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00:00:01of
00:00:08White and black: Social hierarchies have been built
00:00:12around skin color for centuries. It's been used to justify
00:00:15colonialism, slavery and discrimination.
00:00:19Stereotypes based on skin are still all too common, but how to
00:00:23different skin colors arise in the first place? A viewer from Cameroon
00:00:27sent in a great question. This
00:00:31time around it's all about evolution and history. Welcome to
00:00:34Tomorrow
00:00:35Today.
00:00:40Why do people have different skin
00:00:43of colors? All early humans had dark skin back when our
00:00:47species migrated out of Africa between 100 thousand and
00:00:5170,00 years
00:00:52in ago. Lighter pigmentation evolved much later. Even
00:00:565,000 years ago, Utsy, the famous iceman dis'. in
00:01:00the alps had a darker
00:01:02of skin tone than present day Europeans. The
00:01:05reason involves two forms of melanin, pigments that
00:01:09dictate the color of our eyes, skin and
00:01:12hair. Melanin protects your
00:01:15skin from UV radiation. It's produced in specialized
00:01:19skin cells called melanocides. When enough UV
00:01:23light strikes the skin, it initiates melanin
00:01:26production. The pigment absorbs the short wave. radiation
00:01:30before it can damage your DNA, the stronger the
00:01:34sunlight, the darker the skin becomes. As
00:01:38humans migrated
00:01:39of north out of Africa into more temperate regions where UV radiation
00:01:43is less intense, lighter skin tones made adaptive
00:01:47a sense. They were less effective at blocking
00:01:50of radiation called UVB, which is
00:01:52a necessary for the body to produce vitamin D. Near the
00:01:56equator, the sun is so strong that
00:01:58a even dark skin allows enough. UVB radiation through to trigger
00:02:02vitamin D production. Further north, however, experts
00:02:06think the strong natural protection could have been a disadvantage,
00:02:10so over many
00:02:11of generations, people in northern climbs evolved lighter skins to
00:02:15produce the vital compound. Vitamin D is essential for
00:02:19healthy bones, muscles and the immune system, and it's hard to
00:02:23get enough from diet alone.
00:02:27So, why are there different skin colors? because over
00:02:31thousands of years, humans had to adapt to different levels
00:02:34of sunlight, climates and environments, and
00:02:38melanin played a central role in that process. The
00:02:42many shades of human skin tell the story of our
00:02:46shared history, as a species that spread
00:02:50in across the planet, continually adapting to new
00:02:53conditions. A recent
00:02:57of study shows that up until about 3 years ago, most people in
00:03:01Europe still mostly had darker skin, like the builders of
00:03:05Stone Henge in England. The builders
00:03:08of the parthanon in Athens 2,500 years ago didn't all
00:03:12have light complexions either. The same broad trend
00:03:16likely applied to people living in what's now Germany.
00:03:20Ancient cultures there too gave rise to some remarkable feats of
00:03:24construction. History
00:03:28is being rewritten less
00:03:29of than five.
00:03:29500 meters
00:03:31from this castle
00:03:31in ashaffenborg. huge surprise was hidden in
00:03:35this construction pit. the city had decided to build an
00:03:39overflow basin here
00:03:40on the banks
00:03:41of the river mine. in such projects, builders have
00:03:45to consult heritage authorities beforehand to determine if
00:03:48historic remains might be
00:03:50unearted. so much has
00:03:54happened here and so much has changed along this river bank that nobody
00:03:58really expected anything to have survived.
00:04:12of of
00:04:25na
00:04:42a
00:04:56of structure
00:05:0040 meters long, 5 meters wide, and more than 2
00:05:04meters high. It was composed of several layers of oak
00:05:08timbers fronted by dry stone
00:05:10a wall. They initially... dated it to the late middle
00:05:14ages or the early modern period. To nail
00:05:17down the age, several wood samples were sent to a dentro
00:05:21chronology laboratory at Bavaria's office for Monument
00:05:24Preservation. There, new discoveries can be compared
00:05:28with tree ring chronologies that have been determined for the same species
00:05:32from different regions. These records often extend back
00:05:36thousands of years. A new find's age is determined by
00:05:40matching growth ring patterns.
