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00:00:35is the exact spot where a
00:00:46For anyone watching this show an airplane high above the
00:00:49clouds, flying at high altitude is very
00:00:52safe. It's the landing that,
00:00:56statistically speaking, is where accident is more likely to take.
00:01:03All that and more on this edition of DW Science
00:01:07show. Welcome to Tomorrow
00:01:09Today.
00:01:14A close call. The aircraft landed safely, but pilots and
00:01:18passengers aren't always as lucky as they were on the island of Zud that
00:01:21day. Sometimes disaster is only meters
00:01:24away. Wars saw September 14th,
00:01:281993. 2904 landed on
00:01:31rainsoaked runway, the aircraft aquaplaned and ran out of
00:01:35room to stop, it crashed into an embankment, two
00:01:39people died. after this and other serious accidents,
00:01:42aviation authorities concluded that runways should have safety area,
00:01:46extending at least 300 meters beyond the
00:01:48runway.
00:01:53one example is the 2005 Air France accident. The
00:01:56aircraft overshot the runway and rain and difficult conditions.
00:02:00It finally came to a stop 300 meters beyond the
00:02:02runway. As air traffic grew, the
00:02:06number of accidents increased too, like here in
00:02:09Miami, and in Alaska,
00:02:13runway overruns are one of the most common aviation
00:02:16accidents.
00:02:21But what if an airport doesn't have enough space for safety
00:02:24area? That's the problem
00:02:26In March 2024, part of a the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration set out to
00:02:29solve. Its answer was EMAS, the engineered materials
00:02:33arresting system, and it looks surprisingly
00:02:36simple.
00:02:40these are foam glass stones made entirely from recycled
00:02:43glass, they're very light and brittle, a lot like
00:02:47pumice. If an aircraft rolls onto our
00:02:50EMAS, there's a braking effect.
00:02:54if an aircraft overshoots the runway, it rolls onto a thin
00:02:57concrete layer that breaks under its weight. The wheels sink into the
00:03:01foam glass, slowing it to a
00:03:02stop.
00:03:05Zabriken Airport's 85-m E-MAS bed can stop an
00:03:08aircraft traveling at up to 102 km/h.
00:03:12Larger systems can handle speeds of up to 130
00:03:15km/h.
00:03:20The system is barely visible from the cockpit. Many
00:03:24pilots have never encountered one, but if an aircraft
00:03:27overruns the runway, keeping straight is key.
00:03:30"turning away from the arrester bed could mean missing the chance to stop
00:03:34safely.
00:03:38Sabriken became Germany's first airport to install EMAS in
00:03:422019. It's still the country's only airport with the
00:03:45system.
00:03:49So far, its only visitor has been a fox. Yes, we
00:03:52are from the city runway, our runway is
00:03:56a bit like an aircraft carrier. The ground drops away steeply at both."
00:04:31These recordings from Key West and Bacartan show the difference E
00:04:34Mask can make. The FAA has documented more
00:04:38than 25 successful E-mask stops in the US.
00:04:42Everybody walked away unharmed and only one aircraft suffered serious
00:04:45damage. Today, Swedish company Runway Safe is the only
00:04:49producer of E-MAS systems. It also supports
00:04:52California's Burbank airport. So, Burbank had an overrun
00:04:56with a 737, uh, in about the year
00:05:002000 and it went over the
00:05:03fence into a gas station and the airport decided
00:05:07to buy the gas station, close it down and install EMAS
00:05:10and a decade later... "there
00:05:13was almost the same thing happening, but this time the
00:05:17737 was arrested by the EMA
00:05:20system. Two overruns at Burbank with very
00:05:23different outcomes: the first aircraft was destroyed,
00:05:27the second in 2018 was stopped by EMAS and returned to
00:05:31service. Zabriken's system cost over 4
00:05:34million euros, a new ATR passenger aircraft is over
00:05:3820 million, yet Zabruken is still the only airport in Germany with
00:05:41EMAS. In our assessment, we identified
00:05:45eight out of 29 major German airports that don't provide
00:05:49the full obstacle-free safety area on all
00:05:51runways. At those airports we believed installing
00:05:54EMAS would make sense,
00:05:58stopping a runway overrun from turning into a
00:06:01catastrophe. has added that extra layer of
00:06:04protection. In 2022, it became the first
00:06:08airport in South America to install
00:06:09E-mouse.
00:06:12Eventually every flight comes to an
00:06:15end,
00:06:19and that's also true for
00:06:21satellites.
