Google Cloud Speech-to-Text API (Chirp) + Gemini 2.5 Flash Non-Thinking. Treat it as a searchable index of what was broadcast, not a quotation record.
00:00:04This may be the biggest football pitch in the
00:00:06world. It wouldn't fit inside a stadium, so it's
00:00:10being marked out a polo field
00:00:12instead.
00:00:15Even the goals are supersized, about
00:00:1825% larger than usual. Everything's set
00:00:22a stroke of luck to make a for two Super League youth teams here in Switzerland to give it a
00:00:25test. They take a look at the oversized
00:00:28setup.
00:00:31too big, it'll be a
00:00:33challenge.
00:00:36To put men under the same conditions that women face,
00:00:40everything has to scale
00:00:41up.
00:00:46a system designed to slow the melting of This pitch is 132 meters long and 84 meters wide. A standard
00:00:49pitch is just 105 by 68
00:00:52meters.
00:00:56These numbers come from research conducted by Ragna Stalsberg.
00:01:04just calculated the first things on paper with pen on
00:01:08paper and uh found
00:01:12out how how big would the goal be,
00:01:15that was the first thing if it would be the
00:01:19same for a goalkeeper and woman
00:01:21goalkeeper as for a man.
00:01:25women play football under the same rules as men, even though they
00:01:29don't. share the same physical traits. For
00:01:32example, average women are shorter and have less muscle
00:01:36mass.
00:01:38This experiment aims to close that gap by flipping the
00:01:42conditions.
00:01:45So how do these two youth teams cope with what women deal with in every
00:01:49game? They're covering far more ground than usual, so the pace
00:01:52picks up slowly, and the ball is bigger and 200
00:01:56grams heavier, another layer of challenge.
00:02:04"the ball was custom made for this experiment based on the
00:02:08Norwegian studies specs on the
00:02:11right for comparison a standard ball used by both
00:02:14men and women which is noticeably smaller and
00:02:17lighter.
00:02:19it takes 56 minutes, not 45 to reach
00:02:22halftime. The players are
00:02:25exhausted.
00:02:28that was awful, what women go?". through
00:02:30is
00:02:33crazy, my legs can really feel
00:02:36it, it was tough, especially the
00:02:39ball, and the size of the pitch, it's huge,
00:02:43women's football absolutely deserves our
00:02:44respect.
00:02:49and on it goes with the second half,
00:02:53at least the oversized goal means more scoring chances. With
00:02:56shots this high, the goalkeeper doesn't stand a chance.
00:03:02For women, goals like this are standard. You can see it
00:03:06when goalkeeper Tamara Baman trains on a regular sized
00:03:09goal, and it's not just the height that
00:03:11matters.
00:03:14You can see it here, a man might reach that with his foot, she has to dive for it,
00:03:18using her foot isn't an
00:03:19option.
00:03:24Now they flip the setup, a smaller goal scaled for women
00:03:28who average 1 meter 70.
00:03:30height.
00:03:32it measures 6 meters 76 wide and 2
00:03:36meters 25 high, about 15% smaller than
00:03:40standard.
00:03:43And sure enough, with fairly sized goal, it's noticeably
00:03:47harder for the coach to
00:03:48score.
00:03:57you can tell it's smaller, it's cool, save balls you
00:04:00normally wouldn't reach.
00:04:04Even though it's fun, this goalie still prefers the bigger
00:04:08goals.
00:04:13back to the men on the giant pitch,
00:04:17the final whistle after 112 minutes,
00:04:20but the score is tied, so now it's penalties on the
00:04:24mega
00:04:24goal.
00:04:30Game over, what's the player's
00:04:32verdict? It was fun, but
00:04:35exhausting.
00:04:41We show the Norwegian research team the supersize experiment. What
00:04:44do they think? It's so difficult to get the
00:04:48ball to move. This is not only about
00:04:51football, it's also about uh, being fair
00:04:55to women. We were just making
00:04:58together, because there are only a handful of a point, making, yeah. a statement so that
00:05:01people would understand about the differences.
00:05:05a fresh perspective on women's football, something this unique
00:05:09experiment definitely delivers.
