Google Cloud Speech-to-Text API (Chirp) + Gemini 2.5 Flash Non-Thinking. Treat it as a searchable index of what was broadcast, not a quotation record.
00:00:03work decisively to transform their economy and free it from
00:00:072013, NASA's astronaut the dependence on oil in decline. The
00:00:10Minister of Advanced Technology Saramiri leads
00:00:14this change: we diversify because we have to as a
00:00:18country, so that when one sector is affected, the
00:00:21other sectors are not. As for the demand for oil, yes,
00:00:25it will gradually decrease, but we will still have enough
00:00:28reserves. We learned this lesson even more
00:00:32about the importance of diversifying the economy during the Covid
00:00:35experience. Now, the space sector is considered one of
00:00:39the keys to establishing a knowledge-based economy.
00:00:43Today we are working to transfer this knowledge and promote the creation
00:00:47of a new
00:00:48find a way to be self-sufficient from private sector. The beginning of this special mission coincided with
00:00:53very circular system because in reality what the great turbulence led by young people in Arab countries. This caused a lot of
00:00:57instability and loss of opportunities for young people. The
00:01:00region, what we wanted to achieve was to take advantage of their
00:01:03capabilities and focus them towards a type of
00:01:06positive change that impacts
00:01:08society.
00:01:13The first goal was to reach Mars before December 2,
00:01:162021, which is the 50th anniversary of the creation
00:01:20of the United Arab Emirates. And the reason behind
00:01:22this was to send a very powerful message to the youth of the Emirates and
00:01:26also to those of all Arab countries that if a young nation like... The
00:01:30United Arab Emirates can reach Mars in less than 50 years, much more can be achieved.
00:01:47on Mars, um, in
00:01:54We live in a very harsh environment. We have limited water resources,
00:01:57we have limited food resources. Therefore, the
00:02:00Emirates believes that one way to address these challenges is through science
00:02:04and technology.
00:02:07And that is why our country has sent a mission to Mars as a catalyst and a means to
00:02:10achieve much more ambitious goals. The
00:02:13purpose here is not to reach Mars, but to satisfy our national
00:02:17needs.
00:02:21Our leaders told us: you will not buy this
00:02:23spacecraft. You will design it, build it,
00:02:27test it. You can look for partners who can help you do
00:02:31it. They
00:02:33with complete absence of did.
00:02:35From the Mohammed bin Rashid Space Center in Dubai, the
00:02:38movements of the probe named Hope are controlled,
00:02:42which, like NASA's Perseverance, reached Mars' orbit in February,
00:02:45after traveling, for 7 months,
00:02:49500 million kilometers from Japan, where
00:02:53it was launched. This is one of the most technologically
00:02:56advanced space mission control centers. and it is
00:03:00connected with counterpart centers in the United States. Its
00:03:04Hope mission has achieved an elliptical Mars orbit
00:03:07of between 20,000 and 43,000 km that
00:03:10takes 55 hours to
00:03:12increasing at a rate of complete. From this altitude, it will study the atmosphere and
00:03:16climate of the red planet for at least 2
00:03:19years.
00:03:23This is the command and control room, from which we control the spacecraft,
00:03:27give it commands and receive the telemetry and data
00:03:30it sends us, basically it is a room from which
00:03:33we have directed the spacecraft from the day it was launched until it reached Mars
00:03:37and we will continue to do so from
00:03:40here,
00:03:43this is the capture orbit, the one that has entered Mars orbit, from which
00:03:47we will transition in about two to four weeks
00:03:50more elliptical and a little wider
00:03:54to give us the necessary orbit for the scientific
00:03:57phase.
00:04:01One of the main reasons why scientists are interested in the Martian
00:04:05coordinated by the European Space atmosphere is because they believe that it is one of the reasons that
00:04:07contributed to Mars becoming a dead
00:04:11planet. Scientists believe that more than
00:04:154 billion years ago, Mars' characteristics could have been
00:04:18similar to those of Earth, but something bad happened that turned it into
00:04:22a dead planet. It began to lose its atmosphere, its
00:04:26characteristics and losing the atmosphere is one of the causes.
00:04:31We are studying the lower atmosphere of Mars, the one between
00:04:340 and 50 km from the planet's surface. And this is where
00:04:38we will see the atmospheric temperature, the surface temperature,
00:04:42frozen water, water vapor and even
00:04:45dust. We are studying how the climate specifically
00:04:48affects the loss of water, which is hydrogen and
00:04:51oxygen, as they escape from the Martian
00:04:54atmosphere.