00:06:26It all starts in Frankfurt.
00:06:29Three space transport researchers embark a mission
00:06:32halfway around the world. They're going satellite
00:06:36hunting.
00:06:40Preparations actually began in
00:06:42at the University's Institute of Space Systems.
00:06:46For years, the team has used a plasma wind tunnel to study
00:06:50how materials melt and vaporize as spacecraft fall back
00:06:54to earth. Now they're trying to find out what really
00:06:57happens when a satellite
00:06:59burns
00:07:03up, like the Starlink
00:07:05satellite.
00:07:13latest: they burn up, but are they really gone? Do parts reach the
00:07:16ground? We now have models that predict what happens,
00:07:20and measurements help us see if those predictions are
00:07:23right.
00:07:25The researchers want to know what survives reentry, what
00:07:29doesn't, and why? The answers could influence the design of
00:07:33future satellites, and they
00:07:35matter here on earth.
00:07:39discarded ISS battery pallet crashed through the roof of a
00:07:42house in Florida. On the right is a replica used in lab
00:07:46tests. Even carefully planned re-entries can go
00:07:50wrong. In 2004, a NASA
00:07:53capsule crashed into the Utah desert. As
00:07:56more satellites are launched, more and more are burning up
00:08:00overhead. What do they leave behind in the atmosphere, and does that
00:08:03affect the climate? The team's measurements could help answer that
00:08:07question.
00:08:11ESA is also... studying satellite reentries that can be
00:08:14predicted with precision.
00:08:18The Stuttgart researchers have a long journey ahead of them.
00:08:22Their observation flight will leave from Tonga in the South
00:08:25Pacific. The remote region is often chosen for
00:08:28re-entries, keeping any surviving debris far from
00:08:32populated areas. One
00:08:34famous example, Russia's former space station Mir in
00:08:38March 2001. Its reentry left behind some streaks
00:08:42of... light visible from Fiji and nothing
00:08:44else. A business jet capable of
00:08:48flying at over 15,000 meters has been equipped as a
00:08:52flying observation station. In September
00:08:552024, an earlier observation campaign produced these
00:08:58recordings. This time the researchers hope to collect
00:09:02even better data. From the aircraft, they'll track
00:09:06satellite reentries using a range of scientific instruments,
00:09:09including 28 camera systems developed in Stuttgart.
00:09:43"the re-entry will happen during the daytime, so this camera will
00:09:46capture how that light changes from moment to
00:09:49moment.
00:09:53In contrast,
00:09:56each pixel here works independently, it
00:10:00only reacts when the light at that pixel becomes brighter or darker
00:10:03by more than a certain amount,
00:10:06a pixel
00:10:09becomes visible."
00:10:12and ready, just before departure from Frankfurt,
00:10:15excitement is beginning to build, first stop,
00:10:18Bangkok, then Sydney, Australia,
00:10:22and then the final destination, Tonga.
00:10:55the windows then take off from Tonga. Their target
00:11:00retired satellite will plunge back through the Earth's
00:11:03atmosphere. Reaching it is a
00:11:05challenge. We had to make lots of small
00:11:09corrections to get the timings exactly the
00:11:12way the team needed them. So
00:11:15it was a whole lot of little precise inputs
00:11:19that is not normally how you fly an aircraft like this. It was up at
00:11:23about 45 degrees, okay, and it was
00:11:25sort of coming towards the nose of the aircraft but obviously a lot further
00:11:29away. T minus minute, just
00:11:32before reentry, the tension is palpable.
00:11:36Wonderful.
00:11:38Now then, the satellite appears unusually close. The
00:11:42onboard cameras record it all. For the Stuttgart
00:11:45researchers, it's the moment they've been
00:11:47chasing.
00:11:52Yeah, it's going down. Oh, spectacular
00:11:55images captured over the South Pacific.
00:11:59Even in its final moments, the satellite is still transmitting
00:12:02telemetry, related to the European Space Operations
00:12:06Center in Damstad. As it
00:12:08descends, the trajectory begins to flatten, a sign it's moving deeper into the
00:12:12atmosphere.
00:12:17Then it's back to Tonga. A first look at the recordings
00:12:20confirms the mission was a success. 29.
00:12:2529 of 30 instruments recorded data, every
00:12:29camera picked up a huge cloud of fragments,
00:12:32in all two terabytes of images, video and
00:12:36spectral data, image material,
00:12:38video spectral data,
00:12:41helping researchers improve satellite design and
00:12:44better understand how burning space debris affects the
00:12:47atmosphere and the ozone layer,
00:12:51but not everything that ventures into space ends up as space junk.
00:12:55Like the Roman Space Telescope, our new eye on
00:12:58the sky with technology made in
00:13:00Heidelberg.
00:13:04The Max Planck Institute for Astronomy in Heidelberg has
00:13:07contributed to major space missions, including the James
00:13:11Web Space Telescope.
00:13:14Now NASA has again turned to the Institute for key parts of Roman's
00:13:18coronagraph. One goal of Roman is to study
00:13:21planets beyond our solar system. The coronal.
00:13:34Imagine Earth beside the Sun seen from outside our solar
00:13:37system, Earth would be very faint, to see
00:13:41it, you'd have to block out the Sun's
00:13:42light.
00:13:47The Heidelberg mechanisms move filters, masks and mirrors
00:13:51into position, special masks block glare.
00:13:55while shape-changing mirrors suppress stray light, the instrument can
00:13:59reveal planets up to 100 million times fainter than their
00:14:02stars.
00:14:06The coronagraph is very complex and costs half a billion
00:14:09euros. It's probably the most complex optical instrument ever
00:14:12built. The components were tested to ensure they could
00:14:16withstand radiation, extreme temperatures and launch
00:14:19vibrations.
00:14:25United States, in a sealed dust-free container,
00:14:28the completed coronagraph reached NASA's Space Flight Center in
00:14:322024.
00:14:372026 launch, which went
00:14:38smoothly.
00:14:42We're proud to be part of the Nancy Grace Roman Mission in
00:14:44Heidelberg. We supplied six mechanisms that
00:14:48move the coronagraph's optical elements, and we're confident they'll
00:14:52work.
00:15:06Roman will travel nearly 1 million miles away from Earth to
00:15:10Lagrange point L2 and begin transmitting imagery and data
00:15:14back home that will contribute to world changing science along
00:15:17with all the captivating imagery
00:15:20that, uh, like we see from Hubble and James Web. I have no
00:15:24doubt that Roman will become a household name alongside those great
00:15:27instruments of discovery. Roman is expected to reach its
00:15:31destination in December 2026, with first
00:15:34scientific images due early 2027.
00:16:07what all sounds like science fiction: more than
00:16:106,0 exoplanets have been found, and Roman could discover
00:16:14100 thousand more. Its field of view is about 100 times
00:16:17larger than Hubble's, allowing it to survey vast areas of the
00:16:21sky.
00:16:28Nancy Grace Roman, known as the mother of Hubble, was
00:16:31NASA's first chief of astronomy. Now the
00:16:34telescope that bears her name could help reveal
00:16:38new worlds across our galaxy.
00:16:41three, two, one, and here's
00:16:45another crew that's reaching for the
00:16:47sky.
00:16:52Both students spend their time studying.
00:16:56For five years now, this group has spent its spare time testing rocket
00:17:00engines.
00:17:04making its own rocket fuel.
00:17:07and casting its own rocket
00:17:09nozzles.
00:17:14They've built rocket after rocket, even traveling to the
00:17:17United States, all in pursuit of a
00:17:19dream.
00:17:24Our ultimate goal is to reach the Kármán line 100 km up and bring
00:17:28the world altitude record home to
00:17:29Bremen.
00:17:32What we're planning is definitely something no student team has ever pulled off in
00:17:36quite this way before.
00:17:39The Bremen team wants its homemade rocket
00:17:41Transcendence to reach the Kármán line, the threshold
00:17:45of outer space, but reaching 100 kilometers isn't
00:17:49enough. To break the student altitude record, they'll need to climb even
00:17:53higher, to 103.6
00:17:55km.
00:17:58It's an ambitious goal, to keep the project alive, the
00:18:02students cover much of the costs themselves.
00:18:04And
00:18:06right from the start, they faced setbacks. In
00:18:092023 they took their first rocket to a competition in
00:18:13Portugal, but the judges found fault with the construction and
00:18:17refused to let it
00:18:18launch.
00:18:21They had to pack up and go
00:18:23home.
00:18:27A year later they got another chance. Launch
00:18:30sites are much cheaper in the United States than in Europe, so a
00:18:34group headed to California's Mojave Desert.
00:18:42There, finally, they got their
00:18:44breakthrough.
00:18:49The Bremen team successfully launched its first rocket,
00:18:53Phoenix.