00:05:15and now to a discovery that made headlines around the
00:05:18world, an Italian biologist accidentally
00:05:21found out that certain worms can eat plastic and
00:05:25they might help tackle our growing waste problem.
00:05:29We visited the scientists to find out what it takes beyond
00:05:35discovery like
00:05:36this.
00:05:40Everything about these animals is fascinating.
00:05:42they seem resistant to everything, to lack of oxygen, to
00:05:46cold. I mean, this is not scientifically proven
00:05:49yet. These are just observations, but if you
00:05:53keep them at 4° Celsius for many weeks, they don't
00:05:56die, they survive and they
00:05:58recover.
00:06:02For people who don't work with insects to be honest, they're not very
00:06:06appealing. They look like the fly larvae you'd use for
00:06:09fishing.
00:06:12but then you explain, but once you explain what they're capable of, people start to
00:06:16soften, they get curious getting
00:06:19interesting. at some point you stop seeing the worm is just a
00:06:23worm, and you start seeing the potential behind
00:06:25it.
00:06:30I'm a biologist and co-founder of a startup called Plastic
00:06:34Entropy, based here. I
00:06:36work on plastic
00:06:39degradation.
00:06:50They can help us solve the problem of all this plastic around
00:06:53us,
00:06:55to get rid of it, transform it into something that isn't a poison
00:06:59for us for humans.
00:07:02I realized the worms were making holes in the plastic, and not just holes, I
00:07:06could make those with my finger, but actually transforming it into something
00:07:10different.
00:07:12I've always liked the environment, maybe it's a way escape the lab where you spend your
00:07:16entire life at the microscope.
00:07:19So I developed this hobby beekeeping. I'm an amateur
00:07:23beekeeper,
00:07:26and as it happens, beehives are often plagued by insects, the wax
00:07:30worm.
00:07:33One day I was cleaning a beehive and tossed the worms infesting my
00:07:36beehive into a plastic bag. Within
00:07:4040 minutes, half an hour, I noticed holes in. Back then
00:07:43my curiosity became unstoppable. Had to investigate
00:07:46it.
00:07:48we found enzymes, we found enzymes which the worms have in their
00:07:51saliva, and when these enzymes are isolated and
00:07:55reproduced in the lab, they can actually break down
00:07:58plastic. The major achievement was the discovery
00:08:02of those enzymes, and now we'll start producing the protein in the
00:08:05lab. That's when you feel really happy. When we
00:08:09made the first discovery, I wasn't employed. We managed
00:08:13to secure some funding, but it took two years to start
00:08:16again. Those two years and a bit were
00:08:19tough.
00:08:21We all know what's happening with plastic, there's no real solution. Most of
00:08:25it is burned or left to accumulate in the
00:08:27environment. Look at the numbers.
00:08:31Only about 9% is recycled all over the
00:08:34world, and even then the technology as it is now isn't
00:08:37good enough. You can recycle it only a couple of
00:08:41times. I never advocate for using worms
00:08:44directly. Yes, they can chew through plastic, but when you look
00:08:48at their feces, you find tiny molecular microplastic
00:08:52residues.
00:08:54You don't want to release millions of worms in an uncontrolled way,
00:08:58because then you have to collect the feces. You need a highly
00:09:01controlled environment to do that. That's why I
00:09:05advocate for the
00:09:06enzymes.
00:09:09Industry wants a solution in six months, something
00:09:13economically viable, but we can't provide that, we can't
00:09:17compete with incineration, with burning with the
00:09:20burning, it's been tough and it's been tough, knowing what I
00:09:24know now, maybe I would have thought twice, it's been a real
00:09:27challenge, really a challenge.
00:09:31worms, proteins, worms, proteins,
00:09:34polymers, degradation, didn't know anything about those
00:09:37topics, and when I don't know something, I
00:09:40collaborate, to collaboration.
00:09:43I'm not afraid to make a mistake, sometimes I make a mistake and think, wow,
00:09:47that wasn't great, but it doesn't matter because you learn from
00:09:50it. My connection with RAMs started a few years ago when
00:09:54I came here to give a TED Talk at Scenpool near
00:09:57Rams. That was interesting. Eventually we moved
00:10:00here, we're based an incubator and get a little bit of
00:10:03funding, environmental funding. We should all
00:10:07work together, really stick
00:10:10these animals and we're still.
