Google Cloud Speech-to-Text API (Chirp) + Gemini 2.5 Flash Non-Thinking. Treat it as a searchable index of what was broadcast, not a quotation record.
00:00:00a plan and non-combat
00:00:02equipment for the development of this
00:00:05sector and preparing it well. This
00:00:08comes within the framework of the plan to end
00:00:11the displacement situation in Syria and comes within the plan
00:00:14to end the situation of displaced
00:00:19private sector, with people, refugees, and camps. This also supports
00:00:22the housing development
00:00:24an economy without security sector and the health sector, and therefore
00:00:26gives this priority to the Ministry of Emergencies.
00:00:31With non-combat equipment, this sector will help
00:00:34in redevelopment
00:00:36and in adding to the rehabilitation of damaged residential units
00:00:40with 60 million dollars, and this confirms your words, meaning
00:00:44it completely confirms your words related
00:00:47to securing this sector and securing civil
00:00:52at the top of the list of countries and said that Syria defense and supporting it. Yes, yes, yes, and therefore, it is completely
00:00:55clear through the agreements that have been made
00:00:58that the plan of the Syrian government, in parallel with the Kingdom
00:01:01of Saudi Arabia, is to end
00:01:05in it. The investor the situation of the camps and settle people
00:01:08in residential sectors. This comes in support of this
00:01:12developmental sector, which
00:01:14the investor. Therefore, the needs all the attention to end the displacement
00:01:17and camp situation in the Syrian Arab Republic.
00:01:21Okay, if we ask you, Mr.
00:01:25Arabia. Extensive discussions Mohammed, to what extent, indeed, according to what Dr. Nasser said, Saudi Arabia
00:01:27is
00:01:30capable, but it will influence in the coming stage the International Monetary Fund
00:01:34and the donors
00:01:36to have a greater and real role?
00:01:39Now we have finished the stage of political support, financial support
00:01:43to get
00:01:46Syria out of this situation, meaning
00:01:49the economic weakness and what it suffers from in all sectors after all
00:01:53these years, meaning what the deposed regime did during the years
00:01:57of the revolution. This agreement
00:02:00and these treaties that were signed with
00:02:03Saudi Arabia will be
00:02:07What does the Saudi side expect from this the beginning of developmental work in Syria. Therefore, if
00:02:10there is a situation of going to
00:02:14can be effective in the investment sector, then this will be
00:02:17the guarantee for attracting
00:02:19of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia not investments, and if there are countries
00:02:22that want to grant certain sectors,
00:02:27and what modern countries will provide they will have the courage to enter Syria. Therefore,
00:02:30Saudi Arabia has opened the door for a situation
00:02:34of investment and has opened the door to a situation
00:02:38of
00:02:40What is happening between confirming
00:02:42the two countries, point of view is based on that Syria will be able to achieve economic recovery
00:02:46in early
00:02:50real development many who do years as a result of the will of the Syrians to rebuild with this loan provided
00:02:54by the Kingdom.
00:02:57secure the real you does not This will encourage everyone who wants to contribute. This will encourage
00:03:00all
00:03:03this concessional and on citizens donors, or rather, all donors and investors to enter Syria
00:03:06and will be the beginning of investment and economic work in
00:03:09begin to materialize
00:03:11of this the matter of Syrian economic recovery. Aha, okay, yes, Mr. Mustafa, we
00:03:15were talking about,
00:03:16Exactly. Here we move as a military person
00:03:19with experience in this field, we must ask you, from a security
00:03:24my colleague Dr. Nasser mentioned, and strategic perspective, about the issue of the defense agreement. Will there be
00:03:27training? Will there be armament? How do you view
00:03:31this agreement?
00:03:33project and feasibility study After the political agreement, there was a defense agreement between
00:03:37the two countries. There is a need for this
00:03:39Aleppo, from matter at this stage, at the level of these but on the logistical side,
00:03:42how can both
00:03:49Television Syria on after the fall of the regime, sides benefit? That's right, Mrs. Rouba. Of course, defense
00:03:50that protects their property cooperation differs from military coordination and from the military cooperation that took place
00:03:53previously. That is,
00:03:55funding. When President Sharon went qualification and
00:03:58there is support from increasing the experience of forces, and so on, comes under the military
00:04:04wait, they about these sectors that were supported by cooperation agreement. When I talk about to Syria. They do not a defense alliance, we are talking about other things. There are things that both sides benefit from. We
00:04:08are talking about a defense alliance, meaning between Saudi
00:04:11Arabia and the Syrian Arab Republic. Both
00:04:14sides will obtain things, they will benefit from them in these
00:04:18matters. There is cooperation on
00:04:21increasing investments the security level, on the information level, on
00:04:24is happening now with the level of dealing with militias. There are several matters
00:04:28that the Syrian state can benefit from.
