Google Cloud Speech-to-Text API (Chirp) + Gemini 2.5 Flash Non-Thinking. Treat it as a searchable index of what was broadcast, not a quotation record.
00:05:51Business only after a massage. If anyone understands, it's
00:05:54me. The damn thing. Well, their place.
00:05:58They marked it. Good day, I'm speaking from a coffee shop. We
00:06:01see what we want to see. We want to pay.
00:06:05I like selling and buying. Espresso. Tonight
00:06:08on
00:07:04On the stage of Everyone's Academy tonight, Tamás Hajdegger,
00:07:08the inventor of the palm scanner. Hello
00:07:11everyone! I am Tamás Hajregger, associate professor
00:07:15at Óbuda University, deputy director of the Antal Bejci E-robotics
00:07:17Center, and one of the founders
00:07:20of Handing Scan.
00:07:28This is a DaVinci surgical system, you have to imagine that
00:07:32the surgeon always sits in front of the console, the patient is on the other
00:07:35side, and the movements that the surgeon normally performs with both hands
00:07:39through laparoscopic instruments are carried out by the robot
00:07:43from this console into the patient. Only a few people in the world
00:07:47are working with this unique surgical robot, of which there is only one in Hungary,
00:07:50including Tamás Hajdegger, the deputy director
00:07:54of Óbuda University. The domestic representative of surgical robotics
00:07:58develops, researches, builds, and considers
00:08:01himself primarily an engineer. I built sandcastles in the sandbox
00:08:05as a child, just the same. Later, it simply occurred to me
00:08:08that I was interested in engineering. I basically come from an engineering family, and obviously this
00:08:12influence also helped, but I simply saw
00:08:16an exciting world in robotics, and 20 years ago,
00:08:19I must add, this was only classic industrial robotics, we hadn't
00:08:22yet seen this huge explosive development that has occurred since,
00:08:26but even that was attractive and interesting enough for me to decide that I wanted to
00:08:30delve into this. Tamás Hajdeger already knew that
00:08:33he wanted to continue his studies in robotics, and then later,
00:08:36to connect this with some kind of medical application, which is why he applied
00:08:40to the Faculty of Engineering at the Technical University. It was
00:08:44difficult to find anyone at home who was engaged in this, but luckily,
00:08:48when I reached the PhD program, my supervisor, Benyu Profi,
00:08:51had a very wide network of contacts, and he was the one who
00:08:55helped me find people at home and abroad who already knew
00:08:59people who had worked with surgical robots, and so
00:09:02I managed to win several foreign scholarships through this, and to get into
00:09:05research relationships with people, or to build and carry out joint projects,
00:09:08through which I also learned the ins and outs of this
00:09:12field. His research group even works for NASA,
00:09:16as alongside surgical robotics, space telesurgery is
00:09:18Tamás's other specialization. Before surgical robotics, this
00:09:22was one of my goals, to work with robotics. And
00:09:26from the intersection of the two came at least a part of the
00:09:30field, which is space telesurgery. As it started in the 70s, NASA wanted
00:09:33to be able to support astronauts with
00:09:36robots. And because of that, the entire telerobotics
00:09:40concept was developed, and now we really want to put it
00:09:43into practice and make it happen, because if we send people to Mars, it's too far
00:09:47to really provide all the support to them on site. In this
00:09:51Central European region, in a uniquely equipped medical robotics
00:09:55laboratory, Tamás Hajdeger's team is working on
00:09:59their self-developed instruments, and so are the medical students.
00:10:02Tamás's team develops and manufactures the surgical instruments used in operations,
00:10:04as well as the realistic body parts
00:10:08prepared for practice.
00:10:12Our innovation story is exciting because a few years
00:10:15ago, a small team of engineering students came together and
00:10:19decided to create something new, to develop a new
00:10:22procedure and equipment, and then to manufacture it,
00:10:26which is suitable for the objective measurement of medical
00:10:29hand hygiene.
00:10:31Tamás Hajdeger wrote his doctoral theses on surgical robotics and
00:10:34telerobotics. Yet he spends most of his time
00:10:37and energy on his business established to control
00:10:41medical hand hygiene. His goal is to
00:10:44eliminate hospital infections. His work
00:10:47is extremely complex and multifaceted, a true
00:10:50teamwork. I am one of the fortunate ones whose work is also their hobby,
00:10:54or whose hobby became their work, I would say. So I really enjoy
00:10:58filling my time with professional programs. My work involves a lot of travel,
00:11:01so I get to see the world, and I've made many international
00:11:04friends with whom we regularly create very good and
00:11:08meaningful programs. My wife often comes with me, so practically
00:11:12many areas of my life that would otherwise
00:11:15be empty are filled by it. It's a bit of work, a bit of
00:11:18fun, the two merge
00:11:20for me.