00:10:13more, but there's no coordinated field, we've never had a meeting
00:10:17to get all of us together, that's what we need, because everyone working on their
00:10:21own won't get us anywhere.
00:10:33Working together is also vital for adapting to climate
00:10:37change. For example, how can we keep permafrost from
00:10:40melting? When it thaws, frozen ground
00:10:44turns soft and unstable, posing a real risk,
00:10:47but there's a technology that could help make mountain peaks safe
00:10:51again.
00:10:55High in the Swiss Alps, the ground is thawing, and earth
00:10:59that should be solid is starting to shift. To
00:11:02keep the summit station on Piz Nair safe and
00:11:05stable, a crew is drilling for a thermosiphon,
00:11:11the permafrost. It's the first of its kind in the Alps
00:11:14and still
00:11:15untested.
00:11:21To stabilize the permafrost beneath the building and the cable car station.
00:12:25Next, the thermosiphon will slide into these bore
00:12:27holes. Its job is to prevent waste heat from the
00:12:31station from damaging the
00:12:33permafrost.
00:12:35The sealed pipes contain compressed carbon
00:12:38dioxide. In the winter, when the ground is warmer than
00:12:41the air, liquid CO2 at the bottom heats
00:12:45up, evaporates and rises as gas.
00:12:48Above ground, the condenser cools the gas, turning it back into
00:12:52liquid, which flows down again. This cycle
00:12:55continuously draws heat from the ground and just few degrees
00:12:58colder makes all the
00:12:59difference.
00:13:03The thermosiphon uses no external energy, so it's
00:13:06cost-effective and eco-friendly,
00:13:10but it only works when the air is colder than the
00:13:12ground.
00:13:16in the winter the ground should cool down enough so that the temperature there stays
00:13:20below the freezing point, and the ice survives the
00:13:23summer.
00:13:26This system gives nature a boost by removing
00:13:29heat from the ground, making the ground colder than it would
00:13:32naturally
00:13:33be.
00:13:40The Piz Nair project is turning heads in the cable car
00:13:43industry and among
00:13:45scientists.
00:13:53Ich find das Projekt sehr.
00:14:25heroes in this underground cooling system.
00:14:28whether and how well it works in the Alps will only become
00:14:32clear once next year's data comes
00:14:34in.
00:14:38climate change in the ocean means rising water
00:14:41temperatures, less oxygen and dying fish and
00:14:45corals. Fighting this is a race against
00:14:49time, something thatman
00:14:51knows well. The professional sailor competes in races of... around the
00:14:55globe, collecting scientific data for ocean research along
00:14:59the way, and now he's turned a sailboat into a
00:15:02very special research
00:15:04vessel.
00:15:07the Coughur in the south of France. Boris Harman's
00:15:11research sailboat, the Malitia Explorer is its maiden
00:15:14voyage. Friends, supporters and scientists are on
00:15:17board along with the skipper in a special mission
00:15:20gear.
00:15:23we're designing our own workout. Three
00:15:37yachts, boss Hamman loves the variety of
00:15:41boats here. The yacht club is a founding partner of
00:15:44sailing team, and now the setting for the boat's
00:15:47christening. it takes a firm swing to
00:15:51finally send the champagne down the hole. The ship's
00:15:55godmother is 89-year-old Sylvia Earl, an American
00:15:58pioneer of ocean research. We
00:16:01know that we're in trouble, that the ocean is in trouble. We've
00:16:05seen about half of the life. extracted from the
00:16:08ocean during my lifetime, that's not
00:16:12good news, the only good news is we know this,
00:16:16we can measure it. The new research vessel is a labor of
00:16:20love, it's 26 meters long and has an aluminum
00:16:23hull. Helmon gives us a tour. The
00:16:27stern can fold all the way open, which gives us a big loading
00:16:30platform.
00:16:32The yacht has room for three crew members and eight
00:16:35scientists. It's designed for.
00:17:07It's 20 years old, but our team has knocked it into
00:17:10shape.