00:04:30was able to determine its priorities, Saudi Arabia in this alliance, and there are many other matters
00:04:34while ago, and everyone that Saudi Arabia will benefit from with Syria. These alliances, Mrs.
00:04:38citizens, children, and women from Rouba, always come through a common interest between the two parties. It
00:04:41is not different from the structure of what Saudi
00:04:44Arabia has provided, and we are grateful, and no matter how much we talk
00:04:48about what Saudi Arabia has provided, we will honestly
00:04:52not give it its due. It always extends a helping
00:04:55hand to the Syrian Arab Republic, and no one
00:04:58is unaware of the military agreement or
00:05:01the defense agreement. Honestly, here we are talking about something else
00:05:05different. This is not a gift, it is not
00:05:08a grant, it is not a donation. It is
00:05:11cooperation and coordination that both sides benefit from,
00:05:15whether it is Saudi Arabia or the Syrian Arab Republic.
00:05:17We in Syria,
00:05:20both sides, for example, on the level of information
00:05:24exchange or on the level of if
00:05:27any emergency occurs related to the security and safety of one of
00:05:31the two countries, will this also pave the way, perhaps,
00:05:34for there is no information about this matter,
00:05:38but there are those who talk about an agreement,
00:05:42an agreement. Mecca and whether Syria
00:05:44will enter or not. Is this also perhaps a step in this
00:05:47direction?
00:05:51That's right, that's right, that's right, Mrs. Rouba. Yes,
00:05:54Syria has set the Mecca alliance as a strategic goal for itself, and no one
00:05:58hides it. Minister Shibani already spoke a few days ago
00:06:04is seeking and willing to enter these defense alliances.
00:06:07They may be considered introductions to entry,
00:06:11but Mrs. Rouba, let's be frank and clear.
00:06:23Syria will enter directly into the Mecca alliance because it may entail other things. Frankly, the regional situation and the situation
00:06:27is difficult for it to bear commitments it is unable to fulfill
00:06:31in its current situation. That's right,
00:06:34and it's not only Syria that is incapable, but even
00:06:38Saudi Arabia, and even Pakistan, and even Turkey are incapable. I mean, if Syria enters
00:06:42into a solution with Mecca, will Turkey and Saudi Arabia fight
00:06:45Israel and expel it? Honestly, this is
00:06:48something we set as a strategic goal, yes, but in my
00:06:52personal opinion, the time has not come to talk about the Mecca alliance.
00:06:56There is talk that Syrian forces will go to Yemen,
00:06:59and this, frankly, is far from reality.
00:07:02Syria will not enter into any external conflict. Syria's primary
00:07:06goal is to build its military capabilities, to build its
00:07:09defense capabilities, to advance the defense institution, to advance
00:07:12the building institution, to benefit from its relations,
00:07:16whether with Turkey in the alliances that have taken place, with Saudi
00:07:20Arabia, in advancing the defense institution, in advancing
00:07:23the building institution, so that Syria
00:07:27regional security, and this, frankly, also represents a strategic goal
00:07:30for Saudi Arabia and for Turkey. Therefore,
00:07:34we always talk, in the current time,
00:07:38about what Syria needs from the countries it has allied
00:07:41with. Therefore, talking always and always thinking outside
00:07:44the box
00:07:47to create rumors and raise confusion is far from
00:07:50reality. Syria's
00:07:54official statements. This matter
00:07:57was known, but we always ask questions to hear answers that
00:08:01reassure citizens and explain the picture or explain the picture
00:08:05more clearly. I will go again to
00:08:08Dr. Abd al-Basit.
00:08:12When can Syria begin
00:08:15in these sectors in which it has received loans
00:08:19to produce? I mean, can the citizen feel the importance
00:08:24concessional loan
00:08:26with concrete results, according to a specific timeline,
00:08:30I mean?