00:11:23This was specifically a... factory building, an electrical
00:11:27energy lab, built in the 50s.
00:11:30This place was given to the University of Technology and Knowledge office
00:11:34to create an innovation center, where
00:11:37many projects work side by side, and many
00:11:41young students and talents try to achieve success.
00:11:44Tamás Hajdegger's first world-famous project also
00:11:48started here, but at the very beginning, it was a very empty
00:11:51hall, Tamás's team was the first project, they worked in the
00:11:55back, now we are full, about 40 projects are running in parallel,
00:11:59Tamás's project was the first pilot project on how
00:12:02to identify intellectual creations, ideas, and research results,
00:12:06and to guide them towards
00:12:10utilization. Tamás's team was actually our first big success
00:12:13as well. Since then, their so-called Hand in Scar
00:12:16system has become world-famous, which he will soon
00:12:19present here at Everyone's Academy. What
00:12:22is very beautiful about the whole thing, and what actually drives
00:12:25people here beyond inner inspiration, is that
00:12:28we can witness a story, a truly classic
00:12:31technology transfer process, when from a single idea we dreamed up
00:12:35a device that worked, and at first
00:12:38of course it was just a rudimentary small prototype,
00:12:41but it could be taken for the first clinical
00:12:44tests, and it turned out that there really was a need for it,
00:12:48we managed to build a small team around it, then we managed to get
00:12:51capital investors, and step by step we were able
00:12:55to reach the point where today... "we are a project that
00:12:58is present in 17 countries with its product. On the
00:13:02podium, Tamás Hajdegger, engineer, and his topic,
00:13:05the bacteria scanner. For decades, we've known that
00:13:09alcohol-based hand sanitizers are perfectly capable of removing
00:13:12bacteria and viruses from the hands. But do we know if doctors
00:13:16and nurses in hospitals have properly cleaned their hands,
00:13:20truly destroying every pathogen on them? We will
00:13:23discuss this in more detail. For years, with the handling scan, we have been developing
00:13:26a system that is suitable for objective
00:13:30hand hygiene, measurement, and control
00:13:32alike. The whole story began about
00:13:36160 years ago, with Ignác Semmelweis. He
00:13:39was the first to notice that hand hygiene
00:13:43during medical care is of immense
00:13:46importance. People can die from
00:13:49these infections, such as mothers contracted from examining
00:13:52doctors in the Vienna General Hospital. Dozens
00:13:56of people died every month, they were terrified
00:13:59of it, they were afraid. Ignác Semmelweis was the first to find the
00:14:03connection between handwashing, hand hygiene
00:14:06and the reduction of infections. What
00:14:09happens? In everyday practice, we see
00:14:13that the pathogens that breed in hospitals
00:14:16unfortunately infect hundreds, thousands of
00:14:19people. Basically, what you need to know about
00:14:23pathogens is that not all of them are a problem. There are
00:14:26so-called apatogenic bacteria, for example, which do not pose
00:14:30a danger to us humans, they are in our environment, that's why we say
00:14:34that children should eat dirt every day to strengthen their
00:14:36immune system, but in contrast, there are
00:14:40pathogenic bacteria that can infect us, but
00:14:44even these are not always dangerous, only if they find a
00:14:47host organism, this is something worth exploring
00:14:51in a bit more detail, what is needed for this bacterial infection
00:14:55to actually cause some kind of problem and illness.