00:06:12but it was completely different from what anyone until then had
00:06:15expected, the timber was much older than the experts
00:06:19thought, it had been felled around 370
00:06:22BC, i
00:06:26couldn't believe it, my first question was, are you absolutely
00:06:29sure? this is truly the needle in the hay stack that we always hoped
00:06:33to find, and this time we actually found it
00:06:36gefunden. my first thought was, oh no, we're going to delay the
00:06:40construction project, but then i thought, "wow, actually this is
00:06:43fantastic. It's not like a pyramid. It's all hidden underground,
00:06:47and we can learn so much from it. We're only at the very
00:06:50beginning. 370 BC was
00:06:54during the early Latin period. Plato was philosophizing in
00:06:58Athens, Rome was still republic, and in Central Europe, the
00:07:02kelts were flourishing. No comparable structure from this
00:07:05period has yet been discovered anywhere else in Germany, especially
00:07:09not one preserved in such extraordinary condition.
00:07:42harbor
00:07:45structure
00:08:00was or a maybe it defenses? the discovery suggests the
00:08:04existence of an important keltic settlement here, potentially
00:08:08connected to extensive trade networks that we know nothing
00:08:11about.
00:08:14You don't build something like this with few villagers, you need a town, you need
00:08:18manpower, you need engineering, expertise. The timber
00:08:21construction we see was built using methods we've never encountered
00:08:24before, probably adapted
00:08:26to the wet conditions near the river. A great deal of know-how went into
00:08:30this. Those factors alone may be enough to demonstrate that we're dealing
00:08:34with an important settlement. What
00:08:38might such a population center have looked like?
00:08:42Some model. try to reconstruct major cheltic settlements like this
00:08:45one in Upper Swabia around 5:30
00:08:48BC, or this one, known as the opidom of
00:08:52Menos Gada, only established around 150
00:08:55BC, so roughly 200 years after the
00:08:59newly discovered structure on the mine was
00:09:01built. what Keltic
00:09:05Ashhafenburg looks like will probably remain a
00:09:08mystery. Too much construction has taken
00:09:11place over the... centuries on the plateau above the
00:09:14mine, only a handful of latin period finds
00:09:18preserved in the abbey museum bear witness to the cultural
00:09:21sophistication the society that once lived here, it
00:09:25produced fine pottery along with elaborately crafted pieces of
00:09:29jewelry like this gold
00:09:31ring. we
00:09:34assume that if people there possessed and war luxury
00:09:38items like these, then it was not
00:09:41insignificant place by.
00:09:42underground,
00:09:52exposure
00:09:53to
00:10:02air is already taking a toll, years of
00:10:05conservation work lie ahead, then parts the
00:10:09structure are expected to go on display, and
00:10:13Abbey
00:10:13museum.
00:10:18Spectacular archaeological discoveries are no longer
00:10:21unusual. Around the globe, the field is booming.
00:10:25Perhaps part the appeal is what these discoveries offer, a glimpse
00:10:29into worlds that feel very different from our own.
00:10:33Immersing yourself in the past helps filter out noise from the
00:10:36present, like wars, climate change or
00:10:40the AI revolution. Looking back to times when
00:10:44everything was wonderfully analogue can be strangely comforting. The
00:10:48fascination even has a name:
00:10:50retromanania. A photographer's
00:10:53dream a
00:11:25you really do get just one shot at it, if you mix up the chemicals or
00:11:28expose the film to light, all the images will be
00:11:31gone. i'm actually a little nervous, can pull it
00:11:35off? that
00:11:39thrill is why mila shoots and develops film the old fashioned
00:11:42way. you can't immediately see
00:11:46whether it looks the way it
00:11:47did in your head. i think that's what's most exciting about analog
00:11:51photography. you don't how it will
00:11:54turn out. was kommt. Ironically, many digital natives are now
00:11:58embracing technology recently considered obsolete
00:12:01junk. What are they looking for in the old that the new can't
00:12:05do better? Many young people have started going to the movies more often
00:12:09and DVDs are back in. Hi,
00:12:13I'm Diane Krigger. So the
00:12:15some stuff that I picked are just films that bring bring up
00:12:18memories.