00:05:02We cannot deny that any information we obtain about the
00:05:05planet Abaï will provide us with information about Earth
00:05:09itself, because if we understand why Mars
00:05:12went from having a thick atmosphere and being a habitable
00:05:16planet, the way it is at this moment, it can
00:05:19give us ideas about Earth and know if
00:05:22we are not going in the same direction.
00:05:26The United Arab Emirates has projected the construction of a Martian
00:05:30city in the desert to test the conditions of a possible
00:05:33future colonization of Mars. The terrain conditions are
00:05:36very similar, increasingly accentuated deserts
00:05:40and unbearable temperatures. Here, summer temperatures approach
00:05:4460 degrees with humidity levels above
00:05:4790%.
00:05:49A sterile and fruitless soil, with very little
00:05:51life.
00:05:54And this is not Dubai, but it looks like it. Riotinto in
00:05:57Huelva has a hostile soil like that of the Emirates, also similar to that of
00:06:01Mars. This makes it very interesting for researchers who have found
00:06:05bacterial
00:06:05life there.
00:06:12in many ways it is very similar and for
00:06:16us it is essential in our research because this way we can develop
00:06:19and test instrumentation that we can then test and take to
00:06:22Mars also to investigate how life can adapt to this hostile environment.
00:06:37Here in this river we have identified some areas of rock of
00:06:40geology that are the same. some areas of Mars, Mars is called
00:06:44the red planet, not because of the high temperature, but because of its red color,
00:06:48that red color comes from ferric, from iron, which is what we have here,
00:06:51if there is any possibility that there could be some sign of life, some
00:06:55type of microorganism, they would have to be like those we can study
00:06:59here, look at the precipitates of the
00:07:03jarosite, which is the mineral that identified by
00:07:06Opportunity on Mars, this jarosite that is produced
00:07:10only in a liquid medium, of course, which means that on Mars
00:07:13there was also water at some point 3.8 billion
00:07:17years ago, Mars and also it had to be eh like a
00:07:21red river.
00:07:33In the case of cyanobacteria we know that they were the microorganisms
00:07:37that changed the atmosphere of primitive Earth. Primitive Earth
00:07:403 million years ago had an environment
00:07:45oxygen, that oxygen came from the photosynthesis of
00:07:48microorganisms and it is practically proven that it was from
00:07:51cyanobacteria, a cyanobacterium in conditions of receiving
00:07:55sunlight and being able to perform its photosynthesis would produce that first
00:07:59oxygen, that first oxygen thus generated in a
00:08:03simulated Martian environment and so on, if there could be a
00:08:06development of that type of microorganisms there would be an oxygen production
00:08:09yes.
00:08:17With Perseverance, NASA, in the mission, intends
00:08:21to begin testing technology that will be necessary for human
00:08:24exploration, technology such as for example the
00:08:27instrument, the system that allows obtaining
00:08:30oxygen from the Martian atmosphere which is mostly
00:08:34carbon dioxide, in this
00:08:37way we will not have to carry the oxygen that astronauts
00:08:40need or even the fuel for...
00:08:48This would solve one of the challenges for facilitating life on Mars, but there are
00:08:52many more such as protecting oneself from radiation or producing food
00:08:55to be self-sufficient. This is where
00:08:58the research of Francesc Gòdia, director of the Melissa
00:09:01project, is heading, which aims to develop a life support
00:09:04system for long-duration human missions in
00:09:07space. From home, he accesses the experiments to
00:09:10guarantee animal and plant life. The experiments on Mars are being carried out at
00:09:14the laboratory that this project,
00:09:17Agency, has at the Autonomous University of
00:09:20Barcelona.
00:09:24To have this life support, Medissa attempts
00:09:27four basic functions: on the one hand, to regenerate
00:09:31the atmosphere so that we can breathe, to generate
00:09:34food to eat, to recycle
00:09:37water so that we can drink it again, these three functions
00:09:41furthermore. It must be able to do them without
00:09:44depending on us having to make contributions
00:09:48from Earth in this mission in
00:09:51space.
00:09:55What we do is that the light that the cyanobacteria
00:09:58receive, eh, to make oxygen, is eh
00:10:02proportional to the amount of oxygen
00:10:05that the rats need to breathe. Any
00:10:08mammal, eh, when it is, let's say, breathing, consumes oxygen. and
00:10:12produces CO2, sea, we simply have a small
00:10:16compressor that is circulating the gas,
00:10:18let's say, from the rat compartment,
00:10:22eh, to the microalgae compartment, both
00:10:26going and then returning, so
00:10:30it goes rich in CO2 or enriched with
00:10:33CO2 returns enriched with
00:10:35oxygen.