00:14:58First of all, it is very important what kind
00:15:02of bacterium it is. We call this the virulence
00:15:05of the bacterium, which means how easily it can infect
00:15:09us, how aggressive that bacterium is. This varies
00:15:12with each type, of course there are stronger, more aggressive bacteria and
00:15:15less aggressive ones. The other very important factor is the
00:15:19number of pathogens. We can encounter
00:15:22pathogens everywhere, but the hospital environment. First of all, the
00:15:26general number of pathogens in the environment is very important, meaning
00:15:29how many pathogens we find on surfaces,
00:15:33doorknobs, needles, or officially
00:15:36sterile instruments. But it is equally important how many pathogens are
00:15:40on the hands, as the hand is the primary
00:15:43tool for care. In addition to this, of course, the patient's
00:15:47immune status is also important, that is, how strong our body is. A weakened body
00:15:51after surgery, who is in the hospital, is expected
00:15:54to get infected much more easily, we must also take this into account. If
00:15:58all of these are given, there is still a very important point, the pathogenic
00:16:02bacterium must enter our body, the so-called
00:16:05portal of entry, so if we injure
00:16:08our skin, through an open wound, a catheter,
00:16:12these can enter much more easily, and the totality of these poses
00:16:16a real danger to our
00:16:18patients. In the past years,
00:16:22it has become clear that the presence of these
00:16:26bacteria can only be controlled to a certain extent. No matter how much
00:16:29we disinfect tables, no matter how much we mop,
00:16:33there will always be a general level. However, we can effectively
00:16:36minimize this so-called infection chain, that is, passing general environmental bacteria
00:16:40through our hands to the patient. Benjamin
00:16:43Franklin was the first to articulate very precisely that
00:16:47prevention is immeasurably
00:16:50more important than
00:16:53aftercare. If hand hygiene is not adequate,
00:16:57and the aforementioned conditions exist, then we can speak of
00:17:00so-called hospital infection. The medical profession
00:17:03considers anything that occurs within 48
00:17:06hours of a patient's admission
00:17:10as an infection. It appears then or later,
00:17:13and when we entered the hospital or the healthcare system,
00:17:17this bacterial strain or virus was not yet in our body.
00:17:21Furthermore, it is very important that the bacteria that
00:17:24thrive there are not the common bacteria, and not even a
00:17:28simple influenza, but many
00:17:31severely mutated bacterial strains that pose a much greater
00:17:35danger to... Of course,
00:17:38there are many types of hospital infections, perhaps the simplest
00:17:42is wound infection, meaning those directly attributable to surgical
00:17:45procedures. Here too, some of these occur due to the
00:17:49sterility or inadequate sterility of the instruments.
00:17:52Of course, if an endoscope or any
00:17:56surgical instrument is not inserted cleanly into the patient,
00:17:59it can lead to a very serious infection, but
00:18:02in the period after the surgical procedure,
00:18:05in the aftercare, which is usually
00:18:09much longer, there is a much greater chance of contracting hospital
00:18:13infections, because that weakened body is kept
00:18:17in that environment, which is fundamentally teeming with bacteria. What
00:18:20happens during hospital care, the nurse or doctor
00:18:24comes, there's a ward round, catheters are changed,
00:18:27blankets are adjusted, charts are written, they constantly
00:18:31move between patients, so the vast majority of
00:18:34other hospital infections
00:18:37arise because during care, unfortunately,
00:18:40healthcare professionals transmit them from one patient to another, and then to a third,
00:18:44without really being aware of it.
00:18:48100 years ago, we thought there were no problems
00:18:51anymore, and hospital infections didn't exist, since
00:18:54everyone disinfected their hands properly. Well, this
00:18:58misconception only existed until we started measuring
00:19:01and paying attention to why those patients
00:19:05became infected, why their condition worsened. In the best
00:19:09quality healthcare systems throughout Western Europe, the official statistics
00:19:12estimate the rate of hospital infections at 3-5, 10%.
00:19:16What does this mean? I go to the
00:19:19hospital, I spend a night there, I have a 3-5,
00:19:2310% chance of getting infected
00:19:27with something. This is a huge
00:19:30number, this is what we want to avoid, this is what we
00:19:33must prevent at all costs. It's not just about
00:19:37when someone gets infected, their
00:19:41health is obviously at risk, and unfortunately, tens
00:19:45of thousands die annually across Europe,
00:19:48but also that it imposes huge extra costs on the healthcare
00:19:51system. According to the most conservative financial
00:19:55estimates, if we could eliminate hospital infections,
00:19:58the financial problems of the entire Western healthcare system
00:20:01would be solved in one fell swoop. This is a
00:20:05huge opportunity that we must exploit.
00:20:07it is clear that in recent
00:20:11years it has been announced several times, they said we
00:20:15won, we can overcome infections, since
00:20:18penicillin we know that antibacterial
00:20:22agents, antibiotics in drug form, have a huge
00:20:26role, but what happens, why do we hear more and more in the
00:20:30media, why do we encounter this problem more and more,
00:20:33because it turned out that bacteria
00:20:36mutate and change much faster,
00:20:40adapting to their environment, than we can make progress
00:20:43in drug research and development. Here you can see
00:20:47the five-year breakdown until 2012,
00:20:51how many new antibiotics were discovered every
00:20:54five years, worldwide,
00:20:57in total. What does this mean? The number of new
00:21:01drugs is drastically decreasing. And why is this a problem? Because the constantly
00:21:04adapting and mutating bacteria become
00:21:08resistant to the existing drugs. These are called
00:21:11resistant and multidrug-resistant pathogens.
