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00:00:30Saturn's largest moon, Titan. In Titan's cluster, there are large areas of liquid
00:00:34lakes, but Titan's
00:00:38lakes are different from Earth's. The liquid inside
00:00:42is not water, but is mainly composed of methane.
00:00:45And NASA has created a planetary wave model to simulate
00:00:49the wave state of this methane lake, and the results show
00:00:53that just a little bit of wind can make Titan's methane
00:00:56lakes generate huge waves. Saturn
00:01:00has beautiful rings, and among its many moons, the largest
00:01:04is this one with a thick atmosphere, also known as Titan.
00:01:07Titan's climate,
00:01:11and the surface environment, I just said it has lakes, right?
00:01:15And clouds.
00:01:16。
00:01:19It's not made of water. So,
00:01:26it's a bit like the environment of Earth.
00:01:30Besides some similarities in topography with Earth, Titan is also the only known
00:01:34celestial body to have liquid on its surface. However, Titan's
00:01:38lakes are very different from Earth's. The liquid inside is not water.
00:01:42If there were water on Titan, then
00:01:44.
00:01:54Take that, that, on Titan, these
00:01:58fake bowls on top.
00:03:30even thicker.
00:04:30In order to uncover more mysteries, models like these can allow scientists
00:04:34to have a better understanding and control of the environment
00:04:37on Titan or other celestial bodies, and can better prepare
00:04:41and plan for future explorations. plans.
00:04:43。
00:04:46Let's look at how such land cracks appeared on Mars.
00:04:50NASA's Curiosity rover released the latest
00:04:54topographic images of Mars, and we can see a large area of regularly arranged
00:04:57polygonal patterns that resemble
00:05:00dragon scales. These are not relics of alien civilizations,
00:05:04but mysterious marks left by geological evolution. So what does this
00:05:07discovery signify, and how does it prove that Mars
00:05:11once had similar
00:05:42The original layer showed a wide range of regularly arranged polygonal patterns, and
00:05:46their appearance resembled dragon scales or honeycomb structures.
00:05:50In fact, it has a more standard name.
00:05:53It's not a large area like
00:06:03the common ones we see on Earth, those very large ones.
00:06:06In fact, similar polygonal patterns were not discovered
00:06:10on Mars for the first time.
00:06:13As early as 2017 and 2023, similar
00:06:16topographic features were photographed separately. features.
00:06:18The discovery of a large area
00:06:28was similar to what was discovered in 2023.
00:06:31According to statistics, there are about several thousand. So we first
00:06:33observed similar ones in 2017.
00:06:35In addition to continuing to search for more data,
00:06:39scientists are also actively analyzing the causes of the formation of hexagonal
00:06:59landforms on Mars. Typically, this must occur in areas
00:07:03with high clay content, after repeated cycles of water absorption
00:07:07and expansion, followed by shrinkage due to drying,
00:07:11which then leads to the appearance of cracks along the edges.
00:07:15A study by the University of Prague in 2023
00:07:18pointed out that these mud cracks with crooked corners
00:07:22are related to repeated cycles of wet and dry environments.
00:07:26And according to the rate of formation, these repeated cycles
00:07:30may need to last for at least several thousand years
00:07:33or more. On Earth, for example,
00:07:37we can see them, for instance, in the delta
00:07:41region of a river mouth.
00:08:44This information, and they hope that one day humans can truly unravel this century-old mystery.
00:08:47Recently, a meteorite exploded over the northeastern
00:08:51United States, and many residents heard a huge explosion.
00:08:55NASA also confirmed that the meteorite entered
00:08:58the atmosphere at a speed of about 120,000 kilometers per hour, and then broke up
00:09:02at high altitude, releasing energy equivalent to
00:09:05300 tons of TNT.
00:09:07On a quiet Saturday afternoon,
00:09:11after entering the atmosphere,
00:09:42it broke up at an altitude of about 64 kilometers above the surface,
00:09:46releasing energy equivalent to 300 tons of TNT. Satellites also recorded
00:09:50the huge flash emitted by
00:09:52the explosion.
00:10:07But the US Geological Survey did not detect an earthquake. Local astronomers also
00:10:11stated that
00:10:28astronomers do not rule out the possibility of it landing on the surface, but they judge that it is more likely to land in the open sea.
00:10:32The Massachusetts Department of Public Safety also pointed out that despite receiving a large number of reports,
00:10:36it did not pose any threat to the public. threat.
00:10:38Next up, we'll show you how NASA has launched a space
00:10:42telescope project, which has compiled this spectacular new
00:10:46technical map on an unprecedented scale. Let's take a break
00:10:49and we'll be right back. right back.
00:10:52Dreams come from
00:15:12NASA launched a new mission in 2025. This space telescope
00:15:16is like a wide-angle camera in the universe, helping
00:15:19humanity understand more about galaxy evolution and galactic
00:15:23chemical composition. And recently, it successfully mapped out a
00:15:27spectacular interstellar ice map. Unlike the ice we see
00:15:31on Earth, these new technical ice formations not only cover
00:15:34an area of 600 light-years, but also their composition.