00:08:33Yes, exactly. As we know,
00:08:37there is always before obtaining these loans,
00:08:40it doesn't happen overnight. The Syrian government must have prepared a complete
00:08:46to move to obtaining licenses and then directly to partial
00:08:49operation and then full operation within this series.
00:08:52And it needs time, and there are priorities
00:08:57after two years have passed on this issue. So there are many
00:09:01projects that have started, or are under supervision, or only
00:09:04need the necessary
00:09:08to Saudi Arabia and obtained this loan, he had in
00:09:11his pocket clear and complete files
00:09:14this loan. I mean, they were not ready for this. This is what is called
00:09:18the ABC of investment. This
00:09:21is called the first lesson. No country can go to another and say,
00:09:24"Support us." It will say, "What should I support you with? What work papers do you have? What
00:09:28projects do you have so that I can see them and be convinced?" The feasibility study.
00:09:32So there was joint coordination, and during the past
00:09:35two years, the government in general, in its service
00:09:39or sovereign ministries,
00:09:42and based on that, this concessional loan was granted, and the method
00:09:46of its implementation and the start of work.
00:09:50Many projects are now stopped due to funding. Funding
00:09:53is essential and important, and without it, no project can be completed.
00:09:57So if this was the obstacle, and Syria asked
00:10:00Saudi Arabia, or Saudi Arabia provided this grant, then this
00:10:04obstacle will be removed, and the results will be seen directly after
00:10:07the completion of these works. So the people are promised,
00:10:11and the government always promises the people that there will be an improvement
00:10:15in the health, education, electricity, and energy sectors.
00:10:19The issue of reconstruction and emergencies and disasters, and we are in an environment exposed
00:10:22to any emergency or disaster or earthquake, we must
00:10:26have ready mechanisms for everything related to this issue. Aha.
00:10:30Okay, so, in your opinion, with all that you mentioned,
00:10:34will we see these results in the coming months? I insist
00:10:38on talking about a timeline because people are asking when, especially after
00:10:42two years of liberation, and this is the first
00:10:45loan provided with
00:10:47this amount.
00:10:50Right, yes, there is something similar to the grants
00:10:53provided by the International Monetary Fund.
00:11:06I mean, the damaged homes and supporting
00:11:09civil defense, I mean, there is something important also at this
00:11:12stage and we are approaching winter.
00:11:14الشتاء
00:11:17Various projects, including the grant obtained
00:11:21today with the Saudi Development Fund, as well as the King Salman
00:11:25Foundation, which works on the ground with projects related to health, funding, or
00:11:29the reconstruction of some damaged houses. It is a comprehensive
00:11:32effort with
00:11:35good Saudi loans and
00:11:38systematic plans to implement these plans. It needs
00:11:41time. Electricity support may improve faster than others, as the infrastructure needs
00:11:45some rehabilitation and the preservation of the gas grant, which also operates
00:11:49power plants and other issues of health and education.
00:11:53These projects are also on the ground, such as rehabilitating some schools
00:11:57or building something new. Aha, Dr. Nasser, you were
00:12:00talking a little while ago about the depth of the relationship between Saudi Arabia
00:12:04and Syria, and you also talked and referred to the importance of
00:12:07Iraq and the return of Arab depth
00:12:11between these countries. Regarding Saudi
00:12:15Arabia and the Syrian Arab Republic, there is now a cooperation agreement
00:12:18between the Ministries of Defense. As you asked
00:12:22Colonel Mustafa about this matter, I would like to hear the Saudi perspective
00:12:25on the defense
00:12:28agreement.
00:12:32matter, and what does the Syrian side expect, from your perspective, from the Saudi
00:12:35side as well? Sister Rouba, it seems to me from
00:12:39your dialogue that you are keen on quickly
00:12:43seeing that the citizen benefits
00:12:45directly. Dr. Nasser,
00:12:49Syrians are very
00:12:52much not me,
00:12:55and I hope there is no distance between
00:12:58me and my colleagues in this
00:13:01episode.
00:13:07between the two leaderships, is more than the keenness
00:13:10of many,
00:13:13not know about such programs and such projects.
00:13:17You have emerged to life again. Who among
00:13:22remember the barrels that were thrown on cities
00:13:27by the defunct regime? This Syrian
00:13:30infrastructure was destroyed.
00:13:33And what was most destroyed was the Syrian human being from within.
00:13:37And to restore life does not come
00:13:40like a sunrise. The sun does not rise in the middle of the day,
00:13:43but gradually. The Kingdom
00:13:46and Syria, currently, the Syrian government
00:13:49has created a joint program, a joint committee
00:13:53at the highest level. And from what I know
00:13:56personally, from central rule and from my relationships
00:14:00and from also openness with
00:14:03my country and with officials, Prince
00:14:06Mohammed bin Salman asks
00:14:09about the continuity of the relationship regarding
00:14:12the implementation of projects and services in
00:14:16Syria, and it was recently issued, my dear,
00:14:19even in the last meeting, that
00:14:23the state for Saudi businessmen to go
00:14:29do not wait to be invited, but the Kingdom encourages
00:14:33them, and Saudi businessmen and Saudi money are
00:14:36available, and Saudi businessmen have gone to all
00:14:40parts of the world. We used to export money
00:14:43for digital or relative investment. Now
00:14:46there is no partnership. What
00:14:49our brothers in Syria is that two issues
00:14:53were also discussed: the upcoming winter, when Mohammed bin
00:14:57Salman tells them, "Next winter, what will we protect
00:15:03the bitter cold? We must be present
00:15:06as soon as possible." And this is also through
00:15:09a program that was developed, and you talked about it.
00:15:12The other matter is that there is also
00:15:15popular cohesion now,
00:15:19that tourism will return, or Saudi tourists
00:15:23will go to Syria, because it was
00:15:26one of the most important destinations in the summer season.
00:15:29And Saudi investors are known to develop any country
00:15:33they go to, and Turkey benefited, and many countries
00:15:36benefited. We look to deepen
00:15:40this desire and this very strong
00:15:43relationship, and the issue is not about weapons or
00:15:46soldiers,
00:15:50but how Syria will stabilize.
00:15:53If it stabilizes and provides, and I take from
00:15:56one of my colleagues when he says security and economy,
00:16:01cannot achieve this. This is the important point, meaning that
00:16:05even the defense cooperation agreement is linked to economic development,
00:16:09and vice versa. Therefore, there was a security agreement that
00:16:12has no other dimensions to the matter.
00:16:16It has no, it has no other purpose than achieving security
00:16:20and stability for the Syrian people to resume their lives.
00:16:23And it will not be years, and it will not be a long time
00:16:27until Syria is
00:16:29in the region in terms of stability, development,
00:16:32and exporting many of its
00:16:35products. Yes. I will also go back
00:16:39to Mr.
00:16:42Mohammed Hammou. Mr. Mohammed, to what extent
00:16:45will the management of these projects and this concessional
00:16:49loan in the developmental
00:16:51sectors that were talked about with high transparency
00:16:54and in the best way encourage not
00:16:58only Saudi Arabia? Dr. Nasser, I mean, he gave
00:17:02us all positive support through his statements and his position that support
00:17:05is present, but it encourages others. Countries. The higher the transparency
00:17:09rate, the more everyone will be encouraged to provide
00:17:13grants and concessional loans to Syria.
00:17:16To what extent can we link the two?
00:17:20I mean, the issue itself and in its entirety, as Dr.
00:17:24Nasser mentioned, the issue in its entirety
00:17:27is to deepen the bridges of trust between the two governments
00:17:30and between the two peoples, which already exists.
00:17:34What concerns Saudi Arabia is the
00:17:37arrival of these supplies or these funds to
00:17:41their correct place and that they are implemented within
00:17:44the agreed-upon procedures.
00:17:47Ensuring that funds reach
00:17:50their destination and their beneficiaries,
00:17:53the existence of strict oversight procedures
00:17:56on spending, and the existence here I want to comment on
00:18:00an issue, which is the existence of a partner that was
00:18:03mentioned in the agreements, which is the existence of independent
00:18:06international audit firms. And I would add to that,
00:18:09and I hope it will be added, that there will also
00:18:13be local audit firms, also independent,
00:18:16and that they help in enhancing transparency
00:18:19between the implementation of
00:18:22these loans and the implementation of these
00:18:25projects that ensure
00:18:28at the Syrian
00:18:30level and
00:18:34position at the Saudi level that these
00:18:37funds were spent in their proper place
00:18:40and reached their beneficiaries and that projects
00:18:44were implemented in order to be a beginning and to strengthen
00:18:48and confirm trust between the two parties.