00:12:33This ipod goes with this vintage speaker, it was my dad's 50 years
00:12:36ago, secondhand ipod can now
00:12:40fetch up to 500
00:12:42euros and young adults are buying vinyl. around 5
00:12:45million records are sold in Germany annually, more than any point
00:12:49in the last 20 years, places like Spin, Munich's
00:12:53first listening bar,
00:13:25Listening bars are a throwback to 1950s Japan. They were
00:13:29born out of necessity. Audio systems back then were
00:13:32expensive as were imported jazz records. Today the
00:13:36technology seems incredibly dated. Albums are heavy,
00:13:39expensive and easily
00:13:41scratched. But I think
00:13:44it's really important to preserve that analog vibe that you
00:13:48still have something tangible, something you can actually pick
00:13:51up, because if everything is purely digital.
00:14:18the norm in
00:14:19It became modern society to buy new cars, new furniture and other things and throw
00:14:23the old stuff away. This powerful urge to keep
00:14:27moving forward also involves embracing the idea of progress
00:14:31and with it a certain faith and
00:14:33technology, but over time people
00:14:36realize that many the promises attached to technology
00:14:40simply sich
00:14:42erfüllt.
00:14:49companies and that has had profound consequences. social media affects
00:14:53mental health,
00:15:25but human life and the meaning in human life is not just about
00:15:29convenience and not just about measurement and
00:15:32quantification and profit, and again from this point of
00:15:36view something like analog record as a symbol of slow
00:15:39culture, it can be a symbol of potential
00:15:42resisting of those tendencies, right? a
00:15:46counterweight to the digital, here the air smells of chemicals
00:15:50and dust, of experiences and time. i need
00:15:54to concentrate. this is the second chemical, the first was the developer,
00:15:57now comes the fixer. the film is placed inside
00:16:01developing tank filled with chemicals and gently agitated. every
00:16:05step has to be time to the second. analog media
00:16:09promises a more direct connection to emotions, a
00:16:13more intense experience of art, something
00:16:16unique, made distinctive by a work's
00:16:19imperfections.
00:16:22this is in Sofia, this is in Sofia, and this is my hometown of
00:16:26Hascaval. these films were actually stored properly
00:16:30a refrigerator, but they're very old, that whole
00:16:33purple reddish look comes partly from the film being expired.
00:16:40vom abgelaufenen sein, old memories, familiar and cozy, like favorite
00:16:43sweater, the past is gone making it bitter sweet and
00:16:47comforting. the feeling is universal, it rolls through
00:16:51pop culture in waves. for the last decade and a
00:16:55half, critics have accused culture of suffering from retro
00:16:58mania, lack of innovation where everything seems to be
00:17:02recycling the past. remix is
00:17:05aside, at what point does longing for the past become a
00:17:09problem, when politicians instrumentalize historical myths
00:17:12to reach specific goals or invoke tradition to
00:17:16justify their of
00:17:17decisions.
00:17:18it,
00:17:24populists use make this idea that things used to be better, so we're going
00:17:27back. the other question is
00:17:31to what extent is nostalgia make people less politically
00:17:34engaged? does it become retreat? "I'd rather sit
00:17:38in my room and mess around with cultural artifacts from the
00:17:41past, but nostalgia can also be
00:17:44mobilizing. If I feel that certain things have been
00:17:47lost, that some aspects the past were better or more
00:17:51desirable, whether it's a stronger welfare state, job
00:17:54security, affordable housing, whatever, then I can project those
00:17:58aspirations into the future as well, dann auch in die
00:18:02Zukunft
00:18:03projiziere."
00:18:07were then, and more about what we're searching for today.
00:18:11old family photographs convey ideas of community, caring
00:18:15for older generations and sharing knowledge and
00:18:18experience. back in mila's studio, the old
00:18:22film is finally ready. i think our visitors
00:18:26arrived, let's see
00:18:30what's on it. you're just in time, we just finished
00:18:33developing it, crap.