00:10:38basically what we do here is cultivate different types of
00:10:42model plants and this is our
00:10:45oxygen producer and
00:10:48food inside the entire inside the entire
00:10:51cycle. We cultivate the plants with hydroponic cultivation.
00:10:55That is, with water, providing all the
00:10:58nutrients, um, illuminating them obviously, and
00:11:01then through photosynthesis, these plants
00:11:04are producing oxygen and at the same time an
00:11:08edible material for our crew which are
00:11:11our rats. Melissa
00:11:14ends up proposing a
00:11:18it wants to do is this, eh, to recycle or reuse all
00:11:22these different eh components to maintain. the
00:11:25astronauts eh eh
00:11:44being built is a building in
00:11:48Paris in which the south face which is the one that is
00:11:51oriented to the sun is a green facade.
00:11:55eh, a facade in which the microalgae of
00:11:58Melissa are cultivated, this
00:12:01roof has plant
00:12:04plantations, in the basement there is all the
00:12:07recovery of urine and nitrification,
00:12:10that is, the entire building already
00:12:14incorporates these aspects that
00:12:17will eventually make it a neutral CO2
00:12:20building.
00:12:28It is about taking advantage of the research that is done to go and live in
00:12:31space for the benefit of Earth, to find a practical
00:12:35return for the lives of the citizens of this planet, such as the case of the
00:12:39Martian and sustainable domotic house that Astroland
00:12:41company has designed in Santander.
00:12:55and as a second step, to improve
00:12:59the lives of people on Earth, right? That it has a positive impact because all this
00:13:02technology and where we are right now is an example of technological
00:13:05transfer, so we believe it is an amazing
00:13:09two-way journey, it is healthy, it is a
00:13:12house that heals you, it monitors air quality,
00:13:15volatile organic compounds, CO2, radon, well,
00:13:19benzene and it corrects it, that is, we have positive pressure,
00:13:23this is a bubble of well-being.
00:13:25It monitors vital signs in such a way that it anticipates illness,
00:13:29it is totally shielded, eh, it is a big Faraday
00:13:33cage, no electromagnetic field enters,
00:13:36it is totally sustainable,
00:13:38we use materials that are 100% recyclable, with a
00:13:42very long life cycle, eh, there are no
00:13:46carcinogenic materials, eh, we generate
00:13:49our own energy, our own food,
00:13:53with hydroponic crops, Then it is also flexible, all the
00:13:56rooms depending on the activity you are going to do, if you are going to
00:14:00train, if you are going to work, if you are going to
00:14:03cook, the house changes completely, in 50 m,
00:14:07we solve the needs of
00:14:10those that are like 250, this also
00:14:13partly due to the reason of the post-covid
00:14:16world,
00:14:21these houses moved to Mars would have to be underground. The
00:14:25great Martian and cosmic radiation would make life outdoors impossible,
00:14:28in addition to sandstorms and the continuous fall of
00:14:32meteorites. This is how the Nua Sustainable City project,
00:14:36designed by a multidisciplinary Catalan team for the
00:14:39Mars Society, an American organization
00:14:42dedicated to promoting the exploration and colonization of
00:14:45Mars, collects it.
00:15:06Now it is quite clear that for material
00:15:09and energy economy it is much more worthwhile to develop most of the
00:15:13activity that you can do underground, underground also means
00:15:17in a rock in walls, so Mars now
00:15:21when we start thinking about cities are more like
00:15:24excavated. but it is true that for example it must be taken into account that
00:15:28not everything can be underground either, there must be certain spaces that yes,
00:15:31some domes there should be, um, how we formulated it with Nua, which is
00:15:35that it is on the south wall of a cliff.
