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00:00:00products,
00:00:03you have to be much better than the competition,
00:00:07congratulations, you got the role, but we admit,
00:00:10the most important origin, because with
00:00:13us, the main roles are only given to originals from
00:00:17Croatian fields, domestic in the main
00:00:20role,
00:00:21Podravka.
00:00:42More air conditioners, more data centers, more electric
00:00:46cars, around the world, we're using more and more
00:00:49electricity,
00:00:51but there's good news, wind and solar power are stepping up to
00:00:55meet that demand. Less fossil fuels, more
00:00:58renewables, the green. Energy transition is underway
00:01:02and scientists are working on something even bigger, nuclear
00:01:06fusion. It's a potential game changer, unlimited energy
00:01:09emission free.
00:01:13Join us for electrifying insights on this edition of
00:01:16DW Science Show. Welcome to Tomorrow
00:01:19Today.
00:01:22What does a donut have to do with the sun? What does a
00:01:25blowpipe have to do with a furnace? And what happened on
00:01:28May 22nd,
00:01:3125, a really exciting day here at the Institute, it was top
00:01:35notch, but first things
00:01:38first, let's start with our everburning star and a
00:01:42question, can the sun's fusion process be replicated
00:01:46to produce energy here on earth? scientists have
00:01:49been trying and failing to achieve this for
00:01:52decades. we still don't have commercial fusion
00:01:56reactors, but we do have research facilities.
00:02:00like Wendelstein 7x in northeast Germany, it
00:02:03was purpose built to develop accelerator, a giant machine
00:02:07named after the latin word for star. Since
00:02:11May, it's been a world record holder in fusion
00:02:13research, a title earned after months of
00:02:16experimentation.
00:02:21We noticed things were going well, it was like, that
00:02:24works and that works, so let's try this
00:02:27too. We were still improving.
00:03:00Here's how it works: inside the machine is vacuum
00:03:04chamber shaped like twisted
00:03:06donnut.
00:03:08Normally, a tiny amount of hydrogen enters as a gas through a
00:03:12valve and is heated to extreme
00:03:14temperatures.
00:03:17Microwaves then strike the hydrogen atoms,
00:03:20ionizing them and transforming the gas into a plasma,
00:03:24heated to tens of millions of degrees
00:03:26celsius. The plasma discharge then
00:04:00relied a new approach, instead of feeding hydrogen gas through
00:04:04a valve, researchers use tiny frozen hydrogen
00:04:07pellets,
00:04:12they're shot in through kind of blowpipe like the ones we made back in
00:04:15school, but these pellets are propelled by pressurized
00:04:18gas, they dissolve, melt and quickly vaporize
00:04:22becoming plasma, so there's a constant supply of plasma
00:04:26like shoveling coal into a furnace,
00:04:32The heat in this furnace is contained by magnetic fields
00:04:36generated by a complex array of
00:04:38magnets. They keep the plasma from touching the
00:04:42chamber walls because contact would cool it down
00:04:45instantly.
00:04:48defiance, of Designing the W7X magnet configuration required supercomputers and years of
00:04:52planning.
00:04:54So, when can we expect the first fusion reactor to go
00:04:58online?
00:05:42number of upgrades scheduled over the next few months,
00:05:46then W7X will be back and chasing new
00:05:50records.
00:05:55Did you know that nuclear fishing, the process behind nuclear power
00:05:58today is considered more dangerous than nuclear
00:06:02fusion. Fishing accidents can release massive
00:06:05amounts of radioactive material, as happened in
00:06:08Fukushima and Chernoble.
00:06:11Fusion is safer. doesn't produce high-level radioactive
00:06:14waste that must be stored safely for millennia,
00:06:18yet Finland is betting a future powered by nuclear
00:06:21fishion.
00:06:26the alquiloato peninsula on finland's west coast is
00:06:30one of the country's most important energy hubs. it's
00:06:33home to three nuclear reactor units, the newest one went
00:06:37into commercial operation in 2023. the turbine
00:06:41hall is where the massive... Generators are located, they're driven
00:06:45by heat from the reactor, which is how the electricity is
00:06:48produced.
00:06:51Alchiloto 3 has capacity of 1600
00:06:54megwts, making it one of the largest nuclear reactors in the
00:06:58EU. The facility covers about 14% of
00:07:01Finland's electricity production.
00:07:04The company's press officer says public concerns were
00:07:07minimal. We have been measuring for 40 years
00:07:10this, what people. fear and what what how do they like
00:07:14nuclear power and uh they they like
00:07:18nuclear power lot today, they are not afraid of the
00:07:21waste, it's not a major concern anymore, we have
00:07:25solution here in alkilot, so the support for
00:07:28nuclear is good in every
00:07:31party, but there were some problems here
00:07:34too, construction was supposed to last from 2005 to
00:07:382009, but in the end it took 14 additional years.