00:21:15Practically, it can be said that all
00:21:18hospitals now have an infection control
00:21:21program, there are designated specialists, there are
00:21:24responsible persons, various training and education programs
00:21:27are in operation. Basically, hand hygiene
00:21:31can be performed in two ways: one is
00:21:34the classic surgical scrub, meaning when a
00:21:37surgeon prepares for surgery, let's say they go
00:21:41through a 5-minute or 3-minute protocol, washing their
00:21:44hands with antibacterial soap under running
00:21:48water. Multiple times in a row, always
00:21:51using disposable paper towels so they don't get re-infected,
00:21:55but basically we're trying to achieve removing every
00:21:58pathogen and bacterium from our hands
00:22:02along with the top layer of skin. If
00:22:04we think about it, the skin has a natural flora, so there is
00:22:08a bacterial culture that lives with us. During surgical
00:22:12scrubbing, they even try to minimize this. That's why
00:22:15surgeons experience so many skin irritations and skin problems,
00:22:19because these are very serious demands on the hands.
00:22:22In contrast, or in addition to this, alcohol-based hand sanitization appeared,
00:22:26which we demonstrated at the beginning, which is about 30 years
00:22:30ago, when they realized that alcohol is an incredibly
00:22:33effective compound for killing bacteria
00:22:36and viruses, then they had to find the appropriate formalism
00:22:40that wouldn't completely dry out the hands, making it usable in daily
00:22:43routine, and they developed those international recommendations, and this
00:22:47has been the global recommendation of the WHO for 15 years.
00:22:52The recommendation is to perform antibacterial hand
00:22:56disinfection, meaning alcohol-based hand disinfection,
00:22:59daily, not several times, not dozens
00:23:02of times, 50, or 100 times in some
00:23:05cases, if we want to ensure the protection of our patients.
00:23:08There are regulations that before anyone touches
00:23:12a patient, after touching a patient, before
00:23:15performing any adjustment on a catheter, or
00:23:18measuring anything, hands must be disinfected. There is a 30-second
00:23:21protocol for this, so it is much faster than washing hands with running
00:23:24water, at the end of which the alcohol evaporates, so if
00:23:28we take from the dispenser, after applying it properly to the hands,
00:23:31it makes our hands clean, destroying every
00:23:35pathogen on them. Yet, what is the problem? Well, it's not
00:23:39so trivial to disinfect our entire hands, even though
00:23:42the World Health Organization has a separate six-step protocol for
00:23:46how to do it, how to rub, people forget, they don't
00:23:50do it properly, they skip parts, this is such a serious
00:23:53problem that for decades we haven't found an adequate
00:23:56solution. In the past, surgical students were trained
00:23:59by blindfolding them, greasing their hands with coal dust,
00:24:04tap to wash it off blindly, with their eyes blindfolded,
00:24:08so that the routine would develop. Today, fortunately,
00:24:10we have much better methods, so-called UV-marked, meaning only
00:24:14visible under UV light, substances can measure how well
00:24:18someone can disinfect their hands, but still,
00:24:22when we go to the clinic and measure people,
00:24:25we examine them, then in the past 35 years we have observed the same thing, that
00:24:29in 30% of cases they miss
00:24:31something, the thumb, the
00:24:34fingertips, different areas of the hand,
00:24:38all of these are things that people use in everyday
00:24:42care. I use it to grasp something, I use it to adjust
00:24:45something, so if there was any bacteria,
00:24:49virus, fungus, on my hand, unfortunately, it stays
00:24:52there, and with the next movement, I can re-infect my whole
00:24:55hand. That's why hand hygiene technique is very important,
00:24:59which unfortunately was underestimated
00:25:02in recent years and received much less attention than
00:25:05we would like. Five years ago,
00:25:07with a few fellow students,
00:25:10we founded, or launched, a university research project. This was
00:25:14nothing more than a wild idea from my colleague Ákos Lehotski,
00:25:18to create a machine. Let's see how we
00:25:21could automate this education, training,
00:25:25and control process. it's about people
00:25:28needing to give some kind of feedback, and obviously it's not feasible
00:25:32for someone to always stand over another's shoulder and note that
00:25:36the chief physician missed his left thumb, so this is not
00:25:39feasible, but there is a machine that can
00:25:42measure, record the data, and possibly provide
00:25:46digital evaluation, then that is a qualitative step forward. And,
00:25:50since this can be organically integrated into everyday
00:25:53care processes, and the kind of knowledge
00:25:56and understanding is continuously generated on how to properly perform
00:26:00hand hygiene. The first prototype
00:26:03we created was still entirely manual; we only digitally recorded
00:26:07the footage, and then an infection control specialist could