00:15:37in such a way that practically the entire city has more or
00:15:41less access to natural light. When we get to
00:15:45Mars, Mars will probably become a port, a free port like those of all
00:15:48life where special ships will pass through Mars to
00:15:51refuel that will be processed there to be able to go for
00:15:55example a little further to an area called the asteroid belt to do
00:15:59mining, therefore there will be a whole economic cycle between different
00:16:03worlds, we can say the Moon, Mars,
00:16:06asteroids. Earth and then this will eventually make
00:16:10that moment yes all
00:16:13this investment this effort we are making now be
00:16:16profitable, when there are already settlements on Mars
00:16:20what is clear is that these astronauts will have to
00:16:25Earth, why? Because a trip to Mars will take at
00:16:29least, it will be missions of at least a year and a half, that is to say
00:16:33that the first crews that go to the red planet will have to
00:16:37learn to coexist with the few
00:16:39resources they may have from Earth, but
00:16:42above all with the resources that Mars itself offers
00:16:45them, people from all disciplines will be needed, people who have studied university
00:16:49degrees will be needed, but also people who come exclusively to
00:16:53work, there will be many mining tasks, many construction
00:16:56tasks, therefore it will be a society, I believe that it will not
00:17:00necessarily be elitist, especially because our idea will be
00:17:04that a person from Earth decides to make a life and
00:17:08say I'm going to Mars, simply with the investment of you have an
00:17:11apartment, then you sell this apartment and with this investment you have
00:17:13secured, not only the trip, but when you get there
00:17:17you will have the necessary resources to survive, when there are already around
00:17:21100,000 people, let's say
00:17:24what we call a semi-autonomous stage where obviously since there are
00:17:28enough people, people there begin to need their own decision-making
00:17:31bodies, more or less when a million
00:17:34inhabitants eh, we have thought that this evolution. up
00:17:37to a million inhabitants would take about 50 years, then at the end of this
00:17:40stage we call it a stage that we call towards
00:17:43independence,
00:17:45the fact of that distance with Earth I think it will
00:17:49produce an effect precisely that the people who
00:17:53are on Mars begin to create their own
00:17:56culture, their own norms, rules, because they cannot
00:18:00depend on Earth in real time, no, and that will
00:18:04produce that in the end it creates like... that
00:18:08new subspecies or
00:18:11cultural derivation of humans on Mars that would be
00:18:14like Martians,
00:18:31while waiting for the arrival and stay on Mars to be possible one
00:18:35day, analogous missions make
00:18:37simulations of life on the red planet in numerous places on
00:18:41Earth that have terrain conditions similar to those of
00:18:44Mars, like this island in the United States. In this case, the
00:18:48mission was commanded by the Catalan astrophysicist Mariona
00:18:51Badenas.
00:18:56I was part of a crew that was
00:18:59named Latham 3. And well, during these two
00:19:02weeks that they spent in the Utah desert, what we did was
00:19:06during the day. it would be then to try to replicate as
00:19:09faithfully as possible what a stay on the red
00:19:13planet would be like, the habitat is this cylindrical block eh that has
00:19:16two floors and specifically the area where the
00:19:20crew lives is on the second floor where there
00:19:23are small rooms with enough space for a single bed and
00:19:27perhaps a small table and where there is a kitchen from
00:19:30where ehm the crew prepares the meals and
00:19:33shares the food, we had a water tank that
00:19:37had to last us for these two weeks that we were at the station
00:19:40this water tank had to be used for cooking to
00:19:43activate this dehydrated food to
00:19:46drink and finally
00:19:50to maintain the hygiene of the crew with a
00:19:53of this cylindrical block how the
00:19:56crew lived there is a scientific dome, a
00:20:00scientific laboratory from which experiments in
00:20:03biology, chemistry, geology can be done.
00:20:08and to go outside we had to wear a
00:20:12spacesuit with all the spatial
00:20:14clothing,
00:20:17I would love to be an astronaut, it is a dream
00:20:21that I have had since I was very little, for me it would be a dream
00:20:24to go to space, but I do try to be aware that it would be
00:20:28a difficult journey and to counter this
00:20:32perspective we also think that a journey
00:20:35to space in the end. leads a little this spatial
00:20:38exploration that humanity is doing and even
00:20:42to eventually transform humanity into a multiplanetary
00:20:45species that I believe is where we are
00:20:48heading.
00:20:51Mariona Badenas' dream of being an astronaut could now come
00:20:54true. Since
00:20:57promotions have been equal, although until now
00:21:00only about sixty women have ended up traveling to
00:21:04space, while the number of men exceeds
00:21:06500. The road has been very hard, ignored,
00:21:10manipulated, humiliated from the no
00:21:13to female astronauts from Vice President Lyndon Johnson
00:21:17in 1962, to the regrettable questions
00:21:20from journalists to astronauts already in the 80s about
00:21:24sexist topics such as makeup and feminine
00:21:27hygiene in space. if in addition to being women they were
00:21:31black, the rejection was even greater, like the one suffered by
00:21:34the scientists known as the West Wing
00:21:38computers. They calculated, with pencils, rulers and
00:21:41simple calculators, the complicated equations that allowed
00:21:45astronauts to be sent to space to the moon with the Apollo
00:21:49missions of the last century, they earned less, they had to use
00:21:52bathrooms a kilometer away from the workplace and nobody
00:21:56knew they existed.