00:07:43the project was plagued with delays including loose parts in the
00:07:46turbine and issues with the instrumentation and control
00:07:50system. after multiple repairs, the final costted
00:07:5311 billion euros, about four times the original
00:07:56budget. so we were we were pioneers, so there was
00:08:00a long break that nobody was building here in western
00:08:04Europe nuclear power,
00:08:06so the readiness to build was not
00:08:10very good and... so the power plant was new
00:08:13design and it was uh not
00:08:17designed in detail level, so
00:08:21plans were changed during the project, but
00:08:24there were no protests over the delays and soaring
00:08:27costs, and now the new plant is delivering
00:08:31electricity to the country, as in
00:08:33France, in Finland, nuclear energy is considered green
00:08:37energy, the operator has proudly called the new
00:08:41reactor Finland's
00:09:12the long timelines they involve, and if you
00:09:15also look at the economic costs of renewables today, and
00:09:19compare that to investments in new nuclear power plants
00:09:22and other options, then I believe renewables will
00:09:26ultimately have an enormous cost advantage over other
00:09:29concepts.
00:09:32Finland though, has chosen the path of nuclear
00:09:35power. Here, people are convinced that ultimately
00:09:39electricity will be far cheaper with nuclear power. than
00:09:42without it, the finish operators don't
00:09:45understand Germany's nuclear phase out, because big
00:09:49country like Germany, very big country, so if you
00:09:53want to reach reach 100% renewables
00:09:56and electricity systems, we haven't seen
00:10:00it yet in a big country, so all the best for the
00:10:03for this challenging effort
00:10:06that uh that you can hopefully
00:10:10do without nuclear power, but the...
00:10:12Our solution is is nuclear and renewables
00:10:16together. The finns have also found solution
00:10:19for the nuclear waste. Geologist Johanna
00:10:23Savunan is on her way. to the construction site near the power
00:10:26plants. At more than 450 meters
00:10:30below ground, the world's first permanent repository for
00:10:34high-level radioactive waste is taking
00:10:36shape.
00:10:40Underground tunnels will soon store spent fuel rods for thousands of
00:10:43years. The nuclear waste bunker has attracted
00:10:47worldwide attention.
00:10:50I feel proud, I feel proud that we are taking action in a
00:10:54difficult. and not just waiting for some
00:10:58others to show the way. I feel that this
00:11:01is an issue that needs to be solved, and I'm I feel proud that
00:11:05Finland is doing exactly that.
00:11:08300 meters long and carved into granite bedrock,
00:11:12the tunnels will one day store highly radioactive nuclear
00:11:15waste. An elevator will bring the copper canisters
00:11:19filled with spent fuel elements down into the
00:11:22repository. Each canister. will be placed in a
00:11:26hole, the holes and the tunnel will be plugged with
00:11:29bentonite, and the tunnel finally will be sealed with
00:11:32concrete. the onkalo repository will go
00:11:36online in 2026. the
00:11:38waste will remain here for over 100 thousand years until
00:11:42it is only minimally radioactive.
00:11:45radioactive waste is quite a
00:11:49difficult subject and people don't know lot about
00:11:52it, so people tend to be..."
00:12:19energy independence, and over the past decades that's worked quite well
00:12:23thanks to their use of nuclear.
00:13:03apart from many countries in the world, including Finland, where
00:13:07the search followed a completely different process and the public debate was
00:13:11very
00:13:11different.
00:13:16Finland is the first country in the world to develop a long-term
00:13:20storage plan for its nuclear
00:13:21waste
00:13:24and The Reactors in Orkiluoto will supply the
00:13:27fins with electricity for decades to
00:13:30come.
00:13:35By 2030, Germany aims to generate 80%
00:13:39of its electricity from renewables like wind and solar
00:13:43power. A key part of this green energy
00:13:47transition is battery storage. It
00:13:50stores excess energy for later use when demand is high.
00:13:54That helps.
00:14:25sense, we're a business, so it has to pay off. Kevin
00:14:28Galla is an electricity trader for major German
00:14:32energy company. Soon, he won't just be selling
00:14:35electricity from gas and hard cold power plants, he'll also
00:14:38be buying and storing it.
00:14:42By spring 2026, new battery system will be running
00:14:46here. It can deliver 50 megaws of
00:14:49electricity, about the output of a small gas
00:14:53plant for 4 hours.
00:14:57because it's plugged straight into the grid, the battery can store
00:15:01surplus renewable power and release it when demand
00:15:04rises, turning those swings into
00:15:06profit.
00:15:10ultimately we're taking a business risk, but we believe
00:15:13flexibility is key for the energy
00:15:15transition.