00:26:10independently evaluate these samples. But at that time, even this
00:26:14was considered such an innovation that we were invited to a Singaporean university
00:26:17hospital, where we measured more than 5000 people with this method, and
00:26:20taught them the correct hand hygiene
00:26:23technique. When it turned out that there was indeed a need for this,
00:26:27and this was a novel thing, then the small team at the Technical University
00:26:30started to develop a real device, which is already
00:26:33automated. This became the Hand Hygiene Scan device, which was already capable
00:26:37of, if someone placed their hand under it, then
00:26:41with some kind of measurement and digital image processing,
00:26:45it could objectively tell what it saw on it, where areas were
00:26:48missed. You practically have to imagine the whole
00:26:52system like this: we take a photo under UV illumination,
00:26:55and then our proprietary software algorithm finds where the
00:26:59hand is, and finds on it where those areas are that were reached
00:27:02by the substance, where the bacteria were destroyed, and where those areas are
00:27:06where it unfortunately wasn't reached, so we have to draw the person's attention to it, and this
00:27:09can be marked in red, for example, that oops, something was missed there, please
00:27:13go back, redo it, or, even better, since this
00:27:17is digital information, we can immediately upload it to the internet,
00:27:20or send it to their superior, then at that
00:27:23moment, well, obviously not realistic, but the hospital
00:27:27director takes out their phone, and sees on it that Dr. Kovács has
00:27:30again missed their thumb. "obviously they don't have time to
00:27:34deal with this, but from now on, as digital data,
00:27:37we have the opportunity to create statistics, analyze these,
00:27:41figure out where we actually need to improve the
00:27:45technique. Obviously, as engineers, we cannot just
00:27:48give such a device to hospitals, saying "here you go," and
00:27:52then everyone is happy.
00:27:55for years, brought it to Hungarian hospitals, and here are the results of measurements
00:27:58carried out for a year in four Hungarian hospitals.
00:28:03People on average made about
00:28:05one and a half mistakes, missed a thumb or
00:28:08spots on the back of the hand. And when we deployed this device and
00:28:12they started using it, we saw that continuously, as a
00:28:15result of the education, this decreased to a fraction,
00:28:18a quarter or a fifth of the number of people making mistakes, that is,
00:28:22gradually people learned to
00:28:24disinfect their hands. This is astounding
00:28:27in light of the fact that we thought that after university education and
00:28:31nursing training, people already knew how to disinfect their hands,
00:28:34and this would remain so forever. 160 years after Semmelweis, this is
00:28:37still an ongoing problem.
00:28:41Based on the experiences, we created the Semmelweis Scanner, the new generation
00:28:45device, which can perform these evaluations much faster, much
00:28:48and this is the one
00:28:52that, armed with 21st-century
00:28:55technology, is actually capable of
00:28:58continuously checking the hand hygiene technique of the
00:29:01workers in a given hospital or, in the case of a food industry factory,
00:29:04in a manufacturing environment. I am very, very proud and happy
00:29:08to say that after many, many years of development and struggle,
00:29:12as a startup, that is, our own small fledgling company, we are now a
00:29:1520-person team, which here in
00:29:19Budapest further develops and manufactures this device, and it is already
00:29:23actively used in 17 countries worldwide,
00:29:26with the greatest success in neonatal intensive care units,
00:29:30where a single infection can immediately cost
00:29:33the lives of infants. It is very, very important that
00:29:37we can check the hand hygiene of both the staff working there
00:29:40and the visitors, and thereby ensure
00:29:43that the tiny babies can heal and develop in a pathogen-free
00:29:47environment. Now I would like to introduce
00:29:50you to the Semmelweis scanner, the latest version, which is suitable for
00:29:54routinely and objectively measuring hand hygiene
00:29:57performance. I would like to ask for a volunteer to
00:30:00come here and demonstrate to us how to use it.
00:30:04Please.
00:30:12It's very important to use these alcoholic hand sanitizers in everyday life,
00:30:16and the regulation even states that 3 ml should be dispensed.
00:30:20One needs to take these and rub them properly over the entire
00:30:23surface of the hand, just as the WHO guidelines
00:30:27show. With the Semmelweis scanner, we are capable of individually
00:30:31identifying the person, meaning everyone can use it with their
00:30:34own card. Why is this important? Because from this, we know
00:30:38exactly who is currently in front of the device. So,
00:30:42place your right
00:30:43hand.
00:30:48Yes, after this, of course, the left
00:30:51hand always follows,
00:30:52that also needs to be placed.
00:30:58And at the end of the digital evaluation, the device
00:31:01shows what the... result is what we can see: