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00:01:07For thousands of years, humans have been looking to the stars searching for
00:01:11answers. Here in New York, scientists continue that
00:01:13tradition, getting information from galaxies far, far away in hopes that
00:01:17humanity might survive in the future. Gennadi Villavin
00:01:21is head of a special astrophysical observatory home to many unique
00:01:25telescopes, which means we're in for an interesting
00:01:28tour.
00:01:33genia, hello, hello, so this is the
00:01:36BTA, so tell me what is it, how do we get an image from here? it's not
00:01:40like looking into a telescope at
00:01:42of home and seeing the moon, what kind of an image can we get here?
00:01:46uh, this is the large alt ismoth
00:01:48telescope, despite its size, the way
00:01:52we capture images of celestial
00:01:55of objects, stars, galaxies, quasars and so
00:01:58on, with this... telescope is fundamentally the same as
00:02:02with amateur telescopes. The unique feature of this
00:02:06instrument is its alter zimoth mount. This
00:02:10telescope was
00:02:11of pioneered in this regard. Up there was the first
00:02:15platform where our initial observations took
00:02:18place. Collocally, we call it the
00:02:22glass, because it looks like a
00:02:24glass. Observers used to sit there at one
00:02:28time.
00:02:30of Nowadays, of course, everything happens
00:02:33automatically, an observer is no longer
00:02:36needed, but the
00:02:38of observer
00:02:38of her used to sit there would
00:02:40of adjust the coordinates, track stars and so
00:02:44of on.
00:02:58So this is my 20 years
00:02:59of ago so... This is like a time machine in many ways, because the
00:03:03light that we're getting here now is from billions of years
00:03:06ago,
00:03:07what is the furthest back that you've ever been able to capture an image here at this
00:03:11telescope?
00:03:15As of today, we can say yes, it's
00:03:19indeed a time machine, it allows us to look not
00:03:23of only far, but also back in time. This
00:03:27telescope was
00:03:28of prepared specifically for this purpose.
00:03:38can look very, very far and
00:03:41of into very,
00:03:43in of very long ago. what we mean by
00:03:47of that is events that happened in the universe
00:03:48more than 10 billion years ago. it can also look at the
00:03:52distance light has traveled,
00:03:54more than 10 billion years. i can't say exactly right now what
00:03:58the maximum red shifts we have. obtained
00:04:00of for galaxies or quisers are, but it's somewhere around
00:04:04five, so that is, I don't know,
00:04:07approximately 11 to 12 billion years
00:04:11ago, and that means 12 billion light years from here
00:04:14accordingly, so there you go, I see we have some movement here, can you tell
00:04:18me what's happening, like what are we actually seeing here with this telescope, the
00:04:22telescope points a star and rotates its
00:04:26axis, the operator gives the command to aim a specific.
00:04:30point in the celestial sphere and it starts, now
00:04:34it's supposedly aimed at the star, so um, not
00:04:38just asteroids, there are other things that can um be dangerous to us here on earth as
00:04:42well, such as let's say a pulsar or a quasar close to
00:04:45us, um, do you worry about any of that, does any of that keep you up at
00:04:49night? don't worry, asas and kizars are
00:04:53very far away from us. cazars in fact,
00:04:57don't really exist in the present time. Well, maybe
00:05:01some
00:05:01of the closest ones do. The quasars we see are among the
00:05:05most distant objects that existed tens of billions
00:05:09of years ago. They show us the active. process of
00:05:13galactic disc formation, these are
00:05:16young, active galaxy nuclei, that emit
00:05:19enormous amounts of energy, but don't
00:05:23worry about them, there's nothing to fear, neither
00:05:27pulsars nor quazers pose any threat, in
00:05:30general, all events related to the collision of large
00:05:34objects such as earth, or the solar
00:05:37system, while not entirely impossible, are
00:05:41extremely rare. and at least for our solar system,
00:05:45nothing will threaten us for hundreds of millions of billions
00:05:49of years, so I have to ask, you've been studying space your entire
00:05:52life, would you like to personally go up into space and be closer to the
00:05:56action, and do you think think that there might be a benefit for
00:06:00astronomers like yourself to be up there and closer and see
00:06:03things for themselves? personally, I do dream of
00:06:07space, but I see many interesting things to do
00:06:11here as well. Moreover, some things in
00:06:14space are fundamentally impossible to achieve.
00:06:18However, I believe that in the future, when space travel
00:06:22becomes less costly, all astronomy will move to
00:06:25space, perhaps to the moon. Observing space
00:06:29from the moon would be very effective. Um, there are some people
00:06:33who think that um, astronomy doesn't help us
00:06:37in our everyday lives, that it's just something that's going to happen in the
00:06:40future. What can you?
00:07:12contributions to
00:07:17provides
00:07:20It technological significant domestic also and global advancements in fields
00:07:24and technologies unrelated to
00:07:27astronomy. In this sense, astronomy,
00:07:31even if it doesn't directly feed us, plays role in
00:07:35this process. All fundamental science is
00:07:39built on this principle. It's very wrong.
00:07:51as a hole, and all technological complexes in the most
00:07:55highly developed countries the world, are
00:07:58interconnected and related each other,
00:08:01so there is a direct practical benefit from
00:08:04astronomy.
00:08:35so looking beyond our solar system uh we have
00:08:38exoplanets uh they exist um
00:08:42tell me about those and are you certain that we're going to find life
00:08:44there? i think so, but that is
00:08:48something that awaits us in the future. life is a
00:08:52stage in the evolution the overall chemistry the
00:08:55universe, its chemical elements, from the moment of
00:08:59birth to the aging of our universe, it becomes more
00:09:03and more complex. initially it was just hydrogen, then
00:09:07other elements were synthesized and so on. then
00:09:11came rock material. organic substances
00:09:15and finally life. We know that this process
00:09:18occurs uniformly throughout the universe. If
00:09:22life exists somewhere, then it exists
00:09:25everywhere. It's just matter of finding
00:09:29it. Personally, I believe that biological life
00:09:33will be discovered on other planets, not
00:09:36civilizations, but biological life, some forms of
00:09:40life or signs of it.
00:10:12hard to believe it would be very similar, it could be some other
00:10:16branch of life, but we can only
00:10:18speculate, so the
00:10:21sun, as it expands, the earth will not survive.
00:10:25this as it gets brighter, how long do we have before this happens
00:10:29and what can we expect
00:10:31to see in this process? don't
00:10:34worry, we still have some 5 billion
00:10:38years to go without any
00:10:40problems.
00:10:43and i'm going to ask this because the dark
00:10:44project,
00:10:48is in essence astronomy the only science that's really going to
00:10:52help us survive in the future, because "we need
00:10:55to be ready for asteroids coming our way, know when they're coming or
00:10:59know how we can manipulate them, you're absolutely right.
00:11:03astronomy in this sense has great meaning for our lives
00:11:07right now, at this time. this has to do
00:11:11with asteroid astronomy as well,
00:11:14mean people underestimated just recently, a
00:11:18couple of years ago, a massive asteroid blew up near
00:11:22Chelabinsk, had it been 10 times bigger. It would have been
00:11:26a tragedy. It was actually quite
00:11:29intense. No one was killed, but windows were
00:11:33shattered, people wounded and so on. And
00:11:36we hadn't noticed it. That's our drama as
00:11:39astronomers. Estimates vary, but these
00:11:43days we only control just few percent of
00:11:47outer space. The rest of
00:11:50it is its own. If
00:11:51an asteroid is far away, we have plenty of time.
00:12:03and
00:12:03they are easy to overlook. Is there a bit of a paradox?
00:12:07I mean, if we can change the course of asteroid, can we be creating more
00:12:11problems in the future? I don't know if
00:12:15there are going to be more problems, but personally, I think
00:12:18what we saw recently, the changing of asteroid's
00:12:22trajectory, that's great progress. Really, it gives
00:12:26us certain hope that in the future, at some point at least,
00:12:30this problem will be solved and will be
00:12:32protected.
00:12:53This is the 600. it is the size of 40 football fields and
00:12:57has about a thous mirrored elements. it was designed to
00:13:01capture signals from space listening in to the conversation
00:13:05the
00:13:05cosmos.
00:13:12julia, thank you for taking us to your office, as it were,
00:13:16appreciate the opportunity to show us this radio telescope. what kind
00:13:20of signals do you catch here and what
00:13:24kind of? information can you get from them and also have you ever got any signals that you weren't able
00:13:28to explain? just like a common
00:13:31landbased telescope, raten 600 captures
00:13:35non-thermal synchroton emission mostly from celestial
00:13:39bodies. for example, the sun, the closest star
00:13:43to us emits radio waves, and
00:13:46we can observe it. most other objects are extra galactic
00:13:49sources or radio waves like galaxies and quasars
00:13:53and the signal. from them that the radio telescope
00:13:57captures are the non-thermal synchroton radio emission
00:14:00of electrons. It's called synchroton emission
00:14:04because electrons move along magnetic field lines at
00:14:08close to the speed of light. That's the main type of data that
00:14:12radio telescope captures. What we observe here are
00:14:16hundreds of thousands of space objects that emit radio
00:14:19waves. We receive data on their activity, on their
00:14:23calm state and on. the evolution the synchrotron
00:14:26emission that originates from the central areas of
00:14:30galaxies and quasars, mostly it's galaxies and quasars that we
00:14:34observe here. now i understand that the sun is getting
00:14:38ready for a period of extra
00:14:41activity, and what kind of information can your radio telescope
00:14:45tell us about what's to come and what can we learn from
00:14:49this extra active period
00:14:51in the sun? in our daily observations. with
00:14:55Rayton 600, we study solar activity in the
00:14:59radio frequency band. The key advantage of Rayton
00:15:03600 is that it can work in multiple frequencies. We
00:15:07study space objects from 1 to 30 gigahertz and we
00:15:10receive this data instantly. As the nearest star
00:15:14heated to 6000 degrees Kelvin, the sun is
00:15:18the focus of our studies. As we know, the sun is now in its
00:15:2211 year cycle of activity, now.
00:15:25data
00:15:28now it's at maximum. after many that years
00:15:30the at rain
00:15:32the key minimum, 600 retrieves and where we have massively improved is
00:15:36solar activity for. the
00:15:39radio frequency allows us to predict proton
00:15:43flares on the sun several days in
00:15:45For example, advance. A proton flare is powerful outburst
00:15:49of solar particles with a large share of
00:15:52protons. Radio frequency data retrieved by
00:15:56Rayton 600 allows us to predict such flares
00:16:00two or three days in advance. The data is fed to our
00:16:04observatory's website where automatic forecasts are.
00:16:07least positive or negative? of course, this forecast is
00:16:11not 100% accurate,
00:16:13but in 80% of events, our flare forecasts are
00:16:17confirmed. so these solar flares, these bursts of plasma
00:16:20coming from the sun, they're strong enough to cause disruptions in
00:16:24communication down here on earth, what can we learn from
00:16:28this? what can we do to prepare, and
00:16:32mean is humanity in for some sort of chaos because these solar
00:16:35storms? Solar
00:16:38activity has a significant impact on humans, the atmosphere
00:16:42and all communications. How can we protect ourselves
00:16:46against this? Here, at Rayton 600, we only
00:16:50gather information that helps us understand what's
00:16:52coming. As for the measures that protect us from solar
00:16:56flares, well, sometimes we're told to stay at
00:16:59home.
00:17:02Okay, so the ren 600 can capture
00:17:06signals from.
00:17:37for the benefit of humanity. We all live on earth and it would be
00:17:41foolish not to be curious about what's out there. It's the
00:17:45first question we ask as humans, we are surrounded by
00:17:48colossal energy and enormous energy
00:17:52sources. By studying them, we can explore alternative
00:17:56ways to produce energy, which is a pressing issue
00:17:59given that our planet's resources are
00:18:02limited.
00:18:05So this is incredibly interesting. Can you show us a little bit more of
00:18:09your office, or should I say this
00:18:10telescope?
00:18:32So that we know of, we have not heard any
00:18:36signals from aliens.
00:19:38we can receive and process signals within this range, which is
00:19:42why we focus on it. modern instruments such as
00:19:45ground-based and space observatories aim to increase
00:19:49sensitivity to detect very weak signals. it's
00:19:52possible that we're searching for something that doesn't exist. it's
00:19:56also possible that the signal we're looking for is extremely
00:20:00faint, but that is not very likely. it might be
00:20:04that there's no one out there for us to find.
00:21:02so you personally, do you hope to find a alien
00:21:06life out there
00:21:07someday? like
00:21:11everyone else on earth, the thought of us being alone in the universe is
00:21:15frightening to me, on the other hand, it's also scary to
00:21:19think that someone might be close by and could pay us visit.
00:21:23Of course, the theory of probability suggests that a universe with
00:21:27unknown boundaries, we can't be the only form of
00:21:30life. There are most likely other life forms out
00:21:34there, which could be less or more advanced than us. It
00:21:38would be fascinating to meet and understand them, but like most people,
00:21:42I'm also apprehensive about
00:21:43it.
00:21:51kind
00:21:51of goes hand in hand with what you do and what you're studying,
00:21:54what is the next era of space exploration in your mind? what do you think is
00:21:58the next big step for us? are we on the edge of
00:22:01new era in the space race? i
00:22:05believe that the next big step in space development will require a
00:22:09significant technological leap. ground-based telescopes
00:22:13are improving their sensitivity and angular resolution, but
00:22:16we can't do this endlessly. that's why space. telescopes are
00:22:20crucial. There are currently many space telescope
00:22:24missions, including some in our country. They allow us
00:22:28to be unconstrained by the atmosphere and increase
00:22:32sensitivity or angular resolution when a space
00:22:35telescope observes simultaneously with a ground-based
00:22:38telescope. The next step is definitely space
00:22:42observatories, which I think humans have not yet fully
00:22:45mastered. Now
00:22:49what is the one thing? that you just have
00:22:53trouble wrapping your mind around because you're dealing with huge
00:22:56numbers, you're dealing with things that basically people don't
00:23:00understand, is there something in your mind that
00:23:04just really is hard to understand or
00:23:06grasp?
00:23:13the most important reason why we study the universe, why we study
00:23:17outer space is to investigate it.
00:23:20and evolution, this is the main question, we
00:23:24study all kinds of objects and their development can point us to
00:23:27the history the universe and its growth, how and where did
00:23:31everything originate, what was the starting point? there's a
00:23:35theory that everything started with the big bang, but what
00:23:39was before that, and was there a big bang at all? there are
00:23:43many questions, theory and observation do not
00:23:46aligne, in order to explain with theory what? we see
00:23:50and observe, we need to make lot of assumptions, adjustments and
00:23:54introduce various coefficients, which we often do without
00:23:58explanation. our primary goal is to understand how
00:24:02everything happened and how everything evolves. this is the
00:24:06main thing astronomy seeks to answer. if i may
00:24:09ask, what really excites you about your job? why do you do
00:24:13what you do? the most impressive
00:24:17thing about astronomer's work is that: we get to do what we love
00:24:21professionally. when we come here, we are first and
00:24:25foremost free in our choices. we can
00:24:28improvise, and very often we don't have
00:24:31to be told what
00:24:32to do. we are a state of discovery, and that's
00:24:35exciting. as one of our colleagues said, you come
00:24:39here, enjoy yourself and get paid for it. it really is a
00:24:43pleasure, especially when you succeed, when you discover something
00:24:47new or confirm your hypothesis.
00:25:20You also need to be a philosopher, you need comprehensive
00:25:23approaches, sometimes non-trivial ones. In this
00:25:27regard, astronomy is no exception, but it's also
00:25:30global because we study very distant objects that we cannot see
00:25:34directly. We need to figure out how to observe them, how to
00:25:38improve the image and enhance the signal, and this brodens
00:25:42our horizons first of all, but also naturally,
00:25:46our world view. It's a comprehensive approach.
00:29:00to request the kind approval the national general assembly behind
00:29:03every decision, every vote, the eyes have it, and
00:29:07every heated debate lies the heartbit of
00:29:10democracy. This matter is very, very important, idea for rule you out
00:29:14of order, welcome to the place where it's all
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00:29:23every week I take you inside the inner walkins the assembly where
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