00:19:01It soared 9 km into the sky, and since then they've
00:19:05kept pushing forward.
00:19:07In 2025 and again in
00:19:102026, the team launched near
00:19:12Bremen. These flights only reached about 1
00:19:16km,
00:19:20but they weren't chasing records. They were
00:19:23gathering data for their next big
00:19:25goal, sending a student-built
00:19:29rocket to the threshold of outer
00:19:31space.
00:19:35What if other airborne machines and devices could help solve
00:19:38problems here on Earth? We've certainly got challenges to
00:19:41spare. Trees and forests, for example, are suffering under
00:19:45rising temperatures. researchers are looking to
00:19:48help.
00:19:52a forest from the sky. This
00:19:55drone drops seeds, tree seeds, just as trees do
00:19:59themselves, but the drone is much faster and more
00:20:02flexible.
00:20:06We simply don't have time. Out of time, forests store carbon, give
00:20:09us places to unwind, supply timber, shelter wildlife
00:20:13and much more. With climate change, we need them as allies, so we have
00:20:17to reforest fast and
00:20:19must
00:20:21therefore reforest quickly. The drone can sow a hectare in about 10 minutes, far faster
00:20:25than a planting crew. It can reach places people can't, and
00:20:29once programmed it works almost by
00:20:31itself.
00:20:34Ola Zeidenbach developed the idea with two friends:
00:20:38In the town of Lüdenscheid in Western Germany, they launched a pilot project
00:20:41in 2021.
00:20:45The land belongs to Gabriel Von dem Busche. He owns this
00:20:49forest or
00:21:29It was a hard lesson for the forest owner and for all his
00:21:32team, simply scattering tree seeds wasn't
00:21:35enough, the real challenge wasn't the drone, it was the
00:21:39soil.
00:21:45Without shrubs and trees for shade, the sun beats straight
00:21:48onto the ground.
00:23:2018 months later they had one. Working with a
00:23:23specialist partner, they brought a farming technique into the
00:23:26forest. The result is the specially adapted tracked
00:23:30machine.
00:23:34In a single pass, it loosens the soil, sows the seeds
00:23:38and firms the ground down
00:23:40again.
00:23:45And we also have other advantages.
00:23:48planting seeds.
00:24:20direct seeding is a well-established method and has advantages over
00:24:24planting nursery-grown trees.
00:24:27A study by Bavaria's State Institute of Forestry shows
00:24:31why:
00:24:33trees grown directly from seed usually develop strong natural
00:24:37root systems. But when it comes to nursery-grown
00:24:40trees, 71% have stunted, poorly developed
00:24:44roots.
00:24:48over time, Zemon and his...
00:26:18after years of trial and error, these nearly bare
00:26:21hillsides may become a diverse, resilient woodland
00:26:25again.
00:26:29And that's all for now on DW's science show.
00:26:45America elects Congress, Trump's policy is facing a new
00:26:49test, who will have the majority power to make laws, approve
00:26:53money, oversee the president. From Washington, we follow the key
00:26:56moments of the American midterm elections which could determine the political
00:27:00future of the USA, we include reporters and experts from
00:27:03Sarajevo and Belgrade, while our guests explain the political
00:27:07consequences, from decisions in Washington to consequences for
00:27:10Europe and our region. What changes does this election
00:27:14night bring and what do the results mean for Donald Trump,
00:27:17we bring directly from the American capital.
00:27:20American congressional elections. November 3rd, election
00:27:23night on
00:27:24N1.
00:27:31Together we learn and grow daily, traveling hundreds of
00:27:34kilometers in search of new, unforgettable experiences,
00:27:38stories that have a lesson.
00:27:41Your concern for a better, safer environment, preservation of natural
00:27:45resources, improvement of mutual relations, is our
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00:30:20Newsroom. Constant clashes over citizens' finances. Now we will
00:30:23pay more for using the highway from Sarajevo to
00:30:26Zenica. In the show, we talk about the verdict for sexual exploitation
00:30:30of minors in Tuzla Canton. N1 reporters
00:30:33bring the most important information from the country and the world. Stay with
00:30:37us.
00:30:38Davor Matsura, a businessman close
00:30:47to the Serbian Progressive Party and owner of Alta Bank in Serbia, over which
00:30:51bankruptcy was declared, was arrested this morning, Nova
00:30:54IRS learns. Previously, the police for more than 30 hours since Saturday.
00:30:57više od 30 sati još od subote.