00:18:52Frankly, regarding your question about whether the citizen
00:18:55will feel these
00:18:58agreements, of course, as
00:19:02there is no direct impact now, but its impact
00:19:05will be direct after these projects, in terms of improved
00:19:09electricity and improved water and improved
00:19:13health to the extent possible, because the amount
00:19:17of needs is large, but these concessional
00:19:20loans will be an emergency start
00:19:23for economic recovery in Syria
00:19:27and will be a prelude to attracting
00:19:30other investments in Syria. Frankly,
00:19:33the matter requires increased
00:19:37cooperation between the Syrian
00:19:39government and the Saudi government, as Mr. Nasser
00:19:43mentioned, by strengthening relations between
00:19:46industrialists, by strengthening relations in the tourism sector
00:19:49and the developmental sector and the service sector, and I believe
00:19:53that Saudi Arabia is a pioneer in development
00:19:56and a pioneer in in the cities it reaches,
00:20:00and this will be
00:20:03across all Syrian territories, God willing. Mr. Mustafa,
00:20:08you also spoke a little
00:20:12agrees on this, my guests,
00:20:15and even those who know that the basis of economic development
00:20:17is security and stability. What
00:20:21is required now for security
00:20:25stability in Syria, and what is possible through
00:20:28not just this security agreement,
00:20:31but by expanding the circle more to achieve security
00:20:34stability in Syria?
00:20:38What is needed now is not just from the Kingdom, but from Syria, in this regard. That's right, Mrs.
00:20:41Rouba.
00:20:47And the security aspect is required from the Syrian state
00:20:50much more than from the Saudi side,
00:20:53frankly. I must comment briefly
00:20:56at the beginning, Mrs. Rouba. We fully understand
00:20:59that Saudi Arabia has opened
00:21:03many horizons for cooperation since the beginning
00:21:06of the liberation and the victory of the revolution and the fall of the regime.
00:21:09It opened many horizons for cooperation with the Syrian state, but what hindered
00:21:13Saudi Arabia, frankly, I do not want to talk about the economic aspect, but what
00:21:17happened in the Strait of Hormuz is what created a crisis, a crisis that is
00:21:20not a big crisis, but there is an economic crisis in all
00:21:23Gulf countries. Yes, yes, therefore,
00:21:27this shortcoming came from the circumstances of Saudi Arabia
00:21:31and not from what happened. Returning to your question, Mrs. Rouba,
00:21:34the security aspect is the basis for any economic development.
00:21:37The security aspect, when the state
00:21:40and security agencies are ready to protect economic
00:21:43facilities, to protect the economy, to protect
00:21:46these matters, there becomes greater courage
00:21:50for the investor to enter a country and invest
00:21:55is always a capital owner. This capital wants not to risk it,
00:21:59it wants to benefit the Syrian state and at the same time benefit
00:22:04greatest burden always falls here on the Syrian state, and that is why
00:22:08the head of the intelligence service was part of the delegation
00:22:11that went to Saudi
00:22:15took place about the mechanism of protecting
00:22:18trade routes, or even protecting oil pipelines,
00:22:22or gas pipelines, or investment projects, because there
00:22:25is a full understanding of what is happening in Syria from
00:22:28attempts by some cells linked
00:22:31to ISIS to target some points,
00:22:35and recently there was an attempt to target Homs refinery. These issues were
00:22:38always raised by Saudi Arabia and requested from the Syrian
00:22:42state. Therefore, the Syrian state needs cooperation with neighboring
00:22:45countries, especially Saudi Arabia and Turkey, in
00:22:49strengthening the security apparatus, in strengthening the capabilities of the security apparatus,
00:22:53because a developed and modern security apparatus
00:22:56can detect early what will happen. And of course, the Syrian state
00:23:00is thanked, and the anti-terrorism agencies,
00:23:03and the operations rooms that have been formed work day and night,
00:23:06always on alert, doing their duty,
00:23:09but strengthening their capabilities with modern technology and what
00:23:12Saudi Arabia will provide and what Turkey will provide,
00:23:17to Syria in advancing this aspect, and
00:23:20obtaining greater guarantees for investors, and there will be
00:23:24more courage from other countries to support the Syrian state.