00:16:07So if we want to observe these new technical rings or interstellar
00:16:11ice, we must use infrared
00:16:14light to observe them. Recently, SphereX has mapped out this
00:16:18spectacular technical ice map on an unprecedented scale.
00:16:22Through infrared observations,
00:16:25we can see that the blue parts are interstellar
00:16:28ice existing in the giant molecular clouds of the Milky Way,
00:16:32and the coverage extends over 600
00:16:36light-years, which is quite vast. Unlike ice on Earth,
00:16:40the composition of these new ice types is relatively complex,
00:16:44including water, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methanol, ammonia,
00:16:47and possibly some organic molecules. In fact, ice on
00:16:51Earth is probably all water.
00:16:55That is, ice formed by water, but in the entire week,
00:16:58like so-called dry ice, and so-called oxidized states,
00:17:02in fact, all of these we can call a form of ice.
00:17:06It's just that when gas encounters a solid surface,
00:17:09it's a bit like the concept of frost forming inside our icebox,
00:17:13meaning when gas encounters the surface, it condenses and forms
00:17:17an ice shell. So, the main result of interstellar ice
00:17:20is a dust grain as its core, with an
00:17:24ice layer on its surface as its outer shell. In fact,
00:17:28this is not the first time humans have detected so-called
00:17:32interstellar ice. Previous Webb Space Telescope and the retired
00:17:36Spitzer Space
00:18:18Safire X can map the sky in 102 colors, with each color representing infrared light, thus providing unique information about the star-forming regions.
00:18:34By the end of 2025, Sphere X will have completed its first
00:19:38For example, in the interstellar dust map, in the most
00:19:41dense regions with the highest dust content, dense structures block
00:19:45visible light from background stars, forming a relatively
00:19:49dark region. And this time, Sphere X's infrared observations
00:19:52also show that in the most dense dust regions, the abundance
00:19:56of ice is also the highest. This supports the mainstream theory,
00:20:00which is that interstellar ice forms on the surface of tiny
00:20:04dust grains and is protected by a dense dust environment
00:20:50So the motivation that keeps me going is that I want to bring
00:20:54this back from abroad first.
00:20:55Just like
00:21:01the 23 million people in Taiwan, they all
00:21:04want to build a stable home here.
00:21:08Every Sunday, we bring you to find the moving power of Taiwan.
00:21:12Hi everyone,
00:23:31due to online rumors, has seen a large influx of illegal immigrants.
00:23:45Welcome back to Discover Science.
00:23:47It's the bitter taste of medicinal
00:23:50powder. At this time, capsules become the best emergency
00:23:54relief. However, did you know that their function is not
00:23:58only to mask the taste of medicine, but also to protect the medicine
00:24:02from being prematurely destroyed, and only react at the appropriate
00:24:05time? What are the raw materials of these capsules?
00:24:09And how are they broken down and absorbed by the human body?
00:24:13Let's explore together. When sick, doctors prescribe various
00:24:17medications, some of which are enough to make one frown just by smelling them.
00:24:50In fact, the most common material for capsules is gelatin. This
00:24:54is a natural substance obtained from animal skin, bones,
00:24:58or cartilage. That gelatin material is usually taken
00:25:01from pig bones, pig skin, and cowhide, but if
00:25:05it's just these things, it cannot be used directly.
00:25:09It needs to go through some processing. After scientists extract collagen
00:25:13from animals, through steps such as washing,
00:25:17boiling, concentrating, drying, and grinding. In this way,
00:26:53it becomes a water-soluble material, which is what is called plant-based HPMC capsules. In addition to having the characteristic of being usable by vegetarians,
00:26:57in fact, the greatest value of HPMC capsules is that they can be used
00:27:01for
00:28:02In fact, most capsules are broken down by the human body
00:28:06when they pass through the stomach.
00:28:07So these
00:28:10capsules are basically broken down by water.
00:28:14In the presence of stomach acid, water enters faster,
00:28:18so the decomposition speed is faster. We can say more precisely that
00:28:22water is responsible for dissolving these capsules, and acid provides
00:28:25a better environment for their decomposition. To verify that acid helps
00:28:29in capsule decomposition, it's actually very simple. The same capsule, if
00:28:33thrown into water, softens and decomposes slowly, but if acid
00:28:37is added to the water, it can greatly increase
00:28:41the speed at which the capsule is decomposed. Capsules, which are closely related to people's lives,
00:28:44actually hide interesting chemical principles behind them.
00:28:47Today on the program,
00:28:49we learned about Saturn's moon Titan. It is Saturn's
00:28:53largest moon, and also the only celestial body in the solar
00:28:57system, besides Earth, that has a large amount of liquid
00:29:01on its surface. NASA also proposed a brand new mission concept,
00:29:04called "The Telescope." They hope to use Titan
00:29:08as Earth's dark mirror, to inspire new thinking directions
00:29:12on carbon compounds and the origin of life on Earth.
00:29:15I'm Kevin Wu. Thank you for watching. Explore
00:29:19new scientific knowledge and experience scientific life. Please continue
00:29:23to tune in to Discover Science. We'll meet again.
00:29:25。