00:17:15French researcher Lea Olivier from Germany's
00:17:18Alfred Begna Institute, is the first scientist on board. She
00:17:22keeps an eye on the readings from the ship measurement station, which
00:17:26continuously records temperature, salinity and carbon dioxide levels
00:17:29in the seawater. I a big expert on the CO2 for
00:17:33example, and one of the things that keep changing is that the values keep getting.
00:17:37higher and higher, so I'm always scared that it's my machine that is not working, but I realize
00:17:41that it's not my machine that is not working, is that because we keep increasing the
00:17:45concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere, it's also translated
00:17:48in the ocean. The findings are unsettling, the oceans
00:17:52appear far more affected by climate change than we thought.
00:17:55Olivier is planning the vessel's first big mission. She's
00:17:59convinced that sailboats have a real future in ocean
00:18:02research.
00:18:04They can go very close to shore, they can go very close to ice. For
00:18:07example, but also when we're a climate scientist, it's
00:18:11very important to reduce carbon footprints, and so using
00:18:15sales is very important for me,
00:18:18because we can do our research at the lower climate
00:18:21cost. has brought many renowned marine institutes
00:18:25on board as partners. Research funding and sponsorships are
00:18:29meant to cover the costs.
00:18:32The first mission will focus on the Southern Ocean and
00:18:35Antarctica, but wants to use the sailboat to raise
00:18:39awareness for climate
00:18:40protection.
00:18:43They head out from their glittering homeport of Monaco on their first
00:18:47voyage to help protect the
00:21:11Sweden, prison for 14 year olds,
00:21:15Switzerland, dangerous life in alpine valleys,
00:21:19London, cheap rents for building guardians.
00:21:39in Sweden become weapons. They are recruited even for
00:21:43the most serious crimes such as murder, because minors, if
00:21:46caught, face a much lower sentence. But the... Swedish
00:21:50government wants to stop this by lowering the age limit for going
00:21:53to prison. Initially, it was supposed to be 13 years, but after
00:21:57strong opposition, the limit was lowered to 14. However,
00:22:01the question is how to prevent children from becoming
00:22:04criminals at all?
00:22:06The Swedish Prime Minister boasted in his election campaign that the crime
00:22:10rate had decreased during his
00:22:12mandate.
00:22:20However, the number of young teenagers who have committed crimes for these gangs has
00:22:24increased. To put an end to this, the government has decided that in
00:22:28the future, 14-year-olds will also be able to be sentenced to prison.
00:22:31This is a controversial decision that many experts claim will
00:22:35not achieve the desired
00:22:37effect.
00:22:45In her latest research, Eva Lotta Nilsson asked
00:22:49vulnerable adolescents what would help them. They said,
00:22:53more adult support and parental involvement. In
00:22:56Gävle, social workers are trying to approach the problem
00:23:00holistically. This Swedish city was shocked last year by an incident
00:23:03in which a 13-year-old mercenary allegedly, on the orders of a
00:23:07large criminal organization, shot
00:23:09six people on the street. Rasmus Aksman and his team
00:23:13consider their visibility on the
00:23:15streets to be crucial.
00:23:55This worked in the case of this young man who wishes to remain
00:23:59anonymous. He is now 20 years old, but when he was
00:24:0213, his life could have taken a different course. If
00:24:06you are 13 years old and you're going to
00:24:09think, okay, money, girls, cool
00:24:13thing. Every time
00:24:15I did something wrong, they came, my parents,
00:24:18exactly.
00:24:24Today he has a job, as he says, with clean
00:24:27money, but despite such stories with happy endings,
00:24:30gangs continue to find ways to reach
00:24:33children.
00:24:37Calls from football trainers calling us that, oh man, we have all
00:24:40the guys coming to meet up these kids after they
00:24:43finished.
00:24:46Kamarina's message to the gangs is:
00:24:50on the football field we're going to be there, if you're going to be
00:24:53on the flea market when we have a party in town,
00:24:57well we are going to be there to make sure that you understand that we see
00:25:01you and you're going to see us as well, leave these
00:25:05kids alone. Social workers in Gävle do not believe that sending
00:25:0914-year-olds to prison will solve the problem of juvenile
00:25:13delinquency, but they hope that the steps they
00:25:16are taking can improve the situation.