00:23:28I will move from this point to the issue of encouraging investors, Dr.
00:23:31Abdul Basit. At the beginning of the liberation, there were several
00:23:34conferences related to investors,
00:23:37and at their forefront were Saudi businessmen. There were agreements,
00:23:41most of which, to be frank, were not implemented due to many reasons
00:23:45that we will not list now, but in this step now, after
00:23:49Saudi Arabia provided
00:23:53loan as encouragement, will these investment
00:23:57promises
00:23:59on the ground, especially since they were non-binding
00:24:01contracts?
00:24:06from talking about treaties that spoke of billions of dollars to talking
00:24:10about conditional or concessional grants
00:24:13that are
00:24:18Yes, it is a test of political, large and realistic. security, and economic trust,
00:24:22and a test for Syrian institutions that must
00:24:25be capable of being
00:24:28large investments that were talked about.
00:24:31There must be a strong infrastructure, strong digitalization
00:24:35and governance, and appropriate legislation for investors
00:24:40rights, their right to litigate in case of future disputes,
00:24:44or in case there is a secure environment, and this is also considered
00:24:47a test for the security and economic environment.
00:24:55There is a new approach, but this is not something
00:24:58to underestimate the size of the loan, nor can we
00:25:02ignore it, or rely on it too much, given that
00:25:05reconstruction requires billions, more than 100 billion, and this
00:25:09loan is considered by some to be a trillion.
00:25:13This is another problem, that there is no clear
00:25:16figure yet. There is a discrepancy
00:25:20in the figures for reconstruction. I will conclude with you, Dr. Nasser,
00:25:23with a word that you might want to address
00:25:26and answer us on a specific point regarding Saudi
00:25:30investors who came with big promises of
00:25:33billions of dollars, and perhaps the reality was different.
00:25:37Was the shock related to the security situation or the unreliable
00:25:40legal system?
00:25:43Where is the problem, and what will be the situation of these investments
00:25:47for Saudi businessmen in the next stage?
00:25:50Sister Rouba, before I answer you on this paragraph,
00:25:54I have less than
00:26:03matter, there is a Saudi
00:26:06work team with a Syrian work team
00:26:09and
00:26:12a Saudi office in Damascus to follow up
00:26:15on projects and support the state,
00:26:19whether public or our brothers in
00:26:23Syria. Therefore, we do not need
00:26:26international companies or international
00:26:30consultants. We have experience, and we have the need
00:26:33for experience in Saudi Arabia and the need in Syria,
00:26:36and this will certainly provide
00:26:39us with security for what
00:26:42will be done in Syria in terms of future projects. The other
00:26:46matter is that I do not
00:26:49want Syria to go as other countries
00:26:52went to the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank
00:26:56and become indebted, as is the case in some Arab
00:27:00countries, and suffer from that. I hope
00:27:03it will be, because relatives
00:27:05before strangers. And the International Monetary Fund
00:27:09and the World Bank have their conditions
00:27:12and their directions and also
00:27:15their results, and I warn here. The other
00:27:18matter is the mechanism of lending and putting
00:27:22Syria in debt. Syria's indebtedness
00:27:24to these two institutions will hinder a lot of
00:27:27its independence and its development. The other thing
00:27:31is, for the viewer or listener,
00:27:35whether Syrian or non-Syrian, and whoever loves
00:27:38Syria, first, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
00:27:41changed the course of the
00:27:44Silk Road from its
00:27:48initial course to come through Syria, and this
00:27:52is a very huge international project that will bring about
00:27:55a lot of real change in the economic
00:27:58structure and commercial movement in Syria. The other thing
00:28:02is also that there is a project for the eastern
00:28:06train from Mecca to Medina
00:28:08to Syria and to Turkey. This
00:28:12will revive a lot, and the Kingdom is now conducting its studies
00:28:16and implementation. The Kingdom is not absent, and
00:28:19it is a characteristic
00:28:22to talk about what it does. Yes, I mean,
00:28:25therefore, I hope, God willing, that our
00:28:28next discussion will be when other projects
00:29:08the proposal to grant citizenship to children of Syrian mothers, between the chances of its approval
00:29:11and the challenges that hinder its implementation.
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