00:15:18right now it feels like a gold rush, prices on the power
00:15:22exchange fluctuate daily as seen from a... July weekly
00:15:25chart: during the day, solar floods the
00:15:29grid and prices drop. In the
00:15:32evening and early morning, fossil plants ramp up and prices
00:15:35rise. Battery storage. systems profit from those
00:15:39swings, think of it like squirrels gathering
00:15:42nuts, we trade every 15 minutes, often the same
00:15:46energy again and again, sometimes it's
00:15:49just tiny price differences, but over time you scoop up the
00:15:52returns. this business model has been tested for about
00:15:5610 years with a 15 megaw hour pilot system.
00:16:00german grid operators have received speculative requests for battery
00:16:04projects totaling 500 gigaw above the
00:16:07country's peak demand. if all were built, their combined
00:16:11capacity could, for few hours, match the output of
00:16:14roughly 500 nuclear power
00:16:16plants.
00:16:19with growing flexibility, more storage systems and more co-locations,
00:16:23meaning more pairing of renewable plants with ensight battery
00:16:26storage, the price gaps will gradually
00:16:28disappear.
00:16:33on April 28th, 2025, Spain and
00:16:36Portugal were hit by massive blackout.
00:16:39Volters spiked beyond safe limits, shutting down over
00:16:4320 gigawatts of plants, including four nuclear
00:16:46reactors. The grid's heartbeat its
00:16:49frequency became unstable. Could
00:16:52battery storage systems have prevented
00:16:54it?
00:16:56We've observed the same thing that happened in Spain and Portugal here in our control
00:17:00room
00:17:01gesehen.
00:17:05CTO at transmission grid operator. helps
00:17:08keep Germany's grid stable, he says a
00:17:11blackout like the one that happened in Spain and Portugal can't happen in
00:17:15Germany thanks to backup systems. But if
00:17:18batteries are to join that safety net, they must do more than store
00:17:22energy. They need to help steady the grid's pulse by
00:17:25supplying reactive power on
00:17:27demand.
00:17:30You can think of reactive power like lubricant and an
00:17:33engine. An engine needs oil to run smoothly.
00:18:37Once they're gone, reactive power won't come automatically,
00:18:41so a formal market needs to secure supply.
00:18:45The big question is, can batteries deliver during the dark duldrums,
00:18:49those long stretches with little sun or
00:18:51wind?
00:18:54Battery storage is being put to the test here, what role
00:18:57will they play in tomorrow's energy system? With mega
00:19:01batteries on the rise, do we even need new backup gas
00:19:05plants at all?
00:19:37Grid came under pressure. These energy charts show which
00:19:41plants supplied power and how much. Up to November
00:19:441st, wind was strong, but in the following days it
00:19:48dropped.
00:19:50The weak winter sun didn't add much.
00:19:54Gas plants stepped in with up to 15 gigawatts
00:19:58and coal also ramped up to about 20
00:20:00gigawatts.
00:20:05Two weeks later, the wind return.
00:21:20Batteries have the edge for short-term energy
00:21:22storage. By contrast, hydrogen
00:21:26can hold huge amounts of energy for months,
00:21:29but producing hydrogen takes a lot of energy,
00:21:33ideally from renewable sources. That's what makes
00:21:37it green hydrogen, and it's being produced in
00:21:40places you might not
00:21:41expect.
00:21:46The Fuffenhofen wastewater plant does more than treats sewing.
00:23:27It's still a pilot program, but one day it could
00:23:30supply the region for five days when renewables fall
00:23:34short. Green transition expert Florion
00:23:37egley likes the idea, but says that even at scale it
00:23:41won't produce enough hydrogen to decarbonize heavy industry like
00:23:45steel production. That's why government and industry are looking to
00:23:48hydrogen from Africa.
00:24:50so the question remains where else could it come from? either way, it
00:24:54will cost more.
00:24:56Eggly study says investment costs are the main reason prices will
00:25:00sore. interest rates are now much higher than the
00:25:03expected 4 to8%. in Sudan rates are over
00:25:0726%. These unexpectedly high
00:25:11costs for green hydrogen from Africa could slow Europe's
00:25:14shift to clean energy in heavy industry. And
00:25:18that means sustainability.
00:25:50could help make some African projects possible and bring
00:25:53benefits to both Africa and
00:25:56Europe.
00:26:01What are stars made of?
00:26:03how many colors can butterflies see? could
00:26:06robots have babies one day? do you
00:26:10have science question? then send it to us as a
00:26:13video, text or voice message. if we answer
00:26:16it in the show, then we'll send you a little gift as a thank
00:26:20you, so just
00:26:21ask.
00:26:27that's all for now, but we hope you'll join us again next
00:26:30time for more exciting stories. from the world of science and
00:26:33technology here tomorrow today
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