00:18:37"there's still something on there, but the roll wasn't completely
00:18:39finished. the photographs were taken
00:18:43by a younger relative using the grandmother's camera, everyday
00:18:47scenes. maybe this is grenoble,
00:18:51somewhere in town, maybe my cousin was walking around there with the
00:18:54camera. here they're sitting together at the table,
00:18:58see? it's really nice to see something that probably nobody
00:19:02else in the family
00:19:03has seen until now. was wahrscheinlich noch keiner bis jetzt gesehen hat
00:19:06von der." moment that
00:19:10seems to explain something about our understanding of
00:19:13time, much like old family stories, we relegate
00:19:17analog media to the past, but is the past really
00:19:21behind us? perhaps that's what analog media
00:19:24promises? can nostalgia give us a useful perspective
00:19:28for the
00:19:28future? i
00:19:32think we need to critically question the past, but also be able to say,
00:19:36hey, there were good things.
00:20:09At spin times different layers seem to merge,
00:20:13focused listening, analog warmth and the perfect instagram
00:20:16shot. Being fully present with analog sound is
00:20:20reminder that looking back isn't always about escaping the
00:20:24here and
00:20:24now. Whether
00:20:28we want it or not, the future is coming, and it's not all
00:20:31bad. In early 2027, the European space
00:20:35agency is planning to launch mission with an ambitious goal: to
00:20:39find the ultimate getaway destination, a planet that's
00:20:43similar earth.
00:20:47distant star, thousands of
00:21:20It's really amazing. The European Space
00:21:24Agency is about to open a new window onto the universe. It
00:21:28space telescope play-doh was assembled its facility in the
00:21:30Netherlands. Using a model, the heads the missions
00:21:34scientific and technical teams explain the telescope, which is
00:21:38equipped with 26
00:21:39cameras.
00:21:44will be capable of discovering earth-like planet orbiting a sun like star,
00:21:48something previous missions couldn't do.
00:21:49We're not taking beautiful images the sky, what we're
00:21:53really doing is measuring the brightness of
00:21:55stars. basically we observe stars and
00:21:59their light intensity and how that intensity changes over
00:22:02time. when a planet passes in front of its star during its
00:22:06orbit, light intensity drops, from that we can infer the planet's
00:22:10mass, radius and orbital
00:22:12characteristics.
00:22:15is designed to detect rocky planets like earth.
00:22:28Only a little over 100 them are small planets for which we have
00:22:31reliable density measurements, so when it comes to small
00:22:35planets, there is still huge gaps in our knowledge, in other
00:22:38words, we still know almost nothing. Inside
00:22:42clean room at ESA's facility in the Netherlands, engineers
00:22:46and scientists tested the spacecraft built in Brayman and
00:23:20is vibrations and shocks during launch are enormous and once the
00:23:24satellite is deployed in space, its power supply also has to
00:23:28work flawlessly. we are talking about 3 kw or 300
00:23:31watts and for this reason we have the sunshial and solar rais, so
00:23:35we are talking about a structure that is folded, we launch it folded, but
00:23:39it will open a space, and we are talking about 9 meters from one point to
00:23:43another, we need all the surface in order to fulfill the requirements and
00:23:47power the spacecraft. the greatest. technical challenge
00:23:51was the optical bench, it carries the 26 cameras that
00:23:55will simultaneously observe thousands of
00:23:57stars. We have to
00:24:01ensure the telescopes and cameras aren't looking directly at the
00:24:04sun, that's why we have the sun shield at the back. We always
00:24:08have to fly in such a way that the sun shield blocks the
00:24:11sun. From
00:24:15space, play-doh will measure the effect planets have when they pass in
00:24:19front their.
00:24:50contributed to it over the course of decade, and a European
00:24:54rocket, the Ariana 6 will carry the space telescope
00:24:57into orbit. i really hope we find
00:25:01earth-like planet where we can say, yes, liquid water could
00:25:05exist there, and therefore there's also the possibility of
00:25:08life. observations will be used
00:25:12to create a catalog of as many earthlike planets as
00:25:15possible. if every second star has an earthlike
00:25:19planet, believe we'll find one, but I want emphasize that we
00:25:22simply don't know, there's no reliable estimate of how many such
00:25:26planets actually exist, we have talked lot of gaya,
00:25:30james web, I hope that also plateau will be also in the same constellation
00:25:34that the people will see really, okay, we have detected another earth
00:25:38like, we are quite sure that it is there, early
00:25:412027, Plateau will be launched into space to begin
00:25:45its search,
00:25:49that's all this time. Around from the world of science, technology and
00:25:52history, but we hope to see you again soon tomorrow
00:25:56today. Bye for
00:25:57now.