00:25:21Finland does not want to allow any crisis to catch it
00:25:24unprepared. It has built a fence on the border with Russia, and
00:25:28a year after the Russian invasion of Ukraine, it became a member of the NATO
00:25:31alliance. Readiness is a state of mind and a national
00:25:35strategy in that Scandinavian country. Finland has
00:25:3850,000 shelters for citizens. One of the largest in
00:25:41Europe is Luola, a bunker inside a mountain.
00:25:45Entire settlements can fit in it. Here's how it
00:25:48looks then.
00:25:50Residents of the nearby city of Kuopio joined
00:25:54rescue services, volunteers and local authorities in the
00:25:57"Shelter 2026" campaign.
00:26:00Its goal is to examine whether an entire community can
00:26:04function in a shelter during a major crisis.
00:26:22At noon the exercise begins. For several hours
00:26:25the shelter is cut off from the outside world. How
00:26:28do people react when they are underground, how much water do they need,
00:26:32is the temperature bearable, can thousands of people
00:26:36organize their daily lives here? Officials say
00:26:39these questions can only be answered by
00:26:43such exercises. Volunteer Sonja
00:26:46Rajinika helps people to learn about one of
00:26:49the most important things, safe drinking water.
00:27:09Many Finns share this sense of responsibility. Finnish
00:27:13culture of readiness stems from the country's history
00:27:16and its geographical location.
00:27:19For many Finns, the Russian attack on Ukraine awakened
00:27:23memories of the Winter War of 1939
00:27:27and 1940, when Finland defended
00:27:30its independence from the Soviet Union.
00:27:33that conflict left a deep mark and is one of the reasons why
00:27:36readiness remains a national
00:27:39priority to this day. my grandfather fought
00:27:43in the war so that Finland could stay
00:27:46independent, so it is really important for me
00:27:50to pass Finland to the next
00:27:53generation. Now it's my watch and we are
00:27:56keeping safe. Russia is our neighbor, so we have learned
00:27:59from the Second World War that we we need.
00:28:12civil defense shelters, officials say that readiness
00:28:15today does not only mean preparing for armed
00:28:18conflict. One must be ready for cyber attacks,
00:28:22disinformation and other hybrid threats.
00:28:26prijetnje.
00:28:38Dozens of people will spend the night in the shelter. By morning the exercise
00:28:42will be over. The bunker will once again become a place for
00:28:46sports and recreation,
00:28:48but the message from Finland is clear: one should not
00:28:52start preparing for crises when they begin, one should
00:28:56always be ready for them.
00:28:59The foothills of the Alps are becoming a dangerous place to... live, glaciers
00:29:03are melting, mountains are collapsing and threatening
00:29:06human settlements in the valley. Last year, a glacier
00:29:09collapsed and almost completely buried the Swiss village of
00:29:13Blatten. But people still remain in the Alps and build their
00:29:16future there. Why is emigration from the Alpine valleys in
00:29:20Switzerland a taboo topic?
00:29:24In Sankt Niklaus, new apartments are being built only 20 km
00:29:27from Blatten, which was swallowed by an avalanche of rocks and
00:29:31mud. Life
00:29:33goes on, but the danger still threatens.
00:29:37Andreas Kattner experienced it firsthand.
00:29:40In winter, a piece of rock broke
00:29:43off the mountain. Most of the rocks fell on a nearby sports
00:29:47field. But one piece of rock crossed the railway track at the edge
00:29:50of his property and fell on his
00:29:54father-in-law's house.
00:29:56Fortunately uninhabited, unlike others in
00:29:59the neighborhood.
00:30:34Above Sankt Niklaus and its narrow, steep valley
00:30:38tower mountain peaks 4,500
00:30:41meters high. The rocks on the slopes are cracked,
00:30:45and if they start to crumble, they can rush into
00:30:49the valley. But what does that mean for its
00:30:52inhabitants? Should the settlement be demolished
00:30:56and moved from here because of this? In the case of Blatten, they decided.