00:21:59On paper, the situation has now changed, especially in the West,
00:22:03but there are still places in the first world such as the United Arab Emirates, where
00:22:06women in the aerospace industry are discriminated against to the point
00:22:10that they need their husbands' permission to work.
00:22:14Despite this, in the Emirates, women scientists are an
00:22:18overwhelming majority in the...
00:22:24The scientific team of the United Arab Emirates is made up of
00:22:2880% women. This number is a source of pride for
00:22:31us. We have reached this high
00:22:34percentage thanks to the capabilities of the women we currently have in
00:22:38the scientific industry.
00:22:50people, 50% of whom are women, the reason why
00:22:54they are there is not because they are women, but because they have earned it. When it
00:22:57comes to opportunities, to positions of responsibility, we do not look at
00:23:01gender, but at who is the most suitable person for each
00:23:04position. Of the total number of graduates who leave universities
00:23:08each year, 70% are women, which is unprecedented
00:23:12or very rare in the
00:23:13world.
00:23:16For us it is normal, it is not strange to see women dedicated.
00:23:28I never imagined that I could work in the space sector
00:23:31much less on a mission to Mars, it has been a dream come
00:23:35true, a dream that I never dared to
00:23:38dream and that has come
00:23:39true.
00:23:44The United Arab Emirates has always prioritized family
00:23:48as now. And there have been. many supportive policies and laws
00:23:51that allow families to spend time
00:23:55together and for women to get the support they need to
00:23:59care for their children, as for the
00:24:02space sector, specifically in our relationship, we will
00:24:05work as a team, and that is why men and women have the same type
00:24:09of challenges, because men also have families and must
00:24:13give them all the support, just like
00:24:15women.
00:26:28They also propose underground Martian life and scientists and professionals from all over the world come here to certify it.
00:27:02great stellar radiation eh, as a first step it
00:27:06greatly simplifies this landing on Mars
00:27:09and what we do here precisely is to use it as
00:27:13a great test bench, we are one of, I think
00:27:17it is the only proposal at international level that permanently
00:27:20has a station that we can improve and
00:27:23test all these technologies that
00:27:26we will need to live autonomously
00:28:13Forest fires, the rampant desertification of
00:28:17the Earth, dangerously bring the situation of our planet
00:28:21closer to the arid and tormented characteristics of Mars, which makes
00:28:24billions of years, say the scientists, could have had
00:28:28life.
00:28:31The unstoppable effect of climate change, the disappearance of
00:28:34biodiversity, make the earth and its
00:28:37inhabitants sick. Climate change
00:28:41is, uh, it's like a bullet, right? The problem is not
00:28:45the bullet itself, the problem is the speed at which the bullet travels. What kills you is not
00:28:49not, it's not the bullet, but the speed of the projectile. So climate
00:28:52change, what kills you about climate change is the speed at which it's happening. There have been many
00:28:56climate changes in the history of the earth, but the speed of the current
00:29:00change has not happened.
00:29:02Desertification at a global level is assumed to
00:29:06advance at 1%. It's advancing at 1%, right? There's
00:29:1012% of land that's desert, and this area is
00:29:151% annually. Southern Europe sees increased desertification,
00:29:18especially degradation, forest degradation. This place where we are now is
00:29:22an example of a degraded environment. The
00:29:26fire we're in today, for example, is a fire that burned during
00:29:29the winter of 2017. It started...
00:29:32December 29th, and these fires mean, for example, it's much
00:29:36more difficult for the vegetation to regenerate afterwards because due to the life cycle
00:29:39of plants, it's easier for them to regenerate when fires are in the summer
00:29:43than when they are in
00:29:44winter.
00:29:49The phenomenon of climate change is related to the loss of biodiversity
00:29:53and also to the possibility of having more pandemics. In an increasingly
00:29:56smaller world, we are in contact with all parts of this world
00:29:59constantly. We are risking losing one
00:30:03million species. This means that the distance between
00:30:06ourselves as human beings and the natural environment has become
00:30:10too close. Tropical diseases that we did
00:30:14not know before will arrive in Europe. We must adapt to this. We must be stronger and more
00:30:18resilient.
00:30:20Frans Timmermans leads the European Union project to reduce greenhouse
00:30:24gas emissions by up to 55%
00:30:27by the year 2030. And he puts
00:30:31a billion euros on the table for countries to
00:30:34achieve this, of which 100 billion will be to transform the
00:30:38economies of the most polluting, like
00:30:40Poland, where its energy production depends 80%
00:30:44on coal. This mineral
00:30:47is the biggest emitter of CO2 into the atmosphere, the main
00:30:51greenhouse gas that causes the climate crisis, and still
00:30:54the main source of energy in the