:21:00public and you can consult psychologists and psychiatrists
00:21:04for free.
00:21:06Despite this, the sector also suffers from a lack of human resources. At Maurice
00:21:10Despinois psychiatric hospital for example, 35% of psychiatrist
00:21:13positions were still vacant at the time of
00:21:16filming.
00:21:28Since I arrived in Martinique, every time I
00:21:31talk about mental health, whether it's health professionals or people I
00:21:35meet on the street, about four or five people told me
00:21:39"you absolutely have to meet sociologist Malik
00:21:42Duranti", I think he's well known here and this morning I have
00:21:46an appointment with him, hi Malik, how are you?
00:21:51He takes me to a lakou, which means courtyard in Creole.
00:21:55Traditionally, it's a shared space at the center of several
00:21:58homes. And why did you want to bring me here to talk about
00:22:02youth mental health? Well, because these are places that
00:22:05today are a bit in
00:22:08disuse and which for a long time constituted
00:22:11places conducive to cultural mixing, social
00:22:14mixing, and that for me it was
00:22:18an opportunity to show that these were...
00:22:20which could allow us to break the isolation which is a
00:22:24determining factor in mental health
00:22:27here
00:22:35we are in a working-class neighborhood where people, even
00:22:38without having a high socioeconomic
00:22:42level, were dignified, the promotion and valorization
00:22:46of their culture had this
00:22:49vocation... but we are dignified men, even if we
00:22:52do not have the material success of the capitalist system, but
00:22:56we exist, we have a popular system, of solidarity, helping
00:23:00hand, exchanges, today all these elements are gone because
00:23:03there is a modernization of our society that is
00:23:07completely, I'm not going to say imposed but imported, so there is a
00:23:10graft of modernity, there is an institutional graft, for Malick
00:23:14Duranti, this graft of modernity and especially the arrival
00:23:17of social networks have reinforced the isolation among young people. today through
00:23:20social networks we have distanced ourselves from others, we have lost
00:23:24the benevolence among us, we have lost this solidarity of saying that we will
00:23:28support each other and that we will be able to
00:23:31forgive each other and repair things together
00:23:35that between us will divide us because
00:23:38union between us, tolerance,
00:23:41solidarity, living together, that's what the House
00:23:44of Teens and Young Adults also focuses on. Before
00:23:48returning to Paris, she suggests participating in a culinary workshop
00:23:51that she organizes with teenagers she's been following for a while.
00:24:12we make two groups of five, so one group
00:24:15of akra moru and one
00:24:17group.
00:24:22You're going to start your cra dough,
00:24:26that's enough, we don't judge, we don't judge, go ahead and pour a little more water,
00:24:30Mélina, it should actually have the consistency of a pancake batter,
00:24:34but a little thicker than pancake batter. Is this the first time you've done a workshop like this?
00:24:38No, we've already done it. You really
00:24:41liked it, that's why you're coming back. Yes, yeah, do you make them
00:24:45at home afterwards or not? Yeah, you like
00:24:49it a lot?
00:24:57It's important to invite young people to
00:25:00a lot of activities
00:25:03so that they can communicate
00:25:06with young people their age, or even older or younger.
00:25:09When we see them in full communication like that and a little
00:25:13distracted, we try to listen to what they say and see
00:25:17if it's not a problem they're talking about, or if it's
00:25:20something related to the activity that they didn't understand. They're so
00:25:24happy to see each other again. It's always a joy to
00:25:28see them like that. So you've known each other for a really long time. So, what do
00:25:32you think of this house for teenagers and young adults? What do
00:25:35you think? It allows us to meet and
00:25:39it also allows us to meet
00:25:41other people our age who, for example,
00:25:45might be going through the same thing as us, and
00:25:49uh... well, to understand
00:25:52that we're not the only ones who are feeling, well, feeling
00:25:55bad, or not. Oh,
00:25:59sweetie, when I arrived, I wasn't really
00:26:03well. I was suffering from depression.
00:26:06Uh, I had suicidal
00:26:09attempts. I was, I was
00:26:12sad, and the fact of seeing, well, the fact of having
00:26:15come here, and having a psychiatrist follow
00:26:18me, it still relieved me.
00:26:22And how do you feel
00:26:24today? Uh,
00:26:26I'm doing okay, I'm doing better. Yes, I'm doing better. Not as
00:26:30well as I'd like, but I'm doing better. It's a journey. Yes, that's it, it's a
00:26:33journey. For people who aren't feeling well,
00:26:37what would you advise them? Uh, I would advise them to talk
00:26:41about it, to go see a psychologist, because generally people think
00:26:44that psychologists are for crazy people who need to be institutionalized,
00:26:48which is not true at all. Also, not to withdraw into
00:26:51themselves, avoid being on their phone, because generally
00:26:55on your phone you isolate yourself, and that can create other
00:26:59problems related to what you see on social media, which is not your life. To talk
00:27:02about it. Yeah, sometimes the psychologists
00:27:06are very, they help us
00:27:08a lot.
00:27:14Kisses, get home safe, take care of yourselves and sleep at
00:27:17night.
00:27:23What you saw in this report, it's what I was able to observe by spending two weeks
00:27:27there. If you live in Martinique, don't hesitate to give me your
00:27:30opinion in the comments. If you live... in other overseas territories, I'd be
00:27:34curious to know how it is where
00:27:37mental health topics, we'll continue to talk about it on Enter, so subscribe.
00:30:07Thank you for being with us on France 24. We are together to recap
00:30:11the news and in this newscast we will talk
00:30:15about Abel Ardeau de la Espriella, the new president of
00:30:18Colombia who will be inaugurated shortly. The
00:30:21ceremony will take place in Calli, the country's third largest city, and not in
00:30:24Bogota. An ally of Donald Trump, he makes the fight against
00:30:28drug trafficking a priority. The shock in
00:30:31Thailand after... the deadly shooting at a high school near Bangkok. A
00:30:3514-year-old adolescent killed his grandparents, then five members
00:30:41staff before committing suicide, an act that had
00:30:43been planned according to the authorities. And then
00:30:46Spain's ultimatum to Italy: Madrid demands that
00:30:50Rome quickly lift controls concerning its nationals
00:30:53after the migratory crisis of Seuta. Italy had decided to
00:30:56reinstate them for Spaniards and does